Plaintiff, William D. Boesche, was employed by the defendant, Raleigh-Durham Airport Authority, as a Maintenance Mechanic II on or about 30 August 1987. Plaintiffs employment duties generally consisted of performing preventative maintenance and repairs on airport terminal air conditioning and ventilating and heating systems. Throughout his employment tenure, plaintiff had performed his job duties competently and satisfactorily. Based on this satisfactory performance, plaintiff had received two merit pay raises.
On 21 February 1990, plaintiff was approached by defendant’s Airport Maintenance Manager, Mr. Owens, who asked plaintiff to accompany him to Park Medical Center in Wake County to submit to a urine drug test. Mr. Owens did not express that plaintiff was suspected of any individualized wrongdoing. Plaintiff refused to submit to the test.
Plaintiff demanded to see defendant Airport Personnel Manager Farrar-Luten who told plaintiff that the new proposed testing policy was implemented pursuant to a Federal Aviation Administration directive requiring that all employees who drive a motor vehicle in the airside of the airport must be tested. Plaintiff asked to see the directive, but Farrar-Luten refused to show him the directive.
Plaintiff then saw defendant Airport Director Brantley who told plaintiff that plaintiff must submit to a drug test because that was the airport’s policy. Upon plaintiff’s refusal to submit to the drug test, he was discharged.
*151 On 26 April 1991, plaintiff filed a complaint in this action alleging the aforesaid facts and claiming that the actions of the defendants violated his rights to be free from illegal searches and invasion of privacy under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Sections 20, 35 and 36 of the North Carolina Constitution; his rights to due process of law under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and Article I, Sections 1, 19, 35 and 36 of the North Carolina Constitution; his right not to be discharged from employment in bad faith or for reasons contravening public policy under the common law of North Carolina; and for the common law tort of intentional/negligent infliction of emotional distress. Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint as amended under Rule 12(b)(6) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure on the grounds that it failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. On 4 November 1991, the motion to dismiss was granted in its entirety. Plaintiff appealed.
By plaintiff’s first assignment of error, plaintiff contends that the trial court committed reversible error by dismissing plaintiffs claim for wrongful discharge of a public employee under the public policy and bad faith exceptions to the employment at will doctrine, where plaintiff was discharged for his refusal to waive his rights to due process of law, privacy, and freedom from unreasonable search and seizure of his person by submitting to an unconstitutional drug test. We disagree.
On review of a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, Rule 12(b)(6) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure, all allegations of fact are taken as true but conclusions of law are not.
Sutton v. Duke,
With this in mind, we now address plaintiff’s claim that by his discharge, defendants violated North Carolina public policy. Generally, North Carolina adheres to the employment-at-will doctrine which holds that absent a contract of employment for a definite
*152
term, the employee-employer relationship can be terminated by either party at any time for any reason or no reason.
Salt v. Applied Analytical, Inc.,
North Carolina Courts have also placed some limitations on the doctrine by the creation of two public policy exceptions. The first public policy exception was created in
Sides v. Duke University,
[W]hile there may be a right to terminate a contract at will for no reason, or for an arbitrary or irrational reason, there can be no right to terminate such a contract for an unlawful reason or purpose that contravenes public policy. A different interpretation would encourage and sanction lawlessness, which law by its very nature is designed to discourage and prevent.
Id.
at 342,
Plaintiff in the case sub judice, argues that this Court should create a third public policy exception based on an employee’s exercise of his legal rights and privileges. Plaintiff acknowledges his employment-at-will status but argues that this should not require him to waive his basic constitutional right. Plaintiff further argues that he was terminated when he asserted his basic Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizure, invasion of privacy and deprivation of due process. In order to determine whether a third public policy exception should be adopted, we must first determine whether defendant’s random drug testing program was unconstitutional.
The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides that “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violatedf.]” The essential purpose of the Fourth Amendment is to “impose a standard of ‘reasonableness’ upon the exercise of discretion by government officials ... in order to safeguard the privacy and security of individuals against arbitrary invasions by governmental officials.”
Delaware v. Prouse,
Courts have clearly established that individuals retain an expectation of privacy and a right to be free from government intrusion in the integrity of their own bodies.
United States v. Ramsey,
The Supreme Court, however, established that random drug testing of urine in the workplace can be constitutional if the reasonableness of the search is judged by balancing its intrusion on the individual’s Fourth Amendment interests against the promotion of legitimate governmental interests.
Skinner,
Where a business is engaged in an activity which involves either public safety or safety concerns for others, we find that there exists a legitimate reason for the implementation of a drug testing program[.] . . . However, there must be a showing by the employer that the employees required to undergo such testing have responsibilities or duties which are connected to the safety concerns of others.
Twigg,
Applying this standard to the facts in the case sub judice, the record showed that plaintiff was in a position in which public safety or the safety of others was an overriding concern. Plaintiffs duties consisted of generally performing preventative maintenance and repairs on airport terminal air conditioning and ventilating and heating systems, but plaintiff also had security clearance to drive a motor vehicle 10 M.P.H. in a designated area on the apron of the flight area in order to get access to the systems located on the outside of the building. We find that plaintiff, if drug impaired while operating a motor vehicle on the apron of the flight area, could increase the risk of harm to others. Accordingly, we find that the drug testing policy implemented by defendants was constitutional and therefore, plaintiff does not state a cognizable claim for relief.
Plaintiff next argues that the trial court committed reversible error when it held that plaintiff failed to state a cognizable claim under the bad faith exception to the employment-at-will doctrine. This argument is meritless.
The Court in
Coman,
Most Courts interpreting
Coman
have recognized that the discussion in
Coman
of a bad faith discharge was dicta, but have come to different conclusions.
English v. Gen. Elec. Co.,
However, two recent cases,
Salt,
By plaintiff’s second assignment of error, plaintiff contends that he is not subject to random drug testing because he is neither (1) a sensitive public employee because of either safety or security reasons or (2) an individual suspected of drug use.
A discussion of this assignment of error was encompassed in the first argument where we determined that plaintiff was indeed a sensitive public employee because of safety concerns. As such, plaintiff is subject to random drug testing as a legitimate governmental interest. We do not deem it necessary to further address this issue.
By plaintiff’s third assignment of error, plaintiff contends that the trial court committed reversible error in dismissing plaintiff’s constitutional claims against defendant’s random drug testing procedure policy that afforded plaintiff no prior notice of testing or test procedure, that included no guarantee of confidentiality of test results or immunity from criminal prosecution in the case of a positive result, and that led to plaintiff’s termination with no opportunity for a hearing before an impartial tribunal. We disagree.
After a careful review of the record, we find no violation of plaintiff’s constitutional rights. The arguments raised in this *156 assignment of error are moot in that (1) we found that the defendants’ random drug testing procedure was constitutional and (2) plaintiff never participated in the testing procedure which effectively precluded any possible constitutional violation. As such, plaintiff has failed to raise a cognizable claim. This assignment of error is overruled.
By plaintiff’s fourth assignment of error, plaintiff contends that the trial court committed reversible error when it dismissed plaintiff’s claims in his complaint which were based upon defendants’ denial of plaintiff’s right of substantive due process rights. We disagree.
“An employment discharge violates substantive due process rights if it is based upon constitutionally impermissible grounds, regardless of whether the employee had a property interest in continued employment.”
Privette v. University of North Carolina,
Plaintiff alleged that his substantive due process rights were violated because he was forced to elect between exercise of a constitutional right and the privilege of government employment. As we have made an earlier determination that plaintiff’s constitutional rights were not violated, we find no violation of substantive due process rights.
In plaintiff’s fifth assignment of error he argues that the trial court committed reversible error when it dismissed plaintiff’s claims in his complaint which were based upon defendants’ denial of plaintiff’s right to procedural due process.
In order to sufficiently state a claim of denial of due process rights, plaintiff must reveal “a colorable claim that a ‘property’ or ‘liberty’ interest was violated by the procedures attendant to plaintiff’s discharge.”
Presnell v. Pell,
In the present case, there has been no dispute and the record clearly reveals that plaintiff is an employee-at-will. “At-will employees have no property interests in their employment cognizable under the due process clause.”
Privette,
We have carefully reviewed assignments of error seven and eight and find them to be meritless.
*157 The trial court’s decision is affirmed.