delivered the opinion of the court:
Plaintiff suffered extensive injuries following an explosion at Lindy’s Chili Parlor. Plaintiff filed a complaint alleging negligence against 5401 S.P, Inc., a corporation doing business as Lindy’s Chili Parlor (hereafter, the corporation), and against Michael McClory, a part owner of the corporation and bartender at Lindy’s. Following a trial, the jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff, awarding $861,111.23 in damages, reduced by 10% to $782,200 to reflect plaintiffs comparative negligence. Defendants then brought a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, which the trial court denied. Defendants appeal, arguing that the trial court erred by: (1) not entering judgment notwithstanding the verdict because plaintiff failed to establish either a duty owed by defendants or that defendants’ acts proximately caused plaintiffs injuries; (2) allowing evidence and argument rеlated to alcohol consumption and intoxication; and (3) refusing to instruct the jury to apportion negligence among plaintiff, the corporation, McClory, and “Person X,” an unidentified person who was not a party to the lawsuit. For the following reasons, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff testified at trial that he was employed as a locomotive engineer for the Norfolk and Southern Railroad Corporation on the date of the accident. Plaintiffs position required him to travel by freight train from Fort Wayne, Indiana, to Chicago, Illinois. Upon plaintiffs arrival in Chicago, a company bus would transport plaintiff from the train yard to the Rolling Wheels Motel. Once plaintiff arrived at the Rolling Wheels Motel, he would then contact a company dispatcher who would inform plaintiff of the time of plaintiffs expected return to Fort Wayne.
On June 13, 1996, plaintiff arrived in Chicago and was transported to the Rolling Wheels Motel. As was his custom, plaintiff walked from the motel to Lindy’s Chili Parlor. Lindy’s is divided into two sections with a family-style restaurant on one side and a bar on the other side. Plaintiff testified that he arrived at Lindy’s and entered the bar area around 11:30 a.m. Plaintiff walked to a barstool near the front of the bar where he remained standing until the occurrence took place. Plaintiffs coworker, Ron “Rondo” Martineck, and Rondo’s brother Bobby arrived around 2:30 p.m. Rondo stood to plaintiffs right. Bobby, confined to a wheelchair, was also located to plaintiffs right. James Trahin, Jr., another of plaintiffs coworkers, arrived sometime later and stood to plaintiffs left.
Plaintiff further testified that Mike McClory, a bartender and co-owner of Lindy’s, was not present when plaintiff first arrived. McClory arrived later, entering through a door at the back of the bar. McClory spoke with different people as he proceeded down the length of the bar, finally approaching plaintiff. According to plaintiff, when McClory reached the place where plaintiff was standing, McClory placed an object, which plaintiff later identified as an “M-80,” on the bar in front of plaintiff and said, “Here, you can have this.” Plaintiff testified:
“I looked down at it, and I don’t do well in the — it’s a little darker there. I don’t have my glasses with me. I looked at it. I couldn’t exactly tell what it was, so I picked it up and held it up to the light, which the front is — has a lot of windows, has more light coming in. So I held it up to see what — what exactly that was.
* * *
As I was looking at it, I seen a hand come with a lit lighter and fight the fuse.”
Plаintiff testified that the hand that lit the fuse came from the left front of plaintiff, but he did not know to whom the hand belonged. Plaintiff, shocked that someone had lit the fuse, ran toward the front door of the bar while trying to extinguish the fuse of the M-80 on his pant leg. Plaintiff exited through an interior door, opened an exterior door, and “tried to underhand pitch the M-80 out up against the building by the sidewalk.” The M-80, however, exploded before plaintiff could release it, causing serious injuries to his hand, stomach and thigh. Plaintiff testified that he did not light the M-80 and did not know who fit it. Plaintiff had some experience with M-80s at least 10 to 15 years prior to the incident at Lindy’s and knew an M-80 explodes about five seconds after the wick is lit and has a “pretty powerful explosion.”
Plaintiffs counsel called McClory as an adverse witness. McClory testified that he arrived at Lindy’s around 4 p.m. on the day of the explosion and observed a group of patrons near the back of the bar passing an object back and forth. According to McClory, someone in the group at the back of the bar either dropped the object or placed it on the bar and McClory picked the object up. McClory initially testified that he was not sure whether the object was an explosive device, but he admitted that he “had an idea that it may be some type of firework.” McClory also admitted that during his deposition he had testified that he remembered “seeing an M-80” five minutes prior to the explosion. According to McClory, the device was “red, about an inch or more high, with a wick” and was one-half inch in diameter. McClory testified that he picked up the explosive and asked “who it belonged to.” McClory believed that someone had gestured in the direction of plaintiff, so McClory placed the explosive on the bar in front of plaintiff.
Plaintiff’s counsel then questioned McClory regarding alcohol consumption as follows:
“Q. You knew that people were drinking in the bar, correct?
A. Yes, correct.
Q. You knew that people were smoking in the bar, correct?
A. Correct.
Q. You know that patrons often consume a little bit too much alcohol in the bar; is that correct?”
Defense counsel objected and moved for a mistrial, arguing that there was no supporting evidence of intoxication. Plaintiffs counsel argued that the testimony he sought to elicit “goes to the foreseeability and the knowledge of the defendant of placing an explosive device on a bar where he knows people are drinking and sometimes drink too much.” The trial judge overruled defense counsel’s objection and dеnied the motion for a mistrial. McClory then further testified as follows:
“A. I know that it does happen from time to time, sure.
Q. And you know that it does happen at Lindy’s Chili Parlor, correct?
A. To the best of my ability, I try not to allow that to happen.
Q. But prior to June 13, 1996, there are occasions where you have observed people consuming more alcohol than they should?
A. If I observe anybody that doesn’t look like they should be drinking, they are asked to leave.
Q. Have you on occasion, though, seen people drinking where you have had to ask them to leave?
A. Correct.
Q. And you don’t know how much people had been drinking before you arrived on June 13th?
A. Positively not.”
Upon cross-examination by defense counsel, McClory testified that, having just arrived, he had no way of knowing whether anyone in Lindy’s was intoxicated at the time of the occurrence and that, from his experiеnce, he would not expect to see people intoxicated at Lindy’s at 4:30 in the afternoon. Finally, McClory testified that “the bar is, for the most part, pretty dimly fit.”
Plaintiff next called James Trahin as a witness. Trahin was employed as a dispatcher for Norfolk Southern Railroad Corporation at the time of the occurrence. Trahin testified that he arrived at Lindy’s between 3 and 4 p.m. and joined plaintiff, “Rondo” and Bobby at the bar. Trahin ordered some food from McClory. While waiting for his order, Trahin saw McClory reach underneath the bar, grab what turned out to be the explosive, and bring it to the end of the bar where Trahin and plaintiff stood. According to Trahin, plaintiff neither asked nor gestured to McClory to place the explosive on the bar.
Trahin testified that the explosive was “about five inches tall. When it was put on the bar it was standing on end, circular.” Trahin commented that the explosive “looked like a candle, had a wick off the top. It’s red with like a clear wax in the middle of it where the wick was.” Trahin was watching McClory to see whether he was bringing Trahin’s food order when Trahin heard the fizzling of the lit wick. Trahin testified that he had left his lighter and cigarettes on the bar but could not find the lighter when he left after the explosion. Plaintiff’s counsel asked if Trahin had ever seen intoxicated persons in Lindy’s bar. Defendants’ objection to this question was sustained.
Following the close of evidence, defendants moved for a directed verdict arguing that: (1) any negligence by defendants was a condition rather than a cause of plaintiffs injuries; (2) the lighting of the wick was an intervening cause of plaintiffs injuries; and (3) plaintiff failеd to prove that McClory provided the firecracker. The trial court denied the motion for directed verdict.
Plaintiff was permitted to reopen his case and call Rigoberto Gonzalez as a witness. Gonzalez testified that he had seen an explosive device being passed around by patrons at Lindy’s on June 12, 1996, the day before plaintiff was injured. The explosive Gonzalez observed was “red, about one inch and a half diameter. It was like a quarter size.” Gonzalez did not know whether this was the same explosive that injured plaintiff on June 13.
The parties again rested. In closing argument, plaintiffs counsel made the following comments:
“Michael McClory *** is the one who created the dangerous condition. He took an illegal explosive and he placed it on the bar. He could have removed it as soon as he picked it up. He could have stored it somewhere where no one had access to it. He could have called the police. He could have done any number of things other than place it on the bar so that people who were smoking and drinking had access to it.
* * *
In our experience in life, we know that bars can be dangerous places. We know that people who have been drinking can do silly things. We know that bars are not appropriate places for explosives.
* * *
Mr. McClory during his testimony admitted, reluctantly, that people sometimes drink too much in a bar. We all know that. People sometimes drink — ”
This last comment drew an objection from defense counsel, which the trial court sustained. Plaintiffs counsel concluded:
“Nо reasonable person would walk into a restaurant or bar if they knew that there were people in there passing around explosives. No reasonable person would walk into a restaurant or a bar if they knew that there were explosives being handled by people who were smoking and drinking. No reasonable person would bring their children into an ice cream parlor if they knew that adjacent to that ice cream parlor people were smoking, drinking, and passing around high-powered explosives.”
In his rebuttal argument, plaintiffs counsel further argued that there was “nothing to explain why [McClory] put [the explosive] on the bar in an area where people had been drinking and smoking even though he knew and even though he admitted, reluctantly, that people in that bar occasionally drink too much.” Defense counsel objected: “Objection, your Honor — No. Objection to Counsel’s own testimony about that.” The trial court sustained this objection and instructed the jury as follows:
“Ladies and gentlemen, what the attorneys say is not [sic] argument. It’s not to be taken as evidence. If any statement or remark by an attorney has no basis in the evidence, then you should disregard that statement, argument or remark.”
Plaintiff tendered a jury instruction and accompanying verdict forms which required the jury to determine the percentage of negligence attributable to plaintiff, assuming that 100% represented “the total combined negligence of all persons whose negligence proximately contributed to the plaintiffs injuries and damages, including” plaintiff, McClory and the corporatiоn. Defendants tendered a jury instruction and accompanying verdict forms which would have required the jury to determine the percentage of negligence attributable to: (1) plaintiff; (2) the corporation; (3) McClory; and (4) “Person X,” the unidentified individual who lit the fuse. The instruction tendered by defendants was refused and the instruction tendered by plaintiff was submitted to the jury.
The jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff in the amount of $869,111.23. The jury found plaintiff 10% comparatively negligent and reduced the damage award to $782,200.11. Defendants moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, arguing that plaintiff failed to establish proximate cause and failed to establish that defendants owed him a duty. Defendants also moved for a new trial, arguing that: (1) the jury’s verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence; (2) the admission of evidence relating to alcоhol consumption was prejudicial error; and (3) the trial court erred in refusing defendants’ tendered jury instruction. The motions were denied and defendants now appeal.
ANALYSIS
I. Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict
Defendants first argue that the trial court erred in denying their motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Judgment notwithstanding the verdict is properly granted where all of the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, so overwhelmingly favors the movant that no contrary verdict based on the evidence could ever stand. Pedrick v. Peoria & Eastern R.R. Co.,
In addressing defendants’ arguments, we are mindful that “the case law is less than perfectly lucid or consistent in its treatment of the densely intertwined ideas of duty, proximate causation, and reasonable foreseeability.” Colonial Inn Motor Lodge, Inc. v. Gay,
“Although ‘reasonable foreseeability’ is crucial to both duty and proximate cause, courts must take care to keep duty and proximate cause analytically independent by differentiating between ‘two distinct problems in negligence theory — the unforeseen plaintiff problem and the problem of the foreseeable injury resulting from unforeseen means.’ ” Gay,
Thus, a finding that a defendant owed a duty tо a plaintiff depends on the reasonable foreseeability of an injury to the particular plaintiff. Gay,
A. Duty
Where a plaintiff obtains a verdict against a defendant based on negligence, judgment notwithstanding the verdict is required if the defendant did not owe the plaintiff a duty. Washington v. City of Chicago,
Defendants argue that they owed no duty to protect plaintiff in the instant case because ordinarily a possessor of land has no duty to protect lawful entrants from the criminal acts of third parties (Hills,
In their brief, defendants argue that the “person who lit the M-80 inside Lindy’s committed assault and battery. [Citation.] Assault and battery with an explosive device is statutory [sic] defined as heinous battery.” Section 12 — 3(a) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (Criminal Code) provides:
“A person commits battery if he intentionally or knowingly without legal justification and by any means, (1) causes bodily harm to an individual or (2) makes physical contact of an insulting or provoking nature with an individual.” (Emphasis added.) 720 ILCS 5/12—3(a) (West 1996).
Section 12 — 4.1(a) of the Criminal Code provides, in relevant part:
“A person who, in committing a battery, knowingly causes severe and permanent disability, great bodily harm or disfigurement by means of *** a bomb or explosive compound commits heinous battery.” (Emphasis added.) 720 ILCS 5/12—4.1(a) (West 2000).
Defendants further argue that lighting the M-80 inside Lindy’s was a “flagrant violation of the Fireworks Use Act.” Section 2 of the Fireworks Use Act provides in relevant part that “it shall be unlawful for any person *** to knowingly possess, *** use or explode any fireworks.” (Emphasis added.) 425 ILCS 35/2 (West 1996). Unlawful use or explosion of fireworks is a Class B misdemeanor. 425 ILCS 35/ 5(a) (West 1996). Possession of fireworks may be a petty offense, a Class B misdemeanor, or a Class A misdemeanor, depending upon the weight of the fireworks. 425 ILCS 35/5(b) (West 1996). To establish either a battery or a heinous battery, the plain language of the Criminal Code explicitly requires proof of the actor’s knowledge and intent. 720 ILCS 5/12—3(a) (West 1996); 720 ILCS 5/12—4.1(a) (West 2000). Similarly, section 2 of the Fireworks Use Act (425 ILCS 35/2 (West 1996)) explicitly requires proof of the actor’s knowledge.
Defendants argue that the level of concentration required to match up the flame of a lighter to the wick of the explosive is sufficient to establish intent. Although the evidence may in fact support a finding that the unidentified individual intentionally lit the wick,, no evidence was presented that the unidentified individual knew or should have known that the object held by plaintiff was an explosive device. Indeed, Trahin testified that the explosive looked like a candle with wax around the wick. Plaintiff testified that, because it was dark in the bar, he could not initially tell what the object was and had to hold it up to the light to get a better look. Even McClory initially testified that he could not tell exactly what the object was. In light of this evidence, any conclusion that Person X knew that the object was an explosive would be pure speculation. Consequently, the evidence does not support a finding that Person X knew that lighting the wick would cause “severe and permanent disability, great bodily harm or disfigurement by means of *** [an] explosive compound” (720 ILCS 5/12— 4.1(a) (West 2000)). 1
Defendants also argue that Person X violated section 15 — 20— 220 of the Chicago Municipal Code, which providеs in relevant part that “[n]o person shall have, keep, store, use, manufacture, assemble, mix, sell, handle or transport any fireworks.” Chicago Municipal Code § 15 — 20—220 (1990). Section 15 — 20—220 does not expressly require proof of a mental state to establish a violation of the ordinance. At the time of the incident, the Chicago Municipal Code did not impose any penalty for violation of this ordinance. Penalties were not added until 1999. See Journal of the Chicago City Council, at 5376-77 (June 9, 1999) (“setting forth penalties for possession, use, sale or manufacture of illegal fireworks” by adding section 15 — 20—220). The violation of a municipal ordinance is not a criminal act. Lawrence v. Regent Realty Group, Inc.,
Though defendants argue that McClory did not know that the object was an explosive, defendants concede that “the evidence went both ways on this point.” Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, our analysis turns on whether McClory, knowing that he was handing an explosive to plaintiff, could reasonably have foreseen that plaintiff would be injured. An incident is not foreseеable simply because it might conceivably occur; rather, it must be objectively reasonable to expect. Osborne v. Stages Music Hall, Inc.,
Defendants do not contend that the burden of guarding against injury would have been great. Indeed, the likelihood of injury could easily have been avoided had McClory simрly kept the explosive behind the bar where it would have been inaccessible to customers. Furthermore, we perceive and defendants suggest no adverse consequences that might result should we impose this minimal burden on defendants. Consideration of the four relevant factors (see Pullia,
B. Proximate Cause
Defendants next argue that judgment notwithstanding the verdict was required because plaintiff failed tо establish that defendants’ negligence proximately caused plaintiff’s injuries. Proximate cause consists of two distinct requirements: cause in fact and legal cause. First Springfield Bank & Trust v. Galman,
Legal cause exists when the cause is of a type a reasonable person would see as likely to result from his conduct. Galman,
Defendants argue that McClory’s conduct in giving the explosive to plaintiff was not a cause of plaintiff’s injury but merely created a condition that made plaintiff’s injury possible. We disagree. We find the test enunciated in Galman dispositive. Whether a defendant’s conduct was a cause of injury or merely a conditiоn that made the injury possible turns on whether the defendant’s conduct was a material and substantial element in bringing about the injury. Galman,
Defendants further argue that McClory’s conduct was not the proximate cause of plaintiffs injuries because the lighting of the fuse by Person X constitutes an intervening efficient cause. Under such circumstances, the test applied to determine whether a defendant’s conduct proximately cаused a plaintiffs injuries turns on whether the intervening efficient cause was of a type that a reasonable person would see as a likely result of his or her conduct. Galman,
II. Alcohol Consumption
Defendants next argue that the trial court erred in permitting plaintiff to introduce evidence and argument regarding alcohol consumption by the bar patrons absent a proper foundation for intoxication. At trial, plaintiffs counsel wаs permitted, over defendants’ objection, to elicit testimony that “from time to time” patrons “consume a little bit too much alcohol” at Lindy’s and that on prior occasions McClory had asked patrons of Lindy’s to leave because those patrons were “consuming more alcohol than they should.” The admission of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court, and a court of review will not reverse unless that discretion was clearly abused. McGrew v. Pearlman,
Evidence of intoxication is highly probative in a negligence case; however, such evidence is also extremely prejudicial. McGrew,
“ ‘Drinking, standing alone, cannot be equated with intoxication nor can the use of alcoholic liquor, standing alone, characterize a person as intoxicated.’
To this we would add that neither does drinking, nor evidence of drinking on one occasion, from which intoxication might reasonably be inferred, characterize a person, in either fact or law, as ‘a drunk.’ ” Kitten,
Intoxicating beverages affect different persons in different ways and some persons would be intoxicated by the consumption of a quantity of alcohol that might hаve no effect on another person. Kitten,
Plaintiff correctly notes that none of the cases requiring supporting evidence of intoxication address the admissibility of evidence of alcohol consumption introduced solely to establish foreseeability. Instead, plaintiff argues that the cases requiring supporting evidence of intoxication are limited to situations where evidence of alcohol consumption is introduced to establish a failure to exercise due care. Consequently, plaintiff argues that supporting evidence of intoxication should not be required where evidence of alcohol consumption is presented solely to establish foreseeability.
We believe the rationale underlying the rule requiring supporting evidence of intoxication applies where evidence related to alcohol is introduced solely to establish foreseeability. Certainly, evidence of intoxication may be relevant to the issue of foreseeability in a negligence case. See Cravens v. Inman,
We note, however, that defendants failed to object to testimony that patrons of Lindy’s were “drinking in the bar” at the time of the occurrence. Defendants also failed to object to repeated comment by plaintiffs counsel during closing argument that patrons of Lindy’s were “smoking and drinking.” Defendants’ objections were instead limited to testimony and argument suggesting that patrons of Lindy’s had in the past been asked to leave when “consuming more alcohol than they should,” that “from time to time” patrons of Lindy’s “consume a little bit too much alcohol” and that people in bars “sometimes drink too much.” By failing to object, defendants have waived any argument that evidence and argument regarding the mere consumption of alcohol at Lindy’s on the date of the incident was inadmissible. Sinclair v. Berlin,
McClory was permitted to testify, over defendants’ objection, that patrons of Lindy’s “from time to time” consume “a little bit too much alcohol.” In addressing the admissibility of such testimony, we note that plaintiff did in fact present some supporting evidence regarding the intoxication of patrons at Lindy’s. Specifically, McClory testified that, on previous occasions, he had asked patrons of Lindy’s to leave because they were “consuming more alcohol than they should.” McClory’s opinion that such patrons were “consuming more *** than they should” provides sufficient supporting evidence of the intoxication of Lindy’s patrons on those prior occasions. See Chubb/Home Insurance Cos. v. Outboard Marine Corp.,
Defendants also timely objected to comments by plaintiffs counsel during closing argument that “people sometimes drink too much in a bar” and that patrons of Lindy’s “occasionally drink too much.” Closing argument which is not supported by facts in evidence is improper. Watkins,
Relying on the court’s holdings in McWethy,
In McWethy, plaintiff was injured during a collision while a passenger in a car driven by defendant’s decedent. McWethy,
In Coleman, the plaintiff was struck by the defendant’s automobile while walking along the shoulder of a road. The appellate court reversed a judgment in favor of the defendant, noting that “defense counsel, by innuendo, planted in the minds of the jury the possibility, if not the probability, that the plaintiff was intoxicated” at the time of the occurrence. Coleman,
However, even were we to find that the trial court erred in admitting the testimony and argument at issue, such error would not require reversal under the facts of this case. Error in the admission of evidence regarding alcohol consumption is grounds for reversal only if such error prejudices the jury’s verdict. Benuska v. Dahl,
III. Jury Instructions
Finally, defendants argue that the trial court committed reversible error by refusing to submit their tendered jury instruction, which would have required the jury to apportion negligence among plaintiff, the corporation, McClory, and Person X. Generally, the decision as to which jury instructions will be given is within the sound discretion of the trial court. Truszewski v. Outboard Motor Marine Corp.,
Defendants cite to Bofman v. Material Service Corp.,
The rule in Bofman notwithstanding, defendants werе not entitled to have the jury consider the negligence of Person X based on the record in the instant case. An instruction is justified only if it is supported by some evidence in the record. Demos v. Ferris-Shell Oil Co.,
CONCLUSION
In light of the foregoing analysis, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.
Affirmed.
McNULTY and TULLY, JJ., concur.
Notes
We further note that the phrase “bomb or explosive compound” was not added to section 4.1(a) until July 15, 1999. Pub. Act 91 — 121, § 5, eff. July 15, 1999. Because this language was not part of the statute in effect at the time of the occurrence, Person X would not have been guilty of a heinous battery for this additional reason.