483 S.E.2d 659 | Ga. Ct. App. | 1997
BOATRIGHT
v.
The STATE.
Court of Appeals of Georgia.
*661 Lane & Crowe, Grayson P. Lane, Brunswick, for appellant.
Glenn Thomas, Jr., District Attorney, Carole E. Wall, Assistant District Attorney, for appellee.
*660 BLACKBURN, Judge.
The trial court denied Edwin Kenneth Boatright's motions to suppress, and he appeals. Boatright was stopped for a traffic violation and searched. When marijuana was discovered on his person, he was arrested. Boatright's probation officer then issued a probation warrant for his arrest for violating the terms of probation. Boatright was arrested on the probation warrant, consented to a search of his house, and additional marijuana was discovered during the search of the house.
1. Boatright contends the December 3, 1994, search of his person during the traffic stop was illegal. Although he concedes the stop itself was valid, Boatright's clothing was patted down for weapons during the stop. In one of Boatright's pockets, the investigating officer felt what he believed to be "some type of plastic," although when asked, Boatright identified the object as keys. Skeptical of this explanation, the officer then stuck his hands into Boatright's pocket and pulled out a plastic bag containing marijuana. Further search of Boatright's pockets revealed more marijuana.
Despite the State's admission at the suppression hearing that the marijuana should be suppressed, the trial court denied Boatright's motion. On appeal of a trial court's decision on a motion to suppress, "the evidence is construed most favorably to uphold the findings and judgment of the trial court; the trial court's findings on disputed facts and credibility are adopted unless they are clearly erroneous and will not be disturbed if there is any evidence to support them." (Punctuation omitted.) Strickland v. State, 221 Ga.App. 120, 121-122, 470 S.E.2d 508 (1996). Applying that standard to the facts of this case, Boatright's motion to suppress should have been granted.
Assuming without deciding that the officer reasonably believed a Terry pat-down search was necessary to protect him from attack, the search conducted exceeded the bounds of the "plain feel" corollary to the "plain view" doctrine established by Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366, 113 S. Ct. 2130, 124 L. Ed. 2d 334 (1993). Under the "plain feel" doctrine, an officer can "seize contraband which is plainly identified through the officer's sense of touch during a valid Terry pat-down." State v. Williams, 220 Ga.App. 100, 101(1), 469 S.E.2d 261 (1996). "If a police officer lawfully pats down a suspect's outer clothing and feels an object whose contour or mass makes its identity immediately apparent, there has been no invasion of the suspect's privacy beyond that already authorized by the officer's search for weapons; if the object is contraband, its warrantless seizure would be justified by the same practical considerations that inhere in the plain-view context." Dickerson, supra at 375-376, 113 S. Ct. at 2137.
The facts of this case are identical to those of Williams, supra. In Williams, the officer patted down the defendant and felt an object through a pocket which he knew was not a *662 weapon. Id. at 100, 469 S.E.2d 261. The officer could not identify the object, but did not accept the defendant's explanation that the object was money. Upon removing the object from the defendant's pocket, the officer discovered money and a plastic bag containing marijuana. Id. Similarly, the officer who searched Boatright testified he felt an object in Boatright's pocket, but knew that it was not a gun or a knife. He could not identify the object beyond "plastic," and manipulated the object in the pocket, pinching it and patting it to determine exactly what it was. Upon removing the object from Boatright's pocket, the officer discovered a plastic bag containing marijuana.
"Taking this testimony at face value, we find that the object's contour did not make its identity immediately apparent to [the officer], even after he palpated [the defendant's] pocket. Accordingly, his continued exploration of [the defendant's] pocket was not authorized under the plain feel doctrine or Dickerson." Williams, supra at 101, 469 S.E.2d 261. In this case, the officer, by his own testimony, could not immediately identify the plastic as contraband upon touching it. The trial court therefore erred in not granting Boatright's motion to suppress.
2. Boatright contests the trial court's denial of his motion to suppress the December 9, 1994, search of his home. Boatright was arrested in his home on December 9 pursuant to a probation warrant issued after his probation officer learned of the marijuana traffic stop. Upon arrest, although the officers had not obtained a search warrant, Boatright consented to a search of his house, and marijuana was discovered. The evidence is uncontroverted that the probation arrest warrant issued was based exclusively upon the marijuana offense of December 3. Citing the fruit of the poisonous tree, Boatright contends that the December 9 search must therefore be suppressed.
Georgia's exclusionary rule is codified at OCGA § 17-5-30, and it provides for the suppression of evidence obtained by an unlawful search and seizure conducted either with or without a warrant. Unlike the federal law, there is no good-faith exception to this exclusionary rule in Georgia. Gary v. State, 262 Ga. 573, 574, 422 S.E.2d 426 (1992). "[T]he introduction of evidence obtained by officers reasonably relying on a warrant issued by a detached and neutral magistrate but ultimately found to be unsupported by probable cause" has no application in Georgia jurisprudence due to the legislative mandate of OCGA § 17-5-30. Id.
In this case, the probation arrest warrant reasonably relied upon by the arresting officers was invalid, because it resulted directly from the illegal search of December 3. See Jones v. State, 126 Ga.App. 841, 845, 192 S.E.2d 171 (1972) (fruit of illegal search cannot be used as basis of arrest). Applying the rule of Gary, supra, to these facts, no evidence obtained as a result of that warrant could be introduced against Boatright at trial. It is also necessary however to examine this case in light of the recent Supreme Court decision of Harvey v. State, 266 Ga. 671, 672, 469 S.E.2d 176 (1996).
In Harvey, the defendant was arrested on a bench warrant which, unbeknownst to the arresting officer, had been recalled. Prior to arresting the defendant, the officer had a dispatcher do a computer check of the subject warrant, which check erroneously reported the warrant as valid. Id. In a search incident to the execution of the arrest warrant, cocaine was discovered. Id. The defendant's subsequent motion to suppress the cocaine was denied.
While recognizing that the defendant was not lawfully arrested pursuant to the bench warrant itself, the Supreme Court upheld the arrest on grounds that "the validity of an arrest is not necessarily dependent upon the existence of a valid arrest warrant because if the person detained is outside of his home and probable cause to arrest exists at the time of detention, a warrant is not required." Id. at 672, 469 S.E.2d 176. Examining the issue of probable cause, the court in Harvey stated that in that case, the recalled bench warrant, the erroneously reported validity of which the officer had confirmed by radio transmission, was sufficient probable cause for arrest. "The existence of probable cause must be measured by current knowledge, i.e., *663 at the moment the arrest is made and not hindsight.... This Court, in hindsight, will not declare an arrest to be invalid when the arresting officer reasonably relied upon information which he had no reason to think was incorrect." (Punctuation omitted.) Id. at 673, 469 S.E.2d 176.
In reaching this decision, the Supreme Court intentionally did not overrule Gary, supra, but instead factually distinguished it. Examining this case in light of both Gary and Harvey, Boatright's situation is more closely aligned with the facts of Gary, and Harvey is clearly distinguishable.
Like Gary, this case involves a search of the home, not a search of the person in a public place, as was the case in Harvey. Additionally, unlike Harvey, it was the affirmative acts of the police themselves which invalidated the warrants in this case and in Gary, not an administrative computer glitch. The affiant for the warrant in Gary did not present sufficient facts to establish probable cause, and the officer who searched Boatright in the traffic stop did so illegally. The computer error relied upon in good faith by the arresting officer in Harvey is therefore distinguishable from these two situations, and applying the principles of Gary, the invalid warrant was not probable cause for Boatright's arrest.
The invalid warrant notwithstanding, it is still possible, as stated in Harvey, for a warrantless arrest to be valid where the individual is arrested outside of his home and probable cause exists for the arrest. Harvey, supra at 672, 469 S.E.2d 176. Examining whether Boatright's arrest was valid under this standard, the evidence regarding Boatright's arrest is uncontroverted. De novo appellate review of that arrest is therefore appropriate. Vansant v. State, 264 Ga. 319, 443 S.E.2d 474 (1994). "While the trial court's findings as to disputed facts in a ruling on a motion to suppress will be reviewed to determine whether the ruling was clearly erroneous, where the evidence is uncontroverted and no question regarding the credibility of witnesses is presented, the trial court's application of the law to undisputed facts is subject to de novo appellate review." (Citations omitted.) Vansant, supra at 320, 443 S.E.2d 474.
With respect to the arrest, the undisputed facts show that Boatright was arrested inside his home without a valid warrant. One officer testified that after knocking on the door, it took Boatright 15 to 20 minutes to come to the door, although the lights and the television were on. Once Boatright opened the door, the officers stepped inside the house and arrested him.
Accordingly, Boatright's arrest fails even under the warrantless arrest standard of Harvey, supra. This is so because Boatright was arrested inside his home without a warrant. "Absent exigent circumstances or consent, an entry into a private home to ... effect an arrest is unreasonable without a warrant." (Punctuation omitted.) Kendrick v. State, 211 Ga.App. 599, 601(2), 440 S.E.2d 53 (1993). "The purpose of the warrant requirement in the Fourth Amendment [of the United States Constitution] is to allow a neutral judicial officer to assess whether the police have probable cause to make an arrest or conduct a search." Carranza v. State, 266 Ga. 263, 265(1), 467 S.E.2d 315 (1996), citing Steagald v. United States, 451 U.S. 204, 101 S. Ct. 1642, 68 L. Ed. 2d 38 (1981). "The warrant requirement for an arrest in the home is imposed to protect the home, and anything incriminating law enforcement officers gain as a result of an illegal arrest taking place in the home should be excluded to deter such conduct." (Punctuation omitted.) Carranza, supra at 268, 467 S.E.2d 315, citing United States v. McCraw, 920 F.2d 224 (4th Cir.1990).
Applying this standard to the facts, the officers who arrested Boatright in his home had no valid warrant. There is no evidence of exigent circumstances, and no evidence of Boatright's consent to let the officers enter his home to arrest him. As Boatright's permission to search his home was given simultaneously with his illegal arrest, there is likewise no evidence of attenuation of the consent from the illegal arrest, as argued by the State. See generally King v. State, 211 Ga.App. 12, 14(1), 438 S.E.2d 93 (1993). Boatright was involuntarily detained when he consented to the search, and even construing the evidence most favorably to uphold the trial court's findings, there is no *664 evidence that Boatright's consent was anything other than a product of the illegal detention. See VonLinsowe v. State, 213 Ga.App. 619, 622(2), 445 S.E.2d 371 (1994). Accordingly, the search must be suppressed, and the trial court erred in not granting Boatright's motion to suppress.
Finally, it is possible that a warrantless search of Boatright or his home may have been provided for by the terms of Boatright's probation. See State v. Sapp, 214 Ga.App. 428, 431(3), 448 S.E.2d 3 (1994) (searches a special condition of probation). However, the terms of Boatright's probation were not included in the record for appellate review. See Ross v. State, 214 Ga.App. 385, 448 S.E.2d 52 (1994) (appellate decisions must be based upon the record). Although it was incumbent upon the State to prove the legality of the searches, it failed to either raise this issue or carry its burden of proof. See OCGA § 17-5-30(b). The trial court's judgment is therefore reversed.
Judgment reversed.
BIRDSONG, P.J., and BEASLEY, J., concur.