delivered the opinion of the court:
Plaintiffs, representing all similarly situated taxing districts located within Cook County, filed a class action suit against Cook County and Edward J. Rosewell, in his capacity as Cook County Treasurer (the Treasurer), seeking to recover interest earned from the investment of certain taxes which defendants collected on behalf of plaintiffs. Circuit Court Judge Anthony J. Scotillo ruled the practice of having Cook County retain the interest earned on the taxes violated section 9(a) of article VII of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, § 9(a)) and ordered defendants to turn over the interest earned on the taxes after May 27, 1983.
In 1985, plaintiffs filed two turnover petitions seeking interest from escrows established in three additional cases pending before other circuit court judges in which plaintiffs were not joined as parties. Judge Scotillo denied these petitions on the grounds that he lacked authority over those funds. In 1986, plaintiffs filed two additional turnover petitions, including one seeking interest on various personal property tax escrows pending before other judges and one for interest accruing on Cook County’s illegal rate reserve fund. Judge Scotillo denied these petitions without giving reasons. On appeal, plaintiffs ask this court to reverse Judge Scotillo’s orders denying each of these turnover petitions. Defendants moved to dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction and cross-appealed from Judge Scotillo’s orders awarding attorney fees to plaintiffs’ counsel and denying defendants’ motion for the release of a particular escrow fund.
FACTS
In 1981, the board of commissioners of the Chicago Ridge Park District filed a class action suit against Cook County and Edward Rosewell in his capacity as Cook County Treasurer seeking injunctive relief and the interest earned from the investment of taxes collected by the Treasurer on behalf of the plaintiff class. The Treasurer had been depositing the interest earned on the collected taxes in the county’s general corporate fund.
This class action was subsequently consolidated with another class action filed in October 1982 by the board of trustees of Community College District No. 508; both class actions sought similar relief. The plaintiff class was certified as "all taxing districts as defined in Section 1(12) of the Revenue Act of 1939 [citation] located within Cook County, Illinois,” with the exception of Cook County.
In October 1982, the trial court issued a preliminary injunction in the class action suit enjoining Rosewell from distributing the interest earnings received from the investment of real estate and personal property tax collections before those taxes were distributed to the taxing districts. This money was to be kept in a segregated fund. In November 1983, the court appointed a trustee to collect and manage the fund established by the injunction.
On December 14, 1984, Judge Scotillo entered a judgment in favor of plaintiffs pursuant to the Illinois Supreme Court’s decision in Board of Commissioners of the Wood Dale Public Library v. County of Du Page (1983),
Judge Scotillo appointed an impartial auditor to examine the relevant accountings and report to the court whether all plaintiffs’
In April and June of 1985, plaintiffs filed two petitions before Judge Scotillo in the class action suit seeking the turnover of the escrow interest earned on the deposited funds in those three cases. In their turnover petitions, plaintiffs contended that the interest earned on the escrowed funds fell within the scope of Judge Scotillo’s December 14, 1984, order in the class action suit.
The first of these "turnover petitions” was filed on April 9, 1985, and sought interest earned on challenged real estate taxes in two cases, Illinois Central and Amoco Oil. In Illinois Central, which was pending before Judge Earl Arkiss, the dispositive issue was whether the railroad property in question was subject to assessment and taxation by the county. In that case, the railroad paid the amount in dispute into an escrow account pending the ultimate disposition of its case. The interest on the deposited funds amounted to $3,390,111 according to the auditor appointed by Judge Scotillo. On November 15, 1983, Judge Arkiss entered a judgment against Illinois Central and, consistent with the preexisting practice in Cook County, ordered the money in escrow to be paid to the county. The order provided that the Treasurer was to pay all the interest accrued on the escrow accounts into the general corporate fund of Cook County in accordance with section 224 "in full payment and satisfaction of all penalties that have or may have accrued thereunder, and all other penalties whatsoever.” Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 120, par. 705.
Amoco Oil, which was then pending before Judge Joseph M. Wosik, concerned the taxpayer’s potential liability for back taxes on four highway oases it leased from the Toll Highway Authority. On October 27, 1981, the taxpayer placed the disputed amount in an escrow. In June 1983, the trial court in Amoco Oil ordered that the escrow be dissolved and the principal portion of the fund be disbursed in part to the Illinois State Toll Highway Authority and in part to the county collector to be distributed according to law. The interest earned on the escrow account would be distributed in part to the Illinois State Toll Highway Authority, in part to the county collector, and in part returned to the taxpayer. Specifically, the order provided that $153,884 of the interest was to be "distributed by the Collector pursuant to law.” In the order, the court retained jurisdiction for the purpose of interpreting and enforcing its order.
The auditor appointed by Judge Scotillo determined that "most of the $153,884” in Amoco Oil was earned before May 27, 1983, the effective date of Wood Dale I which, as previously noted, was established in Judge Scotillo’s order as the cutoff date for determining which interest was to be paid to the plaintiff class. This interest was recorded by the Treasurer as having been earned on undistributed tax accounts and was subsequently turned over by the Treasurer to the trustee in this class action suit. Defendants claim that the turnover of this interest to Judge Scotillo’s trustee was made mistakenly.
The second turnover petition, filed before Judge Scotillo on June 10, 1985, sought interest earned from challenged taxes contained in an escrow account in Illinois Bell which was also presided over by Judge Arkiss. This was a consolidation of 1,300 cases involving 1978 contested personal property taxes
Judge Arkiss’ order of October 25, 1982, provided that the deposited funds were to be kept segregated and were not to be distributed to any governmental body until final disposition or further court order, stating that the deposited funds "shall remain subject to the jurisdiction and supervision of this Court.” The order further specified that if a judgment was entered against the taxpayer, the interest on the account established in Illinois Bell would be paid to the county "in full payment and satisfaction of the aforesaid taxes, interest and penalties on the subject of personal property.” In June 1983, Judge Arkiss entered a final judgment in favor of the county in the amount initially used to establish the fund. The June 1983 order also provided that the Cook County collector could disburse the money held in escrow to the "appropriate recipients pursuant to the applicable provision of the Revenue Act.”
On August 29, 1985, Judge Scotillo entered an order in which he declined to exercise jurisdiction over either of the turnover petitions and denied both of them "without prejudice to submit similar petitions wherever appropriate.” Judge Scotillo stated that, while plaintiffs should be entitled to the interest, "they were not in the proper forum.” He suggested that intervention by the plaintiffs in the other cases was the proper method of obtaining the interest. Upon plaintiffs’ motion for a Rule 304(a) certification of that order, Judge Scotillo entered an order on September 27, 1985, stating "that there is no just reason for delaying enforcement or appeal of the order entered August 29, 1985.” An appeal was taken promptly from this order. That appeal was subsequently dismissed on May 1, 1986, by this court for the reason that "the trial court’s order [did] not finally adjudicate the rights and claims of the parties.”
On March 31, 1986, while the appeal of Judge Scotillo’s August 29,1985, order was still pending, plaintiffs here filed a petition before Judge Wosik, for leave to intervene and to modify orders in Amoco Oil. On April 9, 1986, plaintiffs filed a similar petition before Judge Arkiss in both Illinois Central and Illinois Bell. The parties agreed to defer proceedings on the Amoco Oil intervention petition until after the Illinois Central and Illinois Bell intervention petitions were adjudicated. On January 22, 1987, Judge Arkiss denied plaintiffs’ petitions to intervene in Illinois Central and Illinois Bell as time barred because the petitions were filed more than two years after the final judgments were entered in those cases. An appeal was taken from Judge Arkiss’ ruling, which was affirmed in Illinois Central Gulf R.R. Co. v. Department of Local Government Affairs (1988),
In April 1986, plaintiffs filed five additional turnover petitions, only two of which are included here in plaintiffs’ notice of appeal. The first, entitled "Petition of Plaintiff Class for Turn Over of Interest Earnings From Certain Personal Property Tax Escrow Funds,” sought the interest earned on assorted personal property tax escrows which were pending before other judges and only identified by brief title in this record. These funds were discovered by Judge Scotillo’s auditor after December 14, 1984, but not included in plaintiffs’ 1985 petitions. The plaintiffs contended that the interest from these accounts, which amounted to approximately $20 million, was within the jurisdictional reach and scope of Judge Scotillo’s December 14, 1984, order.
The second April 1986 turnover petition included in this appeal sought the interest earned on Cook County’s illegal rate reserve fund. This reserve, established pursuant to section 194 of the Revenue Act of 1939 (Ill. Ann. Stat., ch. 120, par. 675 (Smith-Hurd, Supp. 1992)) is designed to
The plaintiff class had previously tested the legality of the illegal rate reserve fund in Maynard v. Cook County (Cir. Ct. Cook Co.), No. 70 — L—16955, where the court upheld the establishment of the reserve as authorized under section 194. In that case, even though the plaintiffs included all the taxing districts in Cook County with the exception of the county itself, the plaintiff class did not challenge or raise the question of their entitlement to the interest earnings on the reserve.
Defendants moved to strike the April 1986 turnover petitions, arguing that these funds were not included in the earlier pleadings, were not covered by the December 14, 1984, order and were not cited in the notices mailed to class members on January 4, 1985. On September 10, 1986, that motion was granted by Judge Scotillo.
On April 20, 1987, plaintiffs’ counsel filed a petition for attorney fees for services rendered to the plaintiff class between July 1 and December 31,1986. The petition sought approximately $50,000, which included a request for $16,667.50 for fees connected with the plaintiffs’ attempts to intervene in Illinois Central and Illinois Bell. Defendants filed an objection to the petition contending that the fees should not be awarded to plaintiffs’ counsel for the attempts to intervene in the Illinois Central and Illinois Bell cases.
On September 2, 1987, Judge Scotillo entered an agreed order of distribution which established a reserve fund of $300,000 for fees and expenses of the trustee, auditor, or attorneys of the plaintiff class. This order provided that the plaintiff class was to receive $13,237,620 "representing the balance due of their pro rata share of the interest earned from May 27, 1983 through January 31, 1987,” on undistributed taxes collected on its behalf. The order further provided that the interest from the Amoco Oil escrow, which had accrued to $203,313 and was still being contested by the parties, was to be held by the trustee until further order of the court.
On December 9, 1987, Judge Scotillo awarded plaintiffs’ counsel fees for the work performed in the failed intervention attempts. The order stated that the court encouraged the filing of the intervention petitions and contemplated the award of attorney fees for the filing of the petitions. This order also included a finding that there was no just reason to delay enforcement or appeal.
On April 6, 1988, plaintiffs submitted another petition, this one covering services rendered for the year of 1987, which included a claim for additional fees for work performed with respect to the intervention proceedings. All parties were given 14 days to file objections to the petition for fees. No written objections were filed. However, in their brief in support of their cross-appeal, defendants claim to have orally objected to the award of these fees. In an order entered on May 18, 1988, Judge Scotillo, noting that "no objections having been filed,” again awarded plaintiffs’ counsel additional fees for work on Illinois Central and Illinois Bell.
On March 25, 1988, defendants filed a motion asking Judge Scotillo to release the Amoco Oil interest from the trustee to the Cook County Treasurer. The motion was predicated on the fact that Judge Scotillo had already stated that he would not adjudicate the matter. Defendants urged that the funds had been mistakenly transferred to Judge Scotillo. Plaintiffs agreed to the request that the interest be returned to the Cook County Treasurer to be held there in a segregated account until a determination of entitlement to the interest was made by a court. On September 7, 1988, Judge Scotillo entered an order to that effect, stating that "[Amoco] is over as far as I’m concerned.”
The September 7, 1988, order provided that the Treasurer was to hold the Amoco Oil escrow interest in a segregated account until "further order of court.” As originally submitted by plaintiffs, the order provided that the money was to be held by the Treasurer
Plaintiffs’ present appeal is taken from the three foregoing orders of Judge Scotillo dated August 29, 1985, September 10, 1986, and September 7, 1988. Briefly recapitulated, the August 29, 1985, order denied plaintiffs’ turnover petitions in the Illinois Central, Amoco Oil and Illinois Bell cases. The order of September 10, 1986, granted defendants’ motion to strike the 1986 turnover petitions which sought interest earned on the various pending personal property tax escrows and upon the illegal rate reserve. The order of September 7, 1988, among other things, directed the trustee in the class action to transfer the Amoco Oil interest to the Treasurer, "until further order of court.” Defendants filed a cross-appeal on October 21, 1988, appealing from that portion of Judge Scotillo’s September 7, 1988, order which restricted the Treasurer’s ability to distribute the Amoco Oil funds until "further order of court.” Defendants also cross-appeal the award of attorney fees to plaintiffs in the December 1987 and May 1988 orders for services rendered in the attempt to intervene in Illinois Central and Illinois Bell. Preliminarily, defendants have moved to dismiss plaintiffs’ appeal on jurisdictional grounds.
OPINION
The first issue we must address is our jurisdiction. Defendants argue that this court lacks jurisdiction to hear the plaintiffs’ appeal because no final judgment has been entered. Correspondingly, plaintiffs contend that defendants’ cross-appeal from the two orders awarding attorney fees is untimely. We agree that proper appellate jurisdiction to review the appeal and cross-appeal is lacking at this time.
Although plaintiffs rely on Illinois Supreme Court Rule 301 (134 Ill. 2d R. 301) as their sole jurisdictional basis, we must first examine the appealability of each order individually pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 304(a) (134 Ill. 2d R. 304(a)). As shall be discussed below, if Rule 304(a) jurisdiction attached at any time to any of the claims, we would then have to determine whether the time for filing an appeal with respect to such claims has since lapsed. As shall be discussed below, if the time for appeal lapsed under Rule 304(a), such lapse would preclude any subsequent appeal under Rule 301 as well. In re Custody of D.A. (1990),
Illinois Supreme Court Rule 304(a) provides in part:
"If multiple parties or multiple claims for relief are involved in an action, an appeal may be taken from a final judgment as to one or more but fewer than all of the parties or claims only if the trial court has made an express written finding that there is no just reason for delaying enforcement or appeal.” (134 Ill. 2d R. 304(a).)
Thus, in addition to the requirement that the order be final as to the individual claim or party involved (Peterson v. Tazewell County (1975),
The September 10,1986, order in which Judge Scotillo granted defendants’ motion to strike the plaintiffs’ turnover petitions covering the interest on the 1986 personal property tax escrows and the illegal rate reserve does not contain any language concerning the appealability or enforcement of the order. Consequently, review of this order under Rule 304(a) was never possible.
The September 7, 1988, order recites that it is a "final and appealable order.” It is now clear from In re Application of the Du Page County Collector that the deletion of "enforceability” language from an order will not preclude its appealability. Moreover, it would not seem that the failure to include the "no just reason for delay” language is of consequence since the fact that the order is "immediately” appealable is readily inferable from the recitation that it is final and appealable. However, as already discussed, the formal sufficiency of the written certification under Rule 304(a) is not dispositive if the order which is certified is not final. The mere recitation of finality cannot transform a nonfinal order into a final one. (See People ex rel. Valle v. Valle (1983),
The August 29, 1985, order refers to both the immediate enforcement and appealability of the order, thus unequivocally satisfying the written findings requirement of Rule 304(a). However, as pointed out earlier, plaintiffs’ appeal from this order was dismissed in May 1986 on the grounds that it was not final because plaintiffs’ intervention petitions in Illinois Central, Amoco Oil, and Illinois Bell had not yet been denied. The intervention petitions in Illinois Central and Illinois Bell have, however, been denied since then by Judge Arkiss on January 22, 1987. On April 28, 1988, the appellate court in Illinois Central Gulf R.R. Co. v. Department of Local Government Affairs (1988),
Thus, although not final when entered, Judge Scotillo’s order of August 29, 1985, achieved finality as to Illinois Central and Illinois Bell when the denial by Judge Arkiss of the plaintiffs’ intervention petitions in those cases was affirmed on appeal in April 1988 or, at the latest, when the mandate issued on July 19, 1988.
This leads us to the question of whether a Rule 304(a) certification, correct in form, of an order which did not otherwise possess finality when originally certified, would require a recertification if and when finality is achieved. If the certification remained valid, the time for plaintiff to appeal the order would have lapsed as the notice of appeal was not filed until October 6, 1988, more than six months after the appellate court affirmed Judge Arkiss’ denial of the intervention petitions and more than three years after the certification was entered.
However, it is manifest from the face of Rule 304(a) that recertification would be required after finality is achieved. Rule 304(a) provides that the time for filing a notice of appeal shall be as provided in Rule 303 (30 days) with "the entry of the required finding *** treated as the date of the entry of the final judgment.” (134 Ill. 2d R. 304.) If subsequent events occurring after entry of the order and its Rule 304(a) certification could render the order final without requiring recertification then, if those events would occur more than 30 days after such initial certification, all avenues of appeal would be lost without
Our determination is consistent with the analogous situation where a notice of appeal is filed before the judgment or order being appealed is actually final. In those instances, courts have consistently held that once the order becomes final, a new notice of appeal must be filed and that the prematurely filed notice cannot be resuscitated. (In re Marriage of Roberts (1980),
We therefore conclude that none of these orders are individually appealable, in whole or in part, under Rule 304(a). But we also conclude that because the Rule 304(a) certification was invalid when made, the orders appealed from are not otherwise time barred. We must therefore proceed to examine the appealability of the orders under Rule 301.
Defendants contend that appellate jurisdiction cannot attach under Rule 301 because less than all of the disputed claims among the parties have yet been resolved. Specifically, defendants urge (1) that under Judge Scotillo’s order of September 7, 1988, the dispute over the Amoco Oil escrow is still pending without final determination, the court having retained jurisdiction until "further order of court,” and (2) that under that order the trial court retained jurisdiction over attorney fees.
Appellate jurisdiction is confined to reviewing final judgments unless the order to be reviewed comes within one of the exceptions for interlocutory orders specified by the supreme court. (In re Marriage of Verdung (1987),
Plaintiffs place emphasis on both Judge Scptillo’s oral declaration that the case was over and on the language of the September 7, 1988, order which provided that "the ultimate rights of the parties have been adjudicated” as well as its recitation that it was "final and appealable.” The appealability of an order, however, is determined by its substance rather than its form. (Boonstra v. City of Chicago (1991),
Moreover, even the trial judge himself recognized the jurisdictional problems with this appeal. The report of proceedings of September 7, 1988, is replete with discussions as to how the order should be written in order to gain appellate review. Judge Scotillo stated, "it may be interlocutory it may be final. *** Good luck to each side. You both want appellate review. *** [T]he Appellate Court may just throw you
Plaintiffs concede that the September 7, 1988, order does not determine or resolve the issue of entitlement to the Amoco Oil funds. The September 7, 1988, order only required the trustee to turn over the Amoco Oil funds to the Treasurer where such funds would be kept until further order of court. The plaintiffs are attempting to use an order transferring temporary custody of the funds in the still pending Amoco Oil case to form the jurisdictional cornerstone of their appeal. We note, however, that the September 7, 1988, order does no more than alter the temporary custody of the funds; the rights of the parties to the ultimate distribution of the funds still remain to be adjudicated.
In response to defendants’ argument that Judge Scotillo has retained jurisdiction over the Amoco Oil funds, plaintiffs contend that transfer of the case to another judge to resolve the issue was "clearly contemplated” by Judge Scotillo. Plaintiffs argue that the "compelling factor” is that Judge Scotillo decided that he did not have jurisdiction to make the final determination over the Amoco Oil fund. Plaintiffs further contend that Judge Scotillo did not retain jurisdiction over the Amoco Oil fund since the order did not expressly provide for such retention of jurisdiction.
Specifically, plaintiffs point out that the order states that the Amoco Oil funds were to be held by the Treasurer until "further order of court” rather than further order of "this/the court.” This contention is quite tenuous since the mere absence of the word "the or this,” without further elaboration, is incapable of effecting a transfer of the case by Judge Scotillo. However, even if Judge Scotillo had explicitly transferred the case to another court, the September 7, 1988, order cannot be considered a final order. (See Voiland v. Warsawsky (1989),
"The order appealed from, transferring the cause to Cook County and denying attorney fees, is not a final judgment appeal-able as of right pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 301 [citation]. The order does not terminate the litigation, as the merits of the dispute over plaintiff’s security deposit remain to be resolved in the circuit court of Cook County.” (Voiland,182 Ill. App. 3d at 335 .)
(See also Village of Burnham v. Cook (1986),
We note, however, contrary to defendants’ contention, that we would not be inclined to deny jurisdiction merely on the grounds that the issue of additional attorney fees was left open in the September 7, 1988, order.
We recognize the general rule that where the trial court retains jurisdiction for a future award of attorney fees, no final judgment will be present. (Marsh v. Evangelical Covenant Church (1990),
As in Northern Trust, this factor distinguishes this case from Hamer v. Lentz (1987),
Accordingly, since the complete controversy between the parties has not yet been resolved, this appeal must be dismissed for lack of finality.
We must now proceed to determine our jurisdiction to entertain the defendants’ cross-appeal. With respect to defendants’ cross-appeal from the portion of the September 7, 1988, order which purports to exercise control over the Amoco Oil funds, we have already determined that we do not have jurisdiction to review that order because it lacks finality. However, defendants also appeal from two additional orders, one entered on December 9, 1987, and the other, on May 18, 1988, which awarded fees to plaintiffs’ counsel for services rendered in the attempt to intervene in Illinois Central and Illinois Bell. The December 9, 1987, order contains a Rule 304(a) certification; the May 18, 1988, order does not. Plaintiffs contend that defendants’ cross-appeal of the December 9, 1987, order was not timely filed since the order contained a proper Rule 304(a) certification and was not appealed within 30 days. They further contend that defendants have waived the right to appeal the May 18, 1988, order because they failed to object to the award in the trial court. Additionally, plaintiffs argue that defendants lack standing to challenge any of the fee awards.
We note at the outset that we do not have jurisdiction over the cross-appeal of the May 18, 1988, order for the same reasons that deprive us of jurisdiction over the primary appeal and for the same reasons that deprive us of jurisdiction over that part of the September 7, 1988, order of Judge Scotillo. As we discussed, jurisdiction is lacking under Rule 301 since no final judgment disposing of all pending disputes has been entered in this case. Moreover, with respect to the December 9, 1987, order which contained a Rule 304(a) certification, the dispositive principles that deprive us of jurisdiction over the cross-appeal have already been discussed earlier in the context of the primary appeal.
It is well established that if a Rule 304(a) finding is made and the order is in fact final, "the affected party loses the right to appeal by waiting until the termination of the remainder of the case.” (In re Custody of D.A. (1990),
Furthermore, with respect to the May 18, 1988, order, proper jurisdiction is not present under Rule 304(a) because that order lacks any Rule 304(a) certification. Moreover, if proper jurisdiction was present, we would conclude, in agreement with plaintiffs, that defendants have waived their right to appeal the May 18, 1988, order because they failed to object to the award of fees in the trial court. The May 18, 1988, order clearly states "[n]o written objections having been filed.” Defendants claim to have orally objected to the award; however, the record does not contain any indication that this objection was made.
In addition to arguing that defendants’ cross-appeal is untimely, plaintiffs claim defendants lack standing to contest the award of attorney fees. We agree. Generally, to have standing a party must show "some injury in fact to a legally recognized interest.” (In re Marriage of Rodriguez (1989),
As previously noted, defendants have suffered no injury nor will they benefit from a reversal of the judgment because the fees came from a fund established from money already awarded to the plaintiff class. (Sampson v. Eastman Kodak Co. (1990),
In addition to claiming standing in their own right, defendants contend in their brief that the State’s Attorney of Cook County, who represents defendants in this action, has standing to object to the' fees on behalf of the people. Judge Scotillo found that the State’s Attorney had standing to contest the award of fees. We disagree. The State’s Attorney was not a party to the action below nor is he a party to this appeal. There is no indication that the State’s Attorney has played any role in these proceedings other than as counsel for defendants. While the State’s Attorney has the statutory duty to "commence and prosecute all actions, suits, indictments and prosecutions, civil and criminal, *** in which the people of the State or county may be concerned” (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 34, par. 3 — 9005(1)), such a duty does not allow it to intermittently step out of its role as defendants’ representative and into the role of the protector of the People.
The status of the State’s Attorney on appeal would be that of a nonparty. For a nonparty to challenge a decision on appeal, the nonparty must have "some direct, immediate and substantial interest in the subject matter which would be prejudiced by a judgment or benefitted by its reversal.” (Layfer v. Tucker (1979),
Defendants claim that plaintiffs have waived the right to object to defendants’ standing. The record reflects that plaintiffs did raise this issue before the trial court. Defendants’ argument is apparently based on plaintiffs’ failure to appeal from Judge Scotillo’s finding that the State’s Attorney possessed standing. However, a primary appeal from this ruling is not required to preserve this issue for defensive use against defendants’ cross-appeal. (Cf. Bullman v. Cooper (1936),
Defendants further contend, without any supporting authority, that the orders awarding attorney fees are void and that standing is not necessary to challenge a void order. Even if the law were as defendants claim and standing was not necessary to challenge a void order, the defendants would still be unable to contest the award of fees because the two orders challenged by defendants are not void. Defendants rely on Fiorito v. Jones (1978),
Moreover, even if void, an order must be final to be appealable. (See Moffat Coal Co. v. Industrial Comm’n (1947),
"A judgment, order or decree of a court that lacked jurisdiction or one that is void for any other reason will be reversed by this court whenever the same is brought before us by any means possible in the particular case; but we can find no provision in any statute and no judicial precedent indicating that a judgment, order or decree which is not final may be reviewed by this court merely because it is, or is alleged to be, null and void.”397 Ill. at 201-02 .
See also Chicago Housing Authority v. Abrams (1951),
As in Moffat, the order in this case does not become appealable regardless of its lack of finality solely on the basis of the allegations that the order is void. Such a result would not be consistent with the policies underlying Supreme Court Rules 301 and 304. If an order could be appealed any time merely because a party alleged it was void, piecemeal appeals would result merely by questioning the authority of a court to enter a particular order.
However, as shall be demonstrated below, even if appellate jurisdiction properly attached, the orders appealed from would warrant affirmance.
Plaintiffs contend that Judge Scotillo was in error when he held that he did not have the authority to decide the merits of the turnover petitions which sought interest from the escrowed funds in Illinois Central, Illinois Bell, and Amoco Oil. According to plaintiffs, Judge Scotillo could have ruled on the turnover petitions because proper personal and subject matter jurisdiction was present. Citing Kemling v. Country Mutual Insurance Co. (1982),
There is no question that as part of the same constitutional court of general jurisdiction, each circuit court has equal and concurrent subject matter jurisdiction. (Lescher v. Barker (1978),
However, this equality of power and authority among the divisions and judges does not provide a license for one judge to ignore orders entered by judges of coordinate authority whether they are in different divisions or different counties. The supreme court has asserted as a general principle that "[o]ne circuit judge may not review or disregard the orders of another circuit judge in the judicial system of this State.” People ex rel. Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Gitchoff (1976),
In Phillips Petroleum, a circuit court judge in Macon County entered an order consolidating a counterclaim pending in the circuit court of Madison County with a complaint pending in Macon County. The judge presiding over the counterclaim in Madison County ordered the county clerk not to transmit the record pertaining to the counterclaim to Macon County. Phillips Petroleum sought a writ of mandamus requiring the Madison County judge to turn over the record to the Macon County court.
The supreme court noted that the actions were not identical and that there was no substantial similarity between them. (Phillips,
This principle applies regardless of the lack of finality of the order entered by the court in which the original action was filed. One court should not compete with
In In re Marriage of Baltzer, the attorney representing one of the parties in a dissolution proceeding pending in the circuit court of Du Page County withdrew as counsel and filed a petition for fees in the circuit court of Cook County. The former client filed a motion to strike the Cook County proceeding, or in the alternative, require the attorney to pursue the action for fees in Du Page County. The Du Page court entered an order requiring the attorney to pursue the fee action in Du Page. In affirming the trial court’s decision, the appellate court reasoned that "[i]t would also appear to be an unnecessary impediment to judicial economy to require a second judge to acquire the knowledge of the proceedings in the dissolution action already known to the judge who has heard it.” Baltzer,
In People ex rel. East Side Levee & Sanitary District v. Madison County Levee & Sanitary District, the court in Madison County declined to dismiss an action which was duplicative of one already pending in St. Clair County court. In holding the action of the Madison County court to be erroneous, our supreme court stated:
"Suffice it to say that the clearly proper course of action for the Madison County court was to decline jurisdiction in light of the pending St. Clair County litigation in which precisely the same relief could have been sought. [Citations.] Additionally, we believe it appropriate to call to the Madison County court’s attention the fact that its acceptance of jurisdiction and issuance of orders conflicting with those of the St. Clair County court was not only clearly erroneous, but that such action can only serve to diminish public respect for the judicial system of this State.” (East Side Levee,54 Ill. 2d at 445 .)
(See Coon v. Holtz (1908),
Although these cases involve courts of co-equal jurisdiction in different counties, the same considerations and rationales apply to administrative problems of parallel actions pending in different administrative divisions of a circuit court. People ex rel. Kelly, Ketting, Furth, Inc. v. Epstein (1974),
This is not to say that an order entered by a judge may never be altered. See Balciunas v. Duff (1983),
This is not the case here, however. The judgments which plaintiffs seek to modify are those of other circuit court judges who possess equal and coordinate authority to Judge Scotillo, and at the times in issue were still sitting in their original assignments. They were not replaced by Judge Scotillo. Consequently, Judge Scotillo is not the successor of those judges and as such lacks authority to rule on the turnover petitions.
Moreover, in this case, the 1985 turnover petitions with respect to Illinois Central, Illinois Bell and Amoco Oil sought to modify final, rather than interlocutory, judgments which were entered by Judge Arkiss and Judge Wosik in separate and independent actions. Where an order is final and appealable it is not subject to modification even by the judge who entered it unless he reacquires jurisdiction as through a section 2 — 1401 petition. (See People v. Williams (1990),
The plaintiffs, however, contend that the injunction entered in October 1982 in the class action suit should control the funds because this injunction was entered prior to the final judgments in those cases. But, this injunctive order was entered after each of the three cases was commenced and after two of the three escrows had been established. Courts which first acquire jurisdiction may protect it by enjoining pursuit of related litigation in other courts of coordinate jurisdiction.
Under the October 20, 1982, preliminary injunction in the class action, Judge Scotillo ordered that the Treasurer "was preliminary [sz'c] enjoined, until further order of court, from distributing the earnings received by him on his investment of real estate and personal property tax collections prior to distribution of said tax collections to the taxing districts.” (Emphasis added.) Likewise, the final order entered on December 14, 1984, addresses collected tax money. The orders entered by Judge Scotillo only address collected taxes. Prior to the entry of a final order determining liability, the funds in escrow are not collected taxes. As such, the injunction and subsequent final order did not apply to the escrowed funds until a final determination of tax liability was entered. The plaintiff argues that once the final order was entered in these cases, the money became collected taxes and was subject to the preliminary injunction. The plaintiffs’ position here ignores the procedural stance of this case. The Illinois Central, Illinois Bell, and Amoco Oil courts did not lose their ability to make a distribution of funds in their possession when they determined liability. These courts had jurisdiction to disburse the funds under their control. If the plaintiffs wanted a different result, they should have intervened sooner in those cases.
This effort to have Judge Scotillo, in the context of this proceeding (the class action case), collaterally modify or alter the final judgments entered in these other actions constitutes an impermissible collateral attack. The decision of our supreme court in Malone v. Cosentino (1983),
"[T]hat when jurisdiction is established a court’s judgment 'being thus entered by authority of law, no matter how erroneous it may be, or even absurd — though it be made in palpable violation of the law itself, and manifestly against the evidence — is, nevertheless, binding upon all whom the law says shall be bound by it, that is, upon all parties and privies to it, until it is reversed in a regular proceeding for thatpurpose. While it remains a judgment, it cannot be inquired into, nor its regularity questioned, in any collateral proceeding.’ [Citation.] Once a court with proper jurisdiction has entered a final judgment, that judgment can only be attacked on direct appeal, or in one of the traditional collateral proceedings now defined by statute. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 110, pars. 10 — 101 to 10 — 137 (habeas corpus); Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 110, par. 2 — 1401 (relief from judgments); Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 38, pars. 122 — 1 to 122 — 7 (post-conviction hearing).” Malone, 99 Ill. 2d at 32-33 .
Contrary to plaintiffs’ contention, the collateral attack doctrine can be invoked wherever the effect is to alter the judgment in one case through a collateral proceeding, regardless of the full sameness of parties. As the court in Malone stated:
" '[However,] a determination of the question whether a particular judgment may be subjected to a collateral attack does not necessarily involve an inquiry regarding the scope and effect of the judgment as a former adjudication upon the facts or causes of action included therein.’ (46 Am. Jur. 2d Judgments § 399 (1969).)”99 Ill. 2d at 33-34 .
Moreover, plaintiffs were direct participants in Illinois Bell and Illinois Central to the extent that they filed section 2 — 1401 petitions in those cases seeking leave to intervene. These petitions were subsequently denied. (See Illinois Central Gulf R.R. Co. v. Department of Local Government Affairs (1988),
The same procedural grounds which sustain Judge Scotillo’s orders with respect to Illinois Bell, Illinois Central and Amoco Oil are equally applicable to Judge Scotillo’s order of September 10, 1986, denying plaintiffs’ 1986 turnover petition for interest earned from "certain personal property tax escrow funds.”
The rationale underlying Judge Scotillo’s decision to deny either of the two 1986 turnover petitions in this appeal is not evident from the record. Likewise, the record contains very little information on the escrowed funds in the pending personal property tax cases which plaintiffs seek to reach with the first of the 1986 turnover petitions. The record does not indicate which court or judge established the escrows, the terms of the various escrows, the current status and character of the funds in such escrows or what if any orders were entered with respect to them. It would appear that this information was not presented to the trial court either. It is well established that the appellant bears the burden of presenting a record which is sufficient to support its claim of error. Neither the trial court nor the reviewing court should be required to speculate about the controlling facts. (Tomlen Group, Ltd. v. Goldfarb (1981),
In any event, the same considerations of judicial economy and for the orderly administration of justice which were discussed with respect to any exercise of jurisdiction by
Moreover, the record does not disclose whether any of the orders entered in any of the personal property tax escrows encompassed under the 1986 petition were final. If there were final orders entered, then just as in the case of Illinois Bell and Illinois Central, Judge Scotillo would have a jurisdictional impediment in reaching those funds to the extent that it would necessitate a change or modification of those orders. Under Malone, such an attempt would constitute an impermissible collateral attack.
Plaintiffs’ second 1986 petition seeks interest earned on the county’s illegal rate reserve fund. Unlike the other funds sought in plaintiffs’ turnover petitions, the illegal rate reserve was not established by the authority of any judge, but is a direct creation of statute. Likewise, the reserve is not composed of funds awaiting a determination as to whether they are owed as taxes, but rather is composed entirely of collected taxes from the outset.
Defendants argue that the case of Maynard v. Cook County (Cir. Ct. Cook Co.), No. 70 — L—16955, specifically dealt with this fund and that therefore res judicata bars plaintiffs’ petition. Defendants’ argument appears to have merit as the parties involved in this case and Maynard are identical and because plaintiffs’ challenge to the legality of the fund in Maynard would have permitted them to claim entitlement to the interest on those funds as well. (See City of Peoria v. Peoria City Lines, Inc. (1962),
" 'The validity of the ordinance *** was involved in the case of People v. Martin [citation] and this court held it valid. That case conclusively settles the validity of the ordinance regardless whether the specific objection to said ordinance now insisted upon was raised in that case or not. The validity of the ordinance cannot be thus attacked by the same parties by piecemeal although the action may be in a different form.’ ” (Emphasis in original.) (24 Ill. 2d at 463-64 , quoting Martin v. McCall (1910),247 Ill. 484 , 487.)
(See also Best Coin-Op, Inc. v. Paul F. Ilg Supply Co. (1989),
However, even if the res judicata defense were waived, it would not alter the outcome because we would then determine that Judge Scotillo’s striking of the plaintiffs’ second 1986 petition would, in any event, not constitute an abuse of discretion. Plaintiffs were aware of the illegal rate reserve since the time of the Maynard decision, which was handed down in 1974. Unlike the other turnover petitions, where the status of the escrowed funds could not necessarily have been known to plaintiffs without the assistance of the auditor’s reports, plaintiffs had first hand knowledge of the illegal rate reserve fund 10
Furthermore, Judge Scotillo would have acted within the latitude of his discretion if he premised his rejection of this claim solely upon the ground that the interest on the illegal rate reserve did not automatically fall within the scope of the December 14, 1984, order. A court is in the best position to interpret its own orders and as such a court’s interpretation of its own order should not be reversed unless the record clearly shows an abuse of discretion. (In re Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R.R. Co. (1988),
The December 14, 1984, order specifically applies to collected taxes which are invested and paid over to the plaintiffs. The character of the taxes contained in the illegal rate reserve is of a decidedly different nature. Those taxes are not held for the purpose of their eventual payment to the taxing districts, but rather are withheld by the county for the specific purpose of covering any judgments or costs incurred in the adjudication of claims over improperly levied tax rates or assessments. There is no guarantee that any portion of these taxes will ever be distributed to the taxing districts, as funds contained in the illegal rate reserve are paid out to meet taxpayer claims from prior years. Considering the distinct nature and the statutory character of the illegal rate reserve and the substantial variation of these taxes from those addressed in the December 14, 1984, order, Judge Scotillo did not abuse his discretion in his refusal to assess whether under Wood Dale he should amend his order of December 14,1984, to encompass the illegal rate reserve fund interest as well.
For the reasons herein above discussed, plaintiffs’ appeal and defendants’ cross-appeal are dismissed for want of jurisdiction for the reason that no final judgment was entered in this case. With respect to defendants’ cross-appeal from the award of attorney fees, we also note defendants’ lack of standing as an additional ground for dismissal.
Appeal and cross-appeal dismissed.
LORENZ and MURRAY, JJ., concur.