92 N.Y. 391 | NY | 1883
This action was against the surety upon a treasurer's bond to the county of Monroe. The term of Baker, the treasurer, whose faithful performance of the duties of the office the bond was designed to secure, extended from October, 1861, to October, 1864. Many questions which were litigated before the referee and some of those discussed at General Term have been eliminated from the case by the acquiescence of the parties against whom they were determined, and this opinion will be confined altogether to the discussion of the remaining points.
It was claimed on the trial by the defendant that by reason of the imposition upon the treasurer during his term of office by the plaintiffs of the duty of raising, keeping and disbursing large sums of money during the war for bounty purposes, which was in addition to the usual and ordinary duties of his office, that the contract of suretyship was so changed by the obligees, that the surety was discharged not only from liability on account of such increased duties, but from his entire obligation upon the bond. This claim was based upon the well-settled principle that a change in the terms or obligations of a contract by the principal without the consent of the surety operates to discharge him from his liability.
The referee held that the surety was not liable for the acts of the treasurer concerning the moneys received by him by reason of the additional duties imposed upon him, but decided that his obligations upon the bond having reference to the usual and ordinary duties of the treasurer remained unaffected by the increase of the duties enjoined upon him. The plaintiff did not appeal from that part of the decision which relieved the *394 surety from responsibility for the treasurer's default in accounting for the enlarged receipts of the office, and can, therefore, raise no question as to its correctness. The defendant appealed, alleging that he should have been altogether discharged from liability upon his bond.
The General Term having affirmed the referee's views of the liability of the surety, the defendant now comes to this court and asks for such total exemption from liability. No claim is made, that any change was attempted in the literal terms of the contract between the parties or the general nature of the duties or subject to which it applied, but it is argued that because the always indefinite sum of money which is liable in any year to come into the treasurer's hands has been increased beyond the supposed contemplation of the parties when they entered into it, that, therefore, the party is relieved ipso facto from his contract liability as a surety.
We think that the decisions of the courts below were quite as favorable to the defendant upon this question as he could justly have expected upon the evidence. They held that the statutes authorizing the issue of bounty war bonds by the county of Monroe did not, under the circumstances of this case, impose any addition legal duty upon the treasurer, and that, therefore, the surety was not liable for a defalcation by the treasurer in the funds so raised. The proof showed that the treasurer acted in conjunction with a committee of the board of supervisors in raising moneys and disposing of a large amount of bonds. Many of the bonds (the amount not appearing) were issued and delivered directly to recruits in payment of bounties, while others, the amount of which is equally uncertain, were negotiated, and the money realized was paid to recruits by the treasurer and other agents of the county. It is safe to assume, however, that the moneys passing through the treasurer's hands on account of these transactions were much larger in amount than those which he would usually have manipulated, and the question arises whether the possession and disbursement of these moneys by the treasurer with the knowledge and consent of the supervisors vitiated the obligation *395 of the surety upon his bond. A well-settled distinction between the obligations assumed by sureties upon the bonds of public officers and by those liable upon private contracts is recognized. In the case of the former, the parties' contract, having reference to the acknowledged power of the legislature to vary and change the power and duties of such officers.
It has been repeatedly held in our courts that unless the territorial jurisdiction of such officer has been enlarged or the general nature or functions of his office changed, a surety upon his bond will not be discharged on account of changes made in the official duties after the execution of the contract. This point was considered in People v. Vilas (
We are referred to a large number of authorities upon this question and with few exceptions they support the proposition that a surety is responsible for default in the performance of the duties of his principal as they existed at the time of his assumption of liability. Gaussen v. United States
(
Not only does the case of People v. Vilas (supra) sustain the same doctrine, but such is the uniform course of decisions in the United States, and the rule is now too well settled to be controverted. (Commonwealth v. Holmes, 25 Gratt. 771; Hatch
v. Inhabitants of Attleborough,
The case of Pybus v. Gibb (6 Ell. Bl. 902), which supports the contrary rule, has been uniformly repudiated in this country whenever it has been cited as an authority.
The further point is made that the referee included in the amount charged to the defendant the sum of $29,127.11, which had been collected by the treasurer during his previous term, and which he had omitted in his accounts, but which in October, 1863, by agreement between the supervisors and the treasurer was brought forward and charged against him. There are several answers to this claim. A careful reading of the case has failed to disclose to us any evidence to sustain it; on the contrary, it quite conclusively appears that although this discrepancy was discovered as existing in 1863, and it was agreed between the supervisors and Baker that he should be charged with that amount as of that date, yet it did not enter into the account by which the referee ascertained the amount awarded by his report. In stating his account the referee sustaining the defendant's claim that the plaintiffs were bound by the amount fixed by Baker and the supervisors in October, 1861, as the true amount then on hand, excluded all items of account arising prior to that date, and in arriving at the balance of $77,328.06, which he finds to have been in the treasurer's hands on the 4th day of October, 1864, he assumes the correctness of that balance and then states the specific items of cash received and paid out during the treasurer's term, which make up both the debit and credit sides of the account. This process excludes the possibility of the admission of the item of $29,000, or any part of it into the referee's account, and *397
no such item appeared therein. It may also be said that no exception was taken upon which to raise the question. The point involves a question of fact upon which the referee has neither passed nor has a finding been requested thereon by the appellant. This court will not examine the evidence to determine such questions for the purpose of discovering grounds upon which to reverse a judgment. (Fabbri v. Kalbfleisch,
The claim of the appellant that the referee erred in allowing interest upon the amount which he found that Baker or his executor failed to deliver to his successor on the expiration of his term of office is untenable. The condition of the bond was that the treasurer shall pay according to law all moneys which shall come into his hands as such county treasurer. The statute provides that at the termination of his office, "all books and papers belonging to his office and all moneys in his hands by virtue of his office shall be delivered to his successor in office upon the oath of the preceding county treasurer, or in case of his death, upon the oath of his executors or administrators." He is also required "to keep a just and true account of the receipts and expenditures of all moneys which shall come to his hands by virtue of his office." (§§ 21 and 24, 1 R.S. 369.) The statutory provisions impose an active duty upon the treasurer, and a failure to perform it constitutes a breach of the conditions of his bond.
The necessary and legitimate damages arising from this breach is the amount of money which the treasurer failed to pay over and the interest thereon from the day when the obligation matured. (Adams v. Fort Plain Bank,
It was held that a county treasurer is chargeable with interest on all sums in his hands which he omits to account for at the annual meeting of the supervisors. (Supervisors of Chenango v.Birdsell, 4 Wend. 453.) The case seems to be decisive upon this point. The other questions discussed on the argument are necessarily controlled by the conclusions we have reached as above. *398
The judgment should be affirmed.
All concur, except DANFORTH, J., not sitting.
Judgment affirmed.