96 F. 284 | 4th Cir. | 1899
In 1870 the Yadkin Railroad Company was organized under the jaws of the state of North Carolina. The corporation was created by an act of the assembly of that state passed in the year 1871, and the charter was amended by an additional act passed in 18(87. By virtue of the provisions of the amended act, Sianly, a couniy of North Carolina, was authorized to subscribe to the capital si ode of said railroad. As provided hv the legislation mentioned, the question was submitted to a vote of the people of that county, and a subscription of §100,000 was ordered to said stock. The commissioners of the county, as authorized by such vote, prepared and issued bonds to the amount of §100,000, face value, and delivered them to the railroad company. These bonds, it is alleged in the hill, were placed on the market, and sold to bona fide purchasers for value. Each of the bonds on its face recites that it is one of a, series issued by authority of an act of the assembly of North Carolina ratified. March 1887, and of sections 1996-1999 of the Code of North Carolina, and authorized by a majority vote of the qualified voters of Stanly county at an election regularly held for that purpose August 15, 1889, and issued to pay the subscription ma.de by that county to the capital stock of the Yadkin Railroad Company. For four successive years after these bonds were issued a tax was regularly levied and collected for the purpose of paying the interest due on them, and the coupons representing the same were duly paid. The lax for the fifth year was also levied and collected. Then the commissioners of said county (certain taxpayers joining with them) instituted proceeding's in the superior court of that county against the treasurer of the same, the object of which was to prevent the application of the money in the hands of that official, collected for the purpose of paying the interest on said bonds, from being so applied, and also to bave said bonds decreed invalid. The contention of the plaintiffs in that suit was that all of said bonds and coupons were void,
Tire first question raised by the assignments of error is as to -the validity or constitutionality of the legislation under which the bonds claimed by the appellees were issued. In the case of Board v. i?nuggs, supra, the supreme court of North Carolina held that the bonds issued under the legislation mentioned were not the valid obligations of that comity. The reasons given by that court in support of said decision were that the journals of the two houses of the general assembly of that state, for the sessions thereof when chapter 23(5 of the Acts of North Carolina of 1870-71 and chapter 183 of the Acts of that state for the year 1887 were passed, did not show affirmatively that the yeas and nays, on the second and third readings of the hills, had been entered upon said journals, as required by the constitution of that state; and also that the Code of North Carolina (section 199(1), authorizing county commissioners to subscribe stock to a railroad company when necessary to aid in the completion of a railroad, did not include a railroad not begun to be built before the constitution of that state was adopted. And said supreme court also held ihat it was competent to Introduce such journals for the purpose of showing that an act that had been duly enrolled, and approved by the presiding officers of said houses, was not, in fact, passed in the manner required by the constitution of that state; and that/where the journals of the general assembly show that a law authorizing a county to issue railroad-aid bonds was noi. passed in the manner required by the constitution, the purchasers of the bonds were chargeable with notice of such fact. The special provision of the constitution so referred to is as follows (article 2, § 14):
“No law sliall be passed to raise money on the credit of the stale, or to pledge the faith of the state, directly or indirectly, for the payment of any debt, or to impose any tax upon the people of the state, or to allow the counties, cities, or towns to do so, unless the bill shall have been read three several times in each house of the general assembly, and passed three several readings, which readings shall have been on three different days, and agreed to by each house, respectively, and unless the yeas and nays on the second and third reading of the hill shall have been entered on the journal.”
The people of the state of North Carolina, in their constitution, have expressly limited the power of their legislature relating to taxation, and'pointed out the certain indispensable prerequisites that must not only exist as a fact, hut also appear on the journals of that legislature in a certain way. The constitution thus, in plain words, clearly indicates the way, and the only way, that the legislature can authorize the counties and the cities of the state to exercise the power of taxation. The entry of the yeas and nays on the last two readings must appear on the journal in order to comply with the requirements of the constitution, and unless they do so appear the hill has not become a law, and the evidence of its nullity is the journal provided by that constitution itself. On this point we quote from the
“The entry showing who voted on the bill, and how they voted, .must be made before the bill can ever become a law. The constitution does not allow the certificate of the presiding officers, or any other power, to cure such an omission. The certificate of these officers will be taken as conclusive of the several readings in ordinary legislation, even if it could be made to appear that the journals were silent in reference thereto, because, in ordinary legislation, the directions of the constitution are not a condition precedent to the validity of the act. But in that class of legislation, the purpose of which is to legislate under section 14 of article 2 of the constitution, a literal compliance with the language of that section is a condition precedent, and one which must be performed in its entirety, before the bill can ever become a law. This point, however, has been so recently and so thoroughly discussed in the case of Union Bank of Richmond v. Commissioners of Town of Oxford, 119 N. C. 214, 25 S. E. 966, that it will be unprofitable to enter into another protracted discussion of it here. The authorities there cited are numerous, and most of them directly in point.” •
We also quote from the same opinion the following:
“The plaintiffs were allowed to produce copies of the house journal, certified by the secretary of state, to show that the above-mentioned acts were not passed by the general assembly in accordance with the requirements of the constitution. The journal showed that the bill which became chapter 236 of the Laws of 1870-71 was introduced on the 31st of March, 1871, and referred to the committee on internal improvements; that it was reported favorably on the next day, and that on the 3d of April, two days after its introduction, it passed its second and third readings, and that there was no entry of the yeas and nays on either of its readings. From that journal it appears that the bill which was enacted into chapter 183 of the Laws of 1887 passed its second reading on February 26th, and that the yeas and nays were called on that reading and entered on the journal; that the bill passed its third reading on the 28th of February, but that the yeas and nays' were not entered on the journal on that reading. We are of the opinion tnat it was competent to introduce the house journal as proof that the acts referred to were not passed according to the requirements of the constitution, and that they established that fact. That provision of the constitution (article 2, § 14) is mandatory, as we have decided in Union Bank of Richmond v. Commissioners of Town of Oxford, 119 N. C. 214, 25 S. E. 966.”
The complainants below insisted that, even if the court should hold that the acts referred to were not passed according to the requirements of the constitution of North Carolina, and that they were therefore void, yet that still the bonds so issued were valid, nevertheless, for the reason that the commissioners of Stanly county had the power to issue the same under the authority of sections 1996, 1997, 1999, and 2000 of the Code of that state; and that, as all the sections of said Code were enacted by having been read three several times in each house of the general assembly, and by having passed three several readings on three different days in either house, and by having the ayes and nays on the second and third readings entered in the respective journals, the action so taken under the provisions of said sections was legal, and the bonds so issued were valid. The court below so held, and the remaining assignments of error relate thereto. Again do we quote and adopt the following portion of the court’s opinion in the case of Board v. Snuggs:
“But tbe defendant, for bis protection, presents the view that, even if it bo conceded that the acts above referred to were not passed according to the re*289 quirements of the eonstilulion, and for that reason might be held void by this court, yet the commissioners of the county had tlie right to submit the question of subscription, euinracing tlie question of issue of bonds, and the levy of taxes to pay tlie same, principal and interest, to the voters of the county, and, upon approval by a majority of the qualified voters, to issue the bonds, under sections 1006 -2000 of tlie Code. All tlie sections of tlie Code were enacted by having been read three several times in each house of tlie general assembly, having passed throe several readings on three different days in either house, the yeas and nays in the second and third readings having been entered on the journals of ihe senate and house of representa!Ives, respectively. B.d did the sections above mentioned give additional and complete authority to order the ('lection, issue the bonds, and levy the taxes to pay them, principal and interestV Section 1996 is in these, words: ‘The boards of commissioners of the several counties shall have power to subscribe stock to any raiinr’! company or companies, when necessary to aid in the completion of any railroad, in which the citizens of the county may have an interest.’ It will be necessary, in order that that section may bo construed to giv'e authority to the commissioners to issue the bonds, that the language should include a railroad not begun to be built before tlie constitution was adopted; that the word ‘completion’ should be construed ‘building’ or ‘construction,’ extending even to the building of a new road; for, in (ho case before us, it appears that the road had not begun to be built. We cannot see why the word ‘completion’ should be thought to have been used by tlie legislators in any other sense than the one most usual and natural. Ordinarily the words ‘to complete’ are understood to mean ‘to finish,’ ‘to fulfill,’ and the word ‘completion’ to mean the ‘finishing’ or ‘accomplishing in full’ of something which has already been commenced; as, for instance, it is most frequent to hear the word ‘completion’ used in connection with tlie finishing years and months of the education of tlie young. ⅛ ⅞ * The object of tlie statute must have been to provide, by general act, means by which the counties, without special legislation for each county by separate' bills, might be enabled to complete unfinished railroads in which the counties had a pecuniary interest. At tlie time of the enactment of tlie statute of 3808-69. and always since that time, any comity of tlie state, duly observing tlie limitations of section 7, art. 7, of the constitution, and under an act passed according to the requirements of section 14, art. 2, Id., could, and can, subscribe to the capital stock of a railroad company, whether unfinished or to be begun. The act of 1808-09, however, considering the condition, of affairs then existing — that is, that there were counties which liad a pecuniary interest in the railroads that had been begun but were unfinished,— enabled such counties to make subscriptions of bonds to complete such unfinished roads at the earliest moment, and with the least cost, by a general law' passed according to section 34, art. 2, of the constitution. This reasoning leads us to the still further conclusion that, at the time when the act of 1868-69 was brought forward in Code, § 3996, and the four succeeding sections, it could have liad reference to no cases except those where the counties had a pecuniary interest in unfinished railroads at the adoption of the constitution of 1868, and that, therefore, the Code sections could not apply to the present case, because the Yadkin Railroad was not begun to be constructed until about .1889. We have given to the matters embraced in this case a patient and thorough consideration. We are aware of the hardships and losses that may follow from our decision, and we are also aware of the probable complaints likely to be made by persons interested. But the constitutional requirement which we have discussed is clear in its meaning and its language, and it is also mandatory. We must obey it in our interpretation of its meaning. Investors in such securities who may meet with losses have no one to blame but themselves, for the journals of the general assembly are open to public inspection, and the constitution of the state is a part of the public literature.” •
Tlie questions raised by this appeal, and the legislation involved with the same, have been directly considered by the supreme court of the state of North Carolina, and the decisions of that court have been against the contention of the complainants below. Union Bank of Richmond v. Commissioners of Town of Oxford, 119 N. C. 214, 25 S.
“It must be regarded as settled that whether statutes of a legislature of a state have been duly enacted in accordance with the requirements of the constitution of such state is not a federal question, and the decision of state courts as to what are the laws of the state is binding upon the courts of the United States. Town of South Ottawa v. Perkins, 94 U. S. 260, 268; Post v. Supervisors, 105 U. S. 667; Norton v. Shelby Co., 118 U. S. 425, 440, 6 Sup. Ct. 1121; Railroad Co. v. Georgia, 98 U. S. 359, 366; Baldwin v. Kansas, 129 U. S. 52, 57, 9 Sup. Ct. 193.”
In Post v. Supervisors, 105 U. S. 667, Mr. Justice Gray said:
“* ⅜ * ¶⅛ construction uniformly given to the constitution of a state by its highest court is binding on the courts of the United States as a rule of decision. Fourth. An act of the legislature of a state which has been held by its highest court not to be a statute of the state, because never passed as its constitution requires, cannot be held by the courts of the United States, upon the same evidence, to be a law of the state. Fifth. That which is not a law can give no validity to bonds purporting to be issued under it, even in the. hands of those who take them for value and in the belief that they have been lawfully issued. It was accordingly held that, the act of the general assembly .of Illinois of February IS, 1857, under which the bonds in suit were issued, having been adjudged by the supreme court of that state, in 1870, in the case of Ryan v. Lynch, 68 Ill. 160, and Miller v. Goodwin, 70 Ill. 659, upon proof that the journals did not show it to have been enacted in conformity with the requirements of the constitution, to have never become a law, and to have conferred no power, although referred to in later statutes as an existing law, those decisions must govern the action of the courts of the United States. The weight of those decisions as authoritative exposition of the constitution of the state is not affected by the fact that these plaintiffs were not parties to the suits in which they were delivered. Elmwood Tp. v. Marcy, 92 U. S. 289; East Oakland Tp. v. Skinner, 94 U. S. 255.”
The contention of the appellees that there were prior adjudications of the supreme court of North Carolina, inconsistent with the decisions of that court in the cases of Union Bank of Richmond v. Commissioners of Town of Oxford, and Board v. Snuggs, supra, which had become rules of property, and which were overruled by those decisions, is not sustained by an analytical examination of the cases referred to, and in our opinion that court has not, in any of the cases called to our attention, enunciated a doctrine really in conflict with its decisions in the two cases we have last mentioned. It is true’ that in some instances the.language used .by the court is misleading
“The general assembly shall not pass any private law, unless it shall be made to appear thirty days’ notice of application to pass such a law shall have been given, under such direction and in such manner as shall be provided by law.”
The question was whether the courts would go behind the signature's of the presiding officers in order to ascertain if certain preliminary matters had been complied with, and the result reached was that the courts would presume that the legislature had ascertained that the notice required had been given, and that the certificate of the presiding officers must be regardeel as conclusive of the subject. The case of State v. Robinson, 81 N. C. 409, relates to section 28, art. 2, of the constitution, which reads as follows:
“All bills and resolutions of a legislative nature shall he read three times in each house before they pass into laws, and shall he signed by the presiding officers of both houses.”
The question was if the proper construction of said section would admit of ttie enforcement, as a law, of a bill which had passed both house's of the general assembly, but had not behn signed by the presiding officers. The decision was that such a bill was incurably defective. In State v. Patterson, 98 N. C. 660, 4 S. E. 350, the supreme court construed article 2, § 21, which is as follows: ‘‘The style of the acts shall be, ‘The general assembly of North Carolina do enact.’ ” Judge Merrimon, in delivering the opinion of the court, said:
“Moro particularly, for Ihe present purpose, when the constitution proscribes and directs, in terms or by necessary implication, that a particular power shall 1)0 exercised in a specified way, or a particular thing shall be done by a particular co-ordinate branch of government (as the legislature), or by a particular officer or (lass of officers, and proscribes ihe way and manner of doing it, such direction cannot be disregarded. A due observance of it is essential, because Ihe constitution so provides, and its provisions are not in vain or of trifling moment, ft is not the nature of constitutions of government to provide iionessenlials, — useless, unimportant details, such as may be disregarded and dispensed with. As we have said, they are organic, made upon solemn consideration by the sovereign authority, and contain general, essential provisions. Details are avoided in them unless deemed important, — essential. Xonossential details are left in the discretion of those who exercise and administer the powers of government. If this were not so, why prescribe the way and manner? Why not leave these things to convenience and the authority charged villi the exercise, of the power? Why direct them? Why restrict them? And if sucli directions may be disregarded, ignored, suspended in some*292 respects, then to what extent, and in what respect? If one co-ordinate branch of the government, or any class of officers, may do so, why may not another, and all, as to duties devolved upon them, respectively, directly by the constitution? The answer to these and like questions must be that requirements of the constitution shall prevail and be observed; and when it prescribes that a particular act or thing shall be done in a way and maimer specified, such direction must be treated as a command, and an observance of it essential to the effectiveness of the act or thing to be done. Such act cannot be complete, such thing is not effectual, until done in the way and manner so prescribed.”
This case was decided December 5, 1887, and indicated clearly the absolute necessity of a strict observance of all the requirements of the constitution in the matter of the enactment of laws, and is in entire harmony with the later decisions of that court, now the subject of criticism by counsel in connection with the questions under consideration. In this connection, it is well to keep in mind the fact that the bonds held by the complainant below were not issued until after July 1, 1890. The case of Field v. Clark, 148 U. S. 649, 12 Sup. Ct. 495, is not in conflict with the conclusion we reach. The particular subject we dispose of was specially pretermitted by the court in that case as follows:
"In regard to certain matters, the constitution expressly requires that they shall be entered on the journal. To what extent the validity of legislative action may be affected by the failure to have those matters entered on the journal we need not inquire; no such question is presented for determination. But it is clear that, in respect to the particular mode in which, or with what fullness, shall be kept the proceedings of either house relating to matters not expressly required to be entered on the journal, * * * these and like matters were left to the discretion of the respective houses of congress.”
The court below,held that the legislation relating to the Yadkin Railroad Company, under which the election authorizing the. bonds to be issued was held, was invalid, because the requirements of the constitution of North Carolina as to entering the yeas and nays on the journal were not complied with. In this we agree with that court. But it is also held that, under sections 1996-2000 of the Code of North Carolina, the county commissioners had the power to subscribe for and issue the bonds, notwithstanding the fact that the proposed railroad had not then been begun, and though the citizens of the county had not any direct interest in it.- This ruling of the court below is opposed to the construction put upon those sections of the North Carolina Code by the supreme court of that state, and, considering the facts connected with this controversy, we take the construction of that court as the ruling to be followed by us at this time. The decree appealed from is reversed, and this cause is remanded, with directions to dissolve the injunction, discharge the receiver, and dismiss the bill.