Blum v. Widdicomb
90 F. 220
U.S. Circuit Court for the Dis...
1898
Check Treatment
SEVERENS, District Judge.

I think the demurrer to the plaintiff’s declaration in this case must be overruled. The essential ground on which the demurrer rests is the proposition, contended for by counsel for the defendants, that section 12 of Act No. 232 *221of the Public Acts of Michigan for 1885, which was enacted to provide such a remedy as the plaintiffs are now pursuing, is penal in its character. Upon the assumption of this proposition it is further-contended: First, that the action, being for a penalty, should be brought in the name of the state, in accordance with the provisions of section 8129, How. Ann. St; secondly, it is urged that the law of 1885, in force at the date when the supposed liability was incurred, has been repealed by subsequent statutes, — Act No. 164 of the Public Acts of 1895, and Act No. 250 of the Public Acts of 1887, which are amendments of the law of 1885. Hence it is contended that, the original statute being no longer in force, the right to sue for the penalty imposed by the former law is gone, in accordance with (he doctrine applicable in that respect to penal actions. In my ox>iuion, the error is in the fundamental proposition, which ignores the distinction bed ween the various significations in which the word “penal” is employed in legal expression. In its primary sense it has reference to punishment, and, as applied to statutes, refers to such as impose punishment for offenses against the state, in another sense, the word has been employed to characterize statutes which afford a remedy to privaie parties, where the remedy is given in excess of the common law and exact compensation for the injury to be redressed. Such statutes are sometimes denominated penal, and are sometimes characterized as being in the nature of penal statutes. Sometimes, as in this case, the same statute has the double aspect of not only imposing a liability in favor of a private individual which is in excess of exact, compensation, but also imposes a penalty proper, which is intended as a punishment for the act in its character of an offense against the state; but each provision is distinct in its nature, as much so as if in separate statutes. Proper attention to the above-stated distinction solves the questions which are involved. The particular provision of the statute on which the action is founded does not impose a penalty for an offense against the state, but gives a remedy to private persons who* are supposed to have suffered injury from the wrongful act complained of. Section 8429, liow. Ann. St., above referred to, provides that suits for penalties shall be brought in the name of the state, and relates only to penalties proper, — that is to say, such as are imposed for the purpose ox punishing some act deemed to- be an offense against the state. Actions brought upon the remedial provisions of a statute are properly brought in the name of the person injured. The recovery in such case is not to the state, nor for its benefit; in fact, the state has no concern with it. These considerations refute also the second ground of demurrer above stated. It is a matter of some doubt whether the original law should be treated as repealed by the amendments. The reasoning of Judge Montgomery in delivering the opinion of the supreme court in Bank v. Peirson (Mich.) 70 N. W. 901, makes it quite uncertain, to say the least, whether that court would hold that the latest amendments would effect a repeal of the old law. But it is not necessary, in my judgment, to determine whether the later acts repeal the original act or not, for, if the remedy is a private one, under the distinction above stated, the repeal *222of the law after the liability had been incurred would not discharge the defendants from their liability. Without going more into detail, the conclusion is that the demurrer should be overruled. The •defendants will have leave to plead,' if they shall so elect.'