121 F.3d 1357 | 9th Cir. | 1997
Lead Opinion
Blue Fox appeals from a summary judgment in favor of the Small Business Administration and the Department of the Army.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Section 8(a) of the Small Business Act, 15 U.S.C. § 637(a), established a business development program for firms deemed to be socially and economically disadvantaged. The purpose of the 8(a) program is to help small businesses owned and controlled by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals and economically disadvantaged Indian tribes “to compete on an equal basis in the mainstream of the American economy.” 13 C.F.R. § 124.1(a). This is accomplished by setting aside certain government procurement contracts to be awarded by the Administrator of the SBA to firms determined by the SBA to be socially and economically disadvantaged. The Small Business Act also authorizes SBA to provide financial assistance to support such small business concerns with regard to costs and technical and management assistance. 13 C.F.R. § 124.1(b).
In September, 1993, pursuant to Section 8(a) of the Small Business Act, 15 U.S.C. § 637(a), the United States Department of the Army awarded a contract to the United States Small Business Administration. The contract involved the installation and testing of a telephone switching system and the construction of a facility to house the switching system at the Umatilla Army Depot, Oregon. SBA agreed to furnish the supplies and services requested by the Army by subcontracting with Verdan Technology, Inc.
The Army, SBA, and Verdan then signed a tripartite agreement. Under the terms of the contract, SBA delegated responsibility for administering the contract back to the Army. Thus, Verdan was to be paid directly by the Army. The SBA did not receive any funds in connection with the contract, the total amount of which was $432,392.13.
The original solicitation issued by the Army required the contractor to furnish payment and performance bonds if the contract exceeded $25,000. However, the Army later amended the solicitation, deleting the bond requirements. Defendants now concede that the Verdan contract was subject to the Miller Act, 40 U.S.C. §§ 270a-270d.
Blue Fox did not know until it had completed its performance under the contract that Verdan had not furnished a payment or performance bond. Verdan failed to pay Blue Fox its full contract price — the sum of $46,586.14 remained due. Blue Fox informed the Army and SBA in writing on May 26, 1994, and again on June 15, 1994, that it had not been fully paid. The Army disbursed a total of $86,132.33 to Verdan between July 5, 1994 and October 11,1994.
On January 3, 1995, the Army terminated the contract for default because Verdan failed to adhere to the contract’s delivery schedule and to submit required contractor Data Requirement Lists. In its notice of intention to terminate the contract, the Army indicated that one of its “most severe items of concern” was Ver dan’s failure to pay Blue Fox.
After the termination of the Verdan contract, the Army chose Dynamic Concepts, Inc. to finish the uncompleted portion of the work, under an existing contract between the Army and Dynamic. This contract did not include the SBA as a party. The modification contract with Dynamic was for $126,-772.78 and was partially funded with the undisbursed balance on the Verdan contract, $84,910.52.
Blue Fox obtained a default judgment in the Tribal Court of the Yakima Indian Nation against Verdan and its officers. Blue Fox asserts that it is unlikely to collect on these judgments because existing liens against Verdan precede Blue Fox’s judgment and the judgment exceeds the officers’ individual net worths.
In this litigation, the district court denied Plaintiffs motion for summary judgment and granted Defendant’s motion for summary judgment. The court held that it did not have jurisdiction over Blue Fox’s claim against the Army because the Administrative Procedure Act did not constitute a waiver of sovereign immunity in this case. Additionally, the court held that it could not grant an equitable hen against SBA because there had been no res in SBA’s possession and control to which an equitable hen could attach.
II. DISCUSSION
We review questions involving principles of sovereign immunity de novo. United States v. Woodley, 9 F.3d 774, 781 (9th Cir. 1993). A grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo. Bagdadi v. Nazar, 84 F.3d 1194, 1197 (9th Cir.1996).
A. Equitable Lien Claim Against the Army
The -district court held that Blue Fox’s suit against the Army is barred by the doctrine of sovereign immunity. However, sovereign immunity against federal agencies has been waived as to suits “seeking rehef other than money damages,” under the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 702 (“APA”). The Supreme Court has held that monetary rehef is available under the APA when it takes the form of specific rehef rather than compensatory damages. Bowen v. Massachusetts, 487 U.S. 879, 893, 108 S.Ct. 2722, 2731, 101 L.Ed.2d 749 (1988). In Bowen, the Supreme Court quoted from Judge Bork’s opinion in Maryland Department of Human Resources v. Department of Health
“We begin with the ordinary meaning of the words Congress employed. The term ‘money damages,’ 5 U.S.C. § 702, we think, normally refers to a sum of money used as compensatory relief. Damages are given to the plaintiff to substitute for a suffered loss, whereas specific remedies ‘are not substitute remedies at all, but attempt to give the plaintiff the very thing to which he was entitled.’ D. Dobbs, Handbook on the Law of Remedies 135 (1973). Thus, while in many instances an award of money is an award of damages, ‘[o]ccasionally a money award is also a specie remedy.’ Id. Courts frequently describe equitable actions for monetary relief under a contract in exactly those terms.”
Bowen, 487 U.S. at 895, 108 S.Ct. at 2732. Here, Blue Fox seeks an equitable lien only for the very thing to which it is entitled under the contract. Blue Fox does not seek any consequential damages to compensate losses suffered beyond the contract price. Therefore, the district court had jurisdiction to consider its claim under the APA.
1. APA Waiver Not Limited to Statutory Rights
The district court erred in assuming that because Blue Fox sought monetary relief and its right was not statutorily derived, such relief constituted “money damages” and was excluded from the waiver of sovereign immunity contained in the Administrative Procedure Act. The district court characterized the issue as a choice between an action for damages or an action for payment of money to which Blue Fox was statutorily entitled. Because the Miller Act does not provide a remedy for subcontractors against the government, the district court held that nonstatutory remedies were barred and the APA could not apply to waive immunity. However, there is no requirement in Bowen or the APA that the specific relief requested be statutorily granted. That is, a party need not rely upon a statute in order to obtain federal court jurisdiction under the APA. See Aetna Casualty and Surety Co. v. United States, 71 F.3d 475 (2nd Cir.1995) (APA waived sovereign immunity against subrogation claim because surety’s right to subrogation, arising by operation of law, was equitable and therefore included in APA waiver). Although Bowen itself was concerned with funds to which Massachusetts was entitled by statute, there is nothing in that opinion that suggests the APA’s waiver of immunity is limited to suits brought under another statute. Thus, the district court erred in assuming that because Blue Fox was not entitled to relief under the Miller Act, its equitable lien claim was impermissible under the APA.
2. An Equitable Lien Claim is Not an Action for Damages
This circuit has recognized subcontractors’ equitable rights against the government where the subcontractor was not paid by the prime contractor, the government had notice, and the government did not pay the subcontractor or withhold payment to the prime contractor. Wright v. United States Postal Service, 29 F.3d 1426 (9th Cir.1994). The Army has conceded that Blue Fox would have an equitable lien claim, i.e. a non-damages claim, if a private party, rather than a government agency had contracted with Verdan. The fact that the Army is the defendant does not change the nature of the claim, but only requires analysis of the Army’s immunity. Since the APA waives immunity for equitable actions, the district court had jurisdiction under the APA. Below we reconstruct a brief history of the right asserted by Blue Fox in order to trace its roots in equity.
The Suretyship Cases — Equitable Right of Subrogation
In Henningsen v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co., 208 U.S. 404, 28 S.Ct. 389, 52 L.Ed. 547 (1908), the Court held that a surety had an equitable right of subrogation against the United States because it had “paid the laborers and material-men, and thus released the contractor from his obligations to them, and to the same extent released the Government from all equitable obligations to see that the laborers and supplymen were paid.” Id. at 410, 28 S.Ct. at 391. The surety’s right of subrogation was
The equitable right of subrogation by a surety has been extended in a number of cases. See e.g. Pearlman v. Reliance Ins. Co., 371 U.S. 132, 83 S.Ct. 232, 9 L.Ed.2d 190 (1962) (Miller Act does not alter surety’s equitable right of subrogation which arose out of surety’s payment of laborers and materialmen in accordance with bond agreement); Aetna Casualty, 71 F.3d 475 (APA waived sovereign immunity against subrogation claim because surety’s right to subrogation, arising out of payments to coal mine employees suffering from black lung disease, was equitable and therefore included in APA waiver).
Extension to Equitable Rights in Subcontractors
The Henningsen line of cases decree that the doctrine of subrogation is an equitable one. Blue Fox does not assert a right of subrogation against the Army. However, following the suretyship cases, courts have recognized subcontractors’ equitable rights against government agencies in situations where a surety who paid the subcontractor would have had a equitable right of subrogation against the government. See e.g. Wright, 29 F.3d 1426; Active Fire Sprinkler Corp. v. United States Postal Service, 811 F.2d 747 (2d Cir.1987); Kennedy Electric Co. v. United States Postal Service, 508 F.2d 954 (10th Cir.1974). The question presented in this appeal is whether these equitable rights are enforceable under the APA.
In Wright, we held that subcontractors could institute actions to establish equitable liens against the U.S. Postal Service. It was clear in Wright that such equitable liens are properly characterized as equitable remedies, rather than money damages. In recognizing that the Miller Act’s provision of a remedy to sue on the bond did not preclude the assertion of an equitable lien, we quoted approvingly from a Second Circuit case that presented a similar question:
‘Prior to the waiver of immunity, subcontractors possessed an equitable right ..., but apparently lacked a remedy due to immunity. Any equitable rights held by subcontractors as against [the] US PS, which may have been unenforceable where sovereign immunity existed, became enforceable upon immunity being waived.’
Wright, 29 F.3d at 1430 (quoting Active Fire, 811 F.2d at 754).
The Army claims the Postal Service cases are inapposite because they rely on the Postal Reorganization Act, 39 U.S.C. § 401(a) (1982), which authorized the U.S. Postal Service to “sue and be sued,” and therefore did not speak to the ability of subcontractors to sue under the APA. However, the Postal Service Cases are relevant because although the waiver of sovereign immunity is found in the Postal Reorganization Act, they recognize non-Miller Act claims against federal agencies for equitable liens as equitable in nature. Since such equitable liens are not actions for “money damages,” they are allowed by the APA’s waiver of sovereign immunity as well.
3. Equitable Lien Attached Upon Notice to Army of Blue Fox’s Non Payment
“An equitable lien can be established and enforced only if there is some property which is subject to the lien.” Restatement of Restitution § 161, comment e (1937). Blue Fox gave notice to the Army on May 26,1994 and June 15, 1994 that it had not been fully paid. The Army subsequently paid Yerdan $86,132.33 before terminating the contract. Thus, at the time the Army received notice from Blue Fox, it retained funds to which the equitable lien attached. The fact that the
where the government has on hand contract funds owing for work done and is alerted ... to the possibility of unpaid materialmen’s claims ... it may not dispense those funds to the contractor — at least not without running the distinct risk of having to pay twice.
Transamerica Premier Ins. Co. v. U.S., 32 Fed. Cl. 308, 314 (1994). The Army cannot escape Blue Fox’s equitable lien by wrongly paying out funds to the prime contractor when it had notice of Blue Fox’s unpaid claims.
B. Equitable Claim Against SBA
The district court granted the SBA’s motion for summary judgment because it found that, as the Army had sole possession and control over the contract and made all payments to Verdan, there was no res or fund which the SBA controlled or possessed. Because an equitable lien may only exist where there is a res to which it attaches, and because SBA did not have possession or control of any contract funds, we affirm the district court.
This is a somewhat atypical case. The Small Business Act provides opportunities for socially and economically disadvantaged businesses through SBA recruitment, support, and loans. 15 U.S.C. § 636. Thus, the SBA usually plays a protective and supportive role to the small business which is awarded a contract with a governmental agency.
Blue Fox argues that the SBA had the opportunity, authority, and duty to intervene, and therefore should be liable for an equitable lien. Blue Fox correctly observes that SBA was largely responsible for the Army’s withdrawal of its Miller Act requirement in the tripartite contract.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the district court decision is REVERSED IN PART and AFFIRMED IN PART and REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Blue Fox is entitled to its costs on appeal.
. The Miller Act provides that before any contract exceeding $25,000 for the construction, alteration, or repair of any public building or public work of the United States is awarded to a contractor, that contractor shall furnish both a payment bond and a performance bond "for the protection of the United States.” 40 U.S.C. § 270a. The purpose of the Act "is to protect those who would have materialmen’s and workmen’s liens under state law if they were not working on a structure exempt as a federal public work or building." United Bonding Ins. Co. v. Catalytic Constr. Co., 533 F.2d 469, 473 (9th Cir. 1976).
. 13 C.F.R. § 124.305 (1990) outlined the conditions upon which the SBA could exempt an 8(a) participant from any payment and performance bonds required by the Miller Act. Subsection (d) of that section lists several precautions that were to be taken to secure payment to subcontractors. For example:
(2) There must be established a special bank account in an institution insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), into which the procuring agency will deposit all payments relating to the performance of the contract, or, in the alternative, the procuring agency, at its option, shall provide for direct disbursement of contract proceeds to suppliers, subcontractors, laborers and others.
(3) All disbursements from any special bank account established shall be subject to the approval and counter signature by SB A....
*1360 (4) The 8(a) contractor must notify persons supplying it with materials or labor in writing that the contract is exempt from the Miller Act's bonding requirements and must also notify such suppliers in writing that SBA will not be liable for payment for materials or labor. The 8(a) contractor must obtain a written acknowledgment ... and such acknowledgments) must be in SBA's possession prior to award of the contract where practicable, and, in all instances prior to payment of invoices.
. The Army did not authorize payment to Dynamic for its work in completing the project until July 27, 1995, two months after Blue Fox filed this action in district court, asking inter alia, that the court enjoin Defendants from paying any further moneys or making any payments from funds available or appropriated for a follow-on contract for completion of the Umatilla Army Depot Electronic Switching System project, until Plaintiff’s unpaid bill is satisfied.
. In Active Fire, the court noted that there was a long line of cases that characterize the Miller Act as the only remedy for subcontractors in a government building contract. Active Fire, 811 F.2d at 754. The government’s brief similarly emphasizes broad language from Arvanis v. Noslo Eng’g Consultants, Inc., 739 F.2d 1287, 1288 (7th Cir. 1984) (if prime contractor fails to obtain a payment bond, the subcontractor, rather than the government, is "left holding the bag.”) However, none of these cases considered an equitable lien theory, and as we have previously recognized, "Nothing in the Miller Act evinces a legislative intent to limit remedies available to subcontractors.” Wright, 29 F.3d at 1431.
. "It is the declared policy of the Congress that the Government should aid, counsel, assist, and protect, insofar as is possible, the interests of small-business concerns....” 15 U.S.C. § 631 (a). Declaration of Policy.
. Blue Fox provided evidence of the SBA's conscious avoidance of the Miller Act requirements in the form of notes of telephone conversations within the SBA. The notes recorded a conversation between officers of the SBA and the Army in which they discussed the need for a bond and the fact that "Verdan doesn't have the experience to get a bond in this area.” The Army official explained that she was advised by "Ms. Witty, out of the SBA office," that "in order to protect the government's interest, [they should] require that Verdan show the government evidence that their subcontractor] had bonded the construction portion of the contract.” However, neither party has claimed that Blue Fox was ever required to acquire a bond on the construction portion of the contract.
Concurrence in Part
concurring in part and dissenting in part:
Never before has a court held that a subcontractor may sue an agency of the United States, which has not agreed to be sued, for contract monies that the prime contractor should have paid to the subcontractor but
Congress chose to protect those who work on government property (who would otherwise have materialmen’s and workmen’s liens for work on non-government property) primarily through the Miller Act, by requiring contractors to furnish a payment and performance bond, instead of by permitting subcontractors to enforce liens through an overarching waiver of sovereign immunity. The Miller Act gives subcontractors the right to sue on the bond “in the name of the United States for the use of the person suing.” 40 U.S.C. § 270b(b). But neither the Federal Tort Claims Act, the Miller Act, nor the Tucker Act, waives sovereign immunity to permit a subcontractor to sue the United States directly in its own right for monies the subcontractor should have received, but did not receive, from the prime contractor. See Westbay Steel, Inc. v. United States, 970 F.2d 648, 650-51 (9th Cir.1992) (FTCA); Arvanis v. Noslo Eng’g Consultants, Inc., 739 F.2d 1287, 1289-90 (7th Cir.1984) (Miller Act); United Elec. Corp. v. United States, 227 Ct.Cl. 236, 647 F.2d 1082, 1087 (1981) (Tucker Act). As Judge Easterbrook recently observed for the Seventh Circuit, “[W]hen a prime contractor on a federal construction project fails to obtain a Miller Act payment bond and then defaults without paying his subcontractors ... the hapless subcontractor, not the United States, is left holding the bag.” Automatic Sprinkler Corp. v. Darla Envt’l Specialists, Inc., 53 F.3d 181, 182 (7th Cir.1995). Whether felicitous or not, this has been the conventional wisdom for at least fifty years. See United States v. Munsey Trust Co., 332 U.S. 234, 241, 108 Ct.Cl. 765, 67 S.Ct. 1599, 1602, 91 L.Ed. 2022 (1947) (“[Njothing is more clear than that laborers and materialmen do not have enforceable rights against the United States for their compensation.”).
For sure, we indicated in Wright v. United States Postal Service, 29 F.3d 1426 (9th Cir. 1994), that equitable liens may be enforced, like other remedies available to subcontractors may be pursued, when there is a specific waiver of immunity as there is, for example, for the Postal Service, in the Postal Reorganization Act, 39 U.S.C. § 401(1). However, in the absence of an agency waiver, subcontractors cannot achieve “by indirection a result that they could not reach directly under the Miller Act.” Westbay, 970 F.2d at 651 (quoting Arvanis, 739 F.2d at 1292); cf. Wright, 29 F.3d at 1428 (specific waiver in Postal Reorganization Act); Active Fire Sprinkler Corp. v. United States Postal Service, 811 F.2d 747, 754 (2d Cir.1987) (same); J.C. Driskill, Inc. v. Abdnor, 901 F.2d 383, 386 (4th Cir.1990) (waiver of sovereign immunity under Small Business Act not broad enough to support an equitable hen claim by a subcontractor against the SBA).
This is just what the majority has managed to allow. It reasons that the APA waiver recognized in Bowen v. Massachusetts, 487 U.S. 879, 108 S.Ct. 2722, 101 L.Ed.2d 749 (1988), is not limited to statutory rights, but whether that is so or not is beside the point unless the government has a duty which can be specifically enforced. Here, it has none. Under the Miller Act there is no question the Army should not have approved the Verdan contract without ensuring that there was an adequate surety bond, but its failure to do so is not actionable. Westbay, 970 F.2d at 650 (citing authorities). The absence of a bond is precisely what caused Blue Fox’s loss — or, put another way, gave rise to its asserted equitable lien against the retainage — in this case. Unlike the majority, I don’t think it matters that the right asserted is equitable, see Pearlman v. Reliance Ins. Co., 371 U.S. 132, 141, 83 S.Ct. 232, 236, 9 L.Ed.2d 190 (1962), because equitable rights held by subcontractors become enforceable only when immunity is waived by the contracting agency. See Wright, 29 F.3d at 1428; Active Fire, 811 F.2d at 754; Unit
As the Seventh Circuit has remarked:
The result is ... unjust. A subcontractor who fulfills his part of the bargain should not suffer because the prime contractor defaulted, and the government contracting officer had not insisted on compliance with the Miller Act. We agree that there is a practical problem (how widespsread we do not know) that is not addressed by the Miller Act, but that is a problem that can only be addressed, and redressed, by Congress.
Arvanis, 739 F.2d at 1293. Because Congress has not waived the Army’s sovereign immunity, I dissent from Part IIA of the majority opinion, and because even assuming Congress has waived the SBA’s immunity to be sued for an equitable lien
. Compare Driskill, 901 F.2d at 386 (subcontractor cannot sue SBA for equitable lien), with ATC Petroleum, Inc. v. Sanders, 860 F.2d 1104, 1113 (D.C.Cir.1988) (subcontractor can sue the SBA for an equitable lien).
. As the SBA never possessed contract funds, there has never been a res to which an equitable lien might attach. In my view, that is dispositive of the legal issue before us, and so I do not join the majority’s discussion of the SBA’s culpability.