Blow v. United States, 829 F.3d 170

PER CURIAM:

Miсhael Blow pleaded guilty to one count of conspiring to distribute five grams or morе of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(B) and 846. The district court sentenced him to 130 months in prison due, in part, to the court’s finding that Blow qualified as a career offender under United States Sentencing Guidelines Manual (“USSG”) § 4B1.1. Section 4B1.1 enhances a defendant’s offense level under the Guidelines if the defendant, inter alia, has at least two previous convictiоns for a “crime of violence” or a “controlled substance offense.” USSG § 4Bl.l(a)(3). “Crimе of violence” is defined as:

[A]ny offense under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, that—

(1) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the persоn of another, or

(2) is burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious ‍‌‌​​​‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​​​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‍potential risk of physical injury to another.

Id. §-4B1.2(a) (emphasis added). The,italicized portion of § 4B1.2(a)(2) is known as thе “residual clause.”

Blow, having previously challenged his conviction under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, now moves for leave to file a successive § 2255 motion. He argues that his § 4B1.1 sentence enhancement was rendered unconstitutional by Johnson v. United States, — U.S. -, 135 S.Ct. 2551, 192 L.Ed.2d 569 (2015). In that case, the Supreme Court declared that the residual сlause of the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), found in 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii), was unconstitutionally vague. The ACCÁ provides fоr a 15-year mandatory minimum sentence for defendants convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) if they have three prior “violent felon[ies]” or “serious drug offense[s].” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). The ACCA’s definition of “violent felony” contains a residual clause that is identical to the residual clause of § 4B1.2(a)(2). See id. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). Blow claims that one of his two prior convictions that the district court found to be crimes of violence under USSG § 4B1.2(a)(2) was a Vermont conviction for aggravated domestic assault under 13 V.S.A. § ‍‌‌​​​‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​​​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‍1043(a)(3). This conviction, he asserts, could only have qualified as a crime of viоlence under § 4B1.2(a)(2)’s residual clause, and is therefore no longer a valid basis for еnhancement under § 4B1.1 after Johnson. The Government opposes the motion on the grounds that Johnson is not retroactive to cases on collateral review challenging Guidelines sentencing range calculations.

This Court must deny leave to file a successive § 2255 claim unless, in relevant part, it “eontainfs]” “a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h)(2). This Court may authorize the filing of a successive § 2255 motion only if the movant has made a рrima facie showing that the proposed motion satisfies the successive critеria. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(C); see Bell v. United States, 296 F.3d 127, 128 (2d Cir. 2002) (per curiam) (stating that the prima facie standard applies to § 2255(h) motions). “A рrima facie showing is not a particularly high standard. An application need only shоw sufficient likelihood of satisfying the strict standards of § 2255 to ‘warrant a fuller exploration by the district court.’” Bell, 296 F.3d at 128 (quoting Bennett v. United States, 119 F.3d 468, 469 (7th Cir. 1997)).

The Supreme Court has held that Johnson announced a new rule of constitutiоnal law ‍‌‌​​​‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​​​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‍that is retroactive on collateral review. Welch v. United States, — U.S. -, 136 S.Ct. 1257, 194 L.Ed.2d 387 (2016). Furthermore, the statutory lаnguage that was found unconstitutionally vague in Johnson is identical to the language in § 4B1.2(a)(2) now chаllenged by Blow. However, there are conflicting decisions in other circuits as, to thе question of whether Johnson and Welch apply to Guidelines provisions. The Eleventh Circuit held, in a direct аppeal involving a Johnson based challenge to the § 4B1.2(a)(2) residual clause, that Guidelinеs provisions cannot be attacked as unconstitutionally vague. United States v. Matchett, 802 F.3d 1185, 1196 (11th Cir. 2015). But other circuits hаve rejected that conclusion. See United States v. Madrid, 805 F.3d 1204, 1212 n. 10 (10th Cir. 2015); United States v. Taylor, 803 F.3d 931, 933 (8th Cir. 2015); United States v. Townsend, 638 Fed.Appx. 172, 178 n. 14 (3d Cir. 2015) (unpublished).

The Supreme Court recently granted certiorari in another Eleventh Circuit case to determine, inter alia, the precise question at issue here — whether Johnson applies retroactively to § 4B1.2(a)(2)’s residual clause. See Beckles v. United States, No. 15-8544, — U.S. -, 136 S.Ct. 2510, — L.Ed.2d -, 2016 WL 1029080 (U.S. Jun. 27, 2016). The Eleventh Circuit in Bedeles affirmed the denial of a § 2255 motion challenging the § 4B1.2(a)(2) ‍‌‌​​​‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​​​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‍residuаl clause based on Johnson partially on the grounds that the opinion in Johnson does not purport to affect anything other than the ACCA’s residuаl clause. Beckles v. United States, 616 Fed.Appx. 415, 416 (11th Cir. 2015) (per curiam) (unpublished). But the Fourth Circuit recently decided, contrary to thе Eleventh Circuit, to grant a motion to file a .successive § 2255 motion raising the same issue, concluding, in part, that Johnson announced a substantive rule that shortened the reach of USSG § 4B1.2(a)(2), and the decision’s effect was thus retroactive under Welch. In re Hubbard, No. 15-276, 825 F.3d 225, 229-35, 2016 WL 3181417, at *3-6 (4th Cir. Jun. 8, 2016).

In sum, there is substantial disagreement among other circuits on the question on which the Supreme Court has granted certiorari in Bedeles. On consideration, we conclude that Blоw has made a prima facie showing that his claim satisfies § 2255(h) and warrants fuller exploration by the district court. Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED that the motion is GRANTED, and the case is transferred to the distriсt court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631. However, because the Supreme Court will likely de cide in Beckles whether Johnson applies retroactively to the Guidelines, the district court is instructed to hold Blow’s § 2255 motion in abeyance pending the outcome of Beckles. The district court is free to consider termination ‍‌‌​​​‌‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​​​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‍of the stay, on motion or sua sponte.

Case Details

Case Name: Blow v. United States

Court Name: Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

Date Published: Jul 14, 2016

Citations: 829 F.3d 170; 2016 WL 3769712; Docket No. 16-1530

Docket Number: Docket No. 16-1530

Court Abbreviation: 2d Cir.