Blount v. Walker, 31 S.C. 13

Blount v. Walker

31 S.C. 13 | S.C. | 1889

Lead Opinion

The opinion of the court w'as delivered by

Mr. Justice McIver.

The fundamental question in the case, as it seems to me, is, what estate did the trustee take under the will of Mrs. Harris ? If he took an estate in fee, then there can be no intestacy, for the testatrix devises her whole estate to the trustee and there was no room for any intestacy. If, however, the trustee took an estate only for the life of Mrs. Blount, then, as the ulterior limitations after the death of the life tenant have failed by reason of her dying without issue, and without executing the power of appointment, there is a case of intestacy, and the estate, subject to the life interest of Mrs. Blount, descended immediately upon the death of the testatrix to her heirs, and as Mrs. Blount was then her sole heir, became vested in her, *22and the personal property passed under her will, while the real estate goes to her heirs; her will being sufficient to pass personal property, but insufficient to pass real estate.

I think that under a proper construction of the will of Mrs. Harris the trustee took a fee. There can be no doubt that the testatrix intended to dispose of her entire estate, and did not intend to die intestate as to any portion thereof. This appears from the terms she has used, for she gives to the trustee uall the estate, real and personal, of which I may die seized, possessed, and entitled to.” That this language imports an intention to dispose of the fee, is shown by the case of Qanedy v. Jones, 19 S. C., 300, 301, and the authorities there cited. Next, it will be observed that she uses technical terms which are apt and appropriate to convey a fee — “to my nephew, Julius H. Walker, and Ms heirs.” And finally, we observe that there is no residuary clause in the will, disclosing even an apprehension that she had left any portion of her estate undisposed of. We have, then, a case in which the testatrix has, in express terms, declared her purpose to dispose of her entire estate, which, the authorities above cited show, means not merely the entire corpus of the property, but the whole of her interest therein, which is conceded to have been a fee; and we find her using the most apt and appropriate technical words to convey such an interest — to the trustee “and Ms heirs” — and therefore I cannot doubt that she intended to confer a fee upon the trustee, and that she executed that intention in the most approved form of law.

If this be so, then, as it seems to me, it follows inevitably that there could have been no intestacy. If the entire interest of the testatrix — the fee — passed to the trustee by the terms of the will, there could, of course, be nothing left to descend to the heirs or representatives — no intestacy.

It is said, however, that this being a devise to a trustee, who, it is conceded, takes no beneficial interest, the well settled rule is, that however ample may be the terms in which a devise to a trustee is made, he will only take such an estate as may be necessary to the complete execution of the trusts created; that a devise to a trustee and his heirs does not necessarily create in him an estate in fee, though the terms used are sufficient to create such *23an estate, but that his estate will be measured by the purposes for which it was created, and will be cut down to such an estate as will be sufficient to serve those purposes. Conceding, for the purposes of this discussion, the correctness of that rule in its broadest extent, before it can have any practical application to this case, it would be necessary to show that the objects of the trust created by the will could be fully accomplished by an estate in the trustee less than a fee. We must therefore inquire into the objects of the trusts created. Without going into any detailed statement of these trusts, which are minutely specified in the will, a copy of which will doubtless be embraced in the report of this case, it will be sufficient to say in general terms that the trustee was to hold the estate for the sole and separate use of Mrs. Blount during her life, in such a way as that the same could not be reached by her creditors, or disposed of by her, but with power in the trustee, upon her written request, to sell the same or any part thereof, if he should deem it expedient to do so, and either reinvest the proceeds “or else turn the same over to the said Mrs. Blount for her sole, separate, and absolute use, freed and discharged of all trusts.”

Now, while it may be conceded that, so far as what may be called the primary object of this trust — protecting the estate during the life of Mrs. Blount — is concerned, such object might be fully accomplished by placing an estate for the life of Mrs. Blount in the trustee, or cutting down his estate in fee to an estate pur autre vie, yet I do not see how the next object — the power of sale — could be accomplished except by leaving in the trustee an estate in fee; exactly what the testatrix had in express terms conferred upon him. For it seems to me to be well settled, both upon principle and authority, that a devise to trustees and their heirs, with power to sell, necessarily imports a fee, as they cannot convey any greatér' estate than that which they hold — they cannot sell and convey the fee unless the fee is in them. As is said by Harper, Oh., in Ex parte Gadsden, 3 Rich., at page 477 : “The power to sell relates to the whole estate, and to satisfy that the whole must remain in them.” See also Ayer v. Ritter (29 S. C., 135), where the more recent cases are collected. It is true, these cases were concerned with the question as to whether *24the statute of uses had executed the use, but still they serve to show that where the power of sale is conferred upon trustees, it is necessary to the execution of such power that the legal estate should remain in the trustees. If, therefore, the estate in fee vested in the trustee, Julius H. Walker, by the terms of the will, it must remain in him in order to accomplish one of the objects of the trust, and it could not, under the rule invoked, be cut down to any lesser estate. So, too, if his estate should be thus cut down, I do not see how he could have performed another duty required by the terms of the trust — turn over the proceeds of any sale he might make “to the said Mrs. Blount for her sole, separate, and absolute use, freed and discharged of all trusts,” if she so directed in writing.

It is said, however, that as this power of sale does not appear to have been exercised, the event shows that there was no necessity for the fee to remain in the trustee. But it must be remembered that we are now considering the question of intestacy, and must therefore look at the case as it was presented at the time of the death of Mrs. Harris, when the fee must necessarily have passed to some one, as it could not be in abeyance. If it then vested in the trustee, it could not afterwards be taken out of him except by the operation of the statute of uses, or by his own conveyance, or by some provision in the will by way of executory devise. It could never afterwards pass to the heirs as intestate property. As is said by Harper, Ch.. in Ex parte Gadsen, supra : “But if the fee be once vested in the trustees, the inheritance remains in them; unless perhaps a shifting use should be created by the terms of the deed or will.” Now, as the testatrix in this case made a devise to the trustee not only in terms amply sufficient to create a fee, but also imposed upon the trustee a duty, to the proper performance of which it was necessary for the trustee to have the fee, it would seem to follow necessarily that the fee then passed to the trustee, and the fact that he was never afterwards called upon to exercise the power of sale cannot affect the question. He might have been called upon at any moment, up to the time of Mrs. Blount’s, death to exercise the power, and the testatrix knowing this, and intending to provide for such a contingency, invested him with such an estate *25as was necessary to enable him to execute such power, whenever its exercise might be called for.

But it is contended that immediately upon the death of Mrs. Harris the fee descended to and was vested in her heirs as a qualified and determinable fee, subjected to be divested by the exercise of the power of sale, and snch power not having been exercised, the fee became absolute in the heirs. Without stopping to inquire whether such an estate could arise by descent, inasmuch as the heir is supposed to take the same estate with which the ancestor was clothed, it is sufficient to say that the only authority cited (Peay v. Peay, 2 Rich. Eq., 409), was a case in which the estate was created by deed, and did not arise by descent. In that case Taylor, in consideration of twenty thousand dollars paid to him by Austin E. Peay, conveyed to a trustee in fee certain property, real estate, “in trust for the use of said Austin E. Peay, his heirs and assigns forever, and to permit the said Austin F. Peay to have and possess the same, and to enjoy the profits thereof, and in trust to convey the same to such person or persons as the said Austin E. Peay shall by deed or will, or other writing under his hand, direct and appoint.” The only question was, whether the widow of Austin E. Peay was entitled to dower in the premises, the power of appointment never having been exercised. The court held that the statute executed the use in Austin F. Peay, creating in him a qualified fee, subject to be divested by the exercise of the power of appointment, upon the principle laid down by Lord Eldon in Maundrell v. Maundrell (10 Ves., 264), “That where there is a power to A to appoint, and till he makes an appointment, or, for want of an appointment, to him and his heirs, the fee in the meantime is vested in him, as that qualified fee which is to yield the estate which may arise out of the execution of the power.” The case of Peay v. Peay is so wholly different in all its.features from the one under consideration, that I do not see how it can afford any authority for the proposition contended for. It was manifestly a futile attempt to defeat the wife’s right of dower, and the court so hold. There the manifest object of the deed was to create such an estate in Austin F. Peay as would not be subject to dower, while *26here it is quite clear that the testator did not intend to create any estate of any kind in her heirs as such.

If, then, the trustee was invested with a fee simple estate by the terms of the will, the next inquiry is, whether such estate has ever passed out of him. Inasmuch as Mrs. Blount died without issue and without having exercised the power of appointment, it is quite clear that this estate has not passed out of the trustee by the provisions of the third clause of the will, and therefore the real question on this branch of the case is, whether the estate in fee has been carried out of the trustee by the operation of the statute of uses. As that statute has no application to personal property (Harley v. Platts, 6 Rich., 315; Lanier v. Bronson, 21 S. C., 41), there can be no question as to that class of property. As to the real estate, it seems to me that the overwhelming weight of authority shows that the statute did not execute the use for two reasons: 1st, because a use is limited upon a use; 2nd, because certain duties were required of the trustee which rendered it necessary for the legal estate to remain in the trustee. See Ayer v. Ritter, supra, and the cases there cited. It follows, therefore, that the estate still remains in the trustee, and can only pass out of him by his own conveyance.

But as it is conceded that the trustee can take no beneficial interest under the will, equity will not permit him to hold the estate for his own benefit, but will raise what is called a resulting trust in favor of the heirs of the testatrix, and the vital question remains, who are such heirs ? Are they those who could bring themselves within that class at the time of the death of the testatrix, or are they those only who can bring themselves within such class at the time the resulting trust arises ? I do not find any authority directly in point upon this question, but it seems to me upon principle and from the analogies of decided cases, that the trust results in favor of those only who can bring themselves within the class of heirs at the time such trust arises. It is necessary, then, to inquire when such trust arose ; and it seems to me clear that it could not arise until after the death of Mrs. Blount, for up to the time of her death she might have had issue, might have died in giving birth to issue, or might have executed the power of appointment in her last moments, and, *27therefore, until she was dead there could be no resulting trust. No trust could result in favor of Mrs. Blount, who, at the time of the death of the testatrix, was her sole heir, for as long as she continued to live the trust could not possibly arise. Up to the time of her death it was a mere possibility, not an estate, or even an interest in an estate, with the right of possession postponed.

If this resulting trust had arisen under a deed instead of a will, and the grantor were still living, the trust would have resulted to the grantor; but this right of reverter, so to speak, for strictly speaking it is not a reverter, would not be an estate in the grantor capable of being passed by devise or inheritance to the devisee or heir of the grantor, but would be a mere possibility, until the happening of the events which would give birth to the trust. When, however, the event happened which gives rise to the trust, it would become an estate in the grantor, and would then be capable of passing by devise or inheritance. Upon the same principle, it seems to me that in this case, where the resulting trust arises under a will, it must result to those who are able to bring themselves under the class of heirs of the testatrix at the time when the trust arises, and as Mrs. Walker was then the sole heir of the testatrix, the trust results in her favor and she is entitled to demand from the trustee a transfer of the whole estate to her.

It is analogous to the possibility of reverter after the termination of an estate in fee conditional, which is not an estate, but a mere possibility. It is neither a present nor a future right, but a mere possibility that a right may arise upon the happening of a contingency, which is not the subject of either devise or inheritance. This is because the grant or devise of a fee conditional passes the whole estate to the tenant in fee, leaving nothing in the grantor or devisor which can be the subject of devise or inheritance, and hence it is settled that, upon the termination of such an estate, it goes to those who can bring themselves into the class of heirs of the person creating the estate at the time when the estate terminates, and not to those who were heirs at the time of the death of such person. Adams v. Chaplin, 1 Hill Ch., 265; Deas v. Horry, 2 Hill Ch., 244; Pearse v. Killian, McMull. Eq., 231. Now, if the possibility of reverter after the termina*28tion.of an estate in fee conditional enures to the benefit of those who answer the description of heirs of the person creating such estate, at the time when the estate terminates, because a conveyance of such an estate leaves nothing in the grantor or devisor, as the case may be, capable of being devised or inherited, it would seem to follow that, for the same reason, a resulting trust which arises after the conveyance of an estate in fee simple, ought to take the same course.

It only remains to notice some of the cases which seem to be mainly relied on to support a contrary view. Pulliam v. Byrd, (2 Strob. Eq., 134), was very different from the case under consideration. In that case the testator gave his whole estate to his wife for life, with power to dispose of one half thereof at her death, and the wife having died without exercising the power, the question was as to the proper distribution of the estate. The court holding that a gift to one for life witli a general power of appointment will not enlarge the life estate into a fee unless the power is exercised, determined that the will made no disposition of the remainder after the termination of the wife’s life estate, and hence such remainder became distributable as in case of intestacy. I do not see how that case has any application to the present. There the testator did not even undertake to dispose of the fee, and, of course, immediately upon his death it descended to his heirs, subject only to the life estate of the wife, and upon the termination of that estate became divisible amongst those in whom it had previously vested. Here, however, the testatrix did dispose of the fee, leaving nothing in her to descend to her. heirs. So in Rochell v. Tompkins (1 Strob. Eq., 314), the devise was to the wife for life only, “and at her death to return to and become a part of his estateand as this reversion, as it was called, was not disposed of by the will, there was clearly a case. of intestacy, so far as it was concerned, and it descended immediately to the heirs of the testator, of whom, of course, the wdfe was one.

In Seabrook v. Seabrook (10 Rich. Eq., 495), the testator devised real estate to his son for life with remainder to his issue, and in default of issue he directed that the land should “revert to his estate,” and he then devised “the lands so reverting unto *29my right heirs forever.” The son having died without issue, the question was as to the disposition of the lands so reverting. Held, that the heirs of the testator, including the widow, took the reversion, not under the will, but by descent, upon the principle that where a testator devises his estate to those upon whom the law would cast the estate if there were no will, the devise is nugatory and void, and the parties take by descent, and not under the will. This case is not applicable, for the reason that there being no trustee, there was no one in whom the fee could vest, and hence it could not pass out of the testator except upon a contingency which never happened, and remaining in him, it, of course, descended immediately upon his death to his heirs, as his attempt to dispose of it was nugatory. Indeed, the real controversy in that case was whether the widow was barred of any right to share in the reversion by another clause in the will, and as she was unquestionably one of the heirs of the testator, both at the time of his death and at the time the reversion fell in, no such question as that with which w'e are concerned could have arisen in that case.

In Glover v. Adams (11 Rich. Eq., 264), followed in Shaffer v. McDuffie (14 Rich. Eq., 146), property of the wife was conveyed by marriage settlement to trustees in trust for the joint use of husband and wife during coverture, and if the husband survived, to his use during life, and after his death to such person or persons as the wife by will might appoint, and failing such appointment, to her legal heirs and representatives. The wife having died without exercising the power of appointment, leaving the husband surviving, upon his death the question was who were entitled. Held, that the remainder, after the termination of the life estates, having become vested in the heirs of the wife at the time of her death, amongst whom was the husband, his share became transmissible to his representatives. There is plainly no analogy between that case and this; for in that case the remainder, by the terms of the deed, became Vested in the heirs of the wife immediately upon her death, and there could not have been any resulting trust.

In Farrow v. Farrow (12 S. C., 168), property was devised to a trustee “in trust for the use and benefit of my son, John W. *30Farrow, during bis life, and at his death to be equally divided between his wife, Emma Farrow, and the children he may leave living, share and share alike.” The wife survived the testator, but died before her husband, the life tenant, and the question was, whether the legal representatives of the wife, upon the death of the life tenant, were entitled to any interest in the property. Held, that the wife, 'under the term* of the will, took a vested remainder, which, of course, was transmissible to her representatives. So that in that case there was no resulting trust, and I do not see its applicability to the present controversy. Indeed, in none of these cases was there any resulting trust, and the property passed under the terms of the deed or will, while here it does not pass under the terms of the will, but remains in the hands of the trustee to whom it had been devised in fee, subject to a resulting trust which the law raised and which a Court of Equity will require the trustee to execute. The same remarks will apply to the case of Hicks v. Pegues (4 Rich. Eq., 413), and Buist v. Dawes, reported in a note to that case.

The judgment of this court is, that the judgment of the Circuit Court be reversed, and the case remanded to that court for the purpose of carrying into effect the views herein set forth.

Mit. JustiCE McGowan concurred.

Dissenting Opinion

Mr. Ci-iiee Justice Simpson,

dissenting. Mrs. S. I. Harris, late of this State, died in the city of Columbia, leaving of force a last will and testament, a copy of which is found in the record, in which she devised and bequeathed her whole estate, real and personal, to her nephew, the defendant, “Julius H. Walker, and his heirs to the use of the said Julius H. Walker and his heirs, in trust, nevertheless, for her daughter, Mrs. Mary Delia Blount, during the term of her natural life,” upon certain terms and conditions, with certain powers of sale, &c., &c., to the trustee, and upon the death of Mrs. Blount the said property, or what remained unconsumed and undisposed of, was bequeathed and devised to the issue of Mrs. Blount, &c., and upon default of issue surviving her, th< n the same was devised to such person or persons, &c., as the said Mrs. Blount might appoint by her last will and testament, &c., and upon the death of Mrs. Blount, the trusts *31of the will were to be regarded as executed, &c., in favor of the person or persons designated as remaindermen in the third clause of the will, without any relinquishment or transfer of trust by the said trustee. At the death of Mrs. Harris, she left surviving her, Mrs. Blount, an only daughter; her next of kin after the daughter being the defendant, Mrs. Walker, an only sister. Mrs. Blount died shortly after her mother, leaving no issue surviving her, and without having executed the power of appointment given to her in the will of Mrs. Harris. See Blount v. Walker, 28 S. C., 515.

Now, upon this state of facts, the question has arisen, who is entitled to the property mentioned in the will of Mrs. Harris ? Should it go to the estate of Mrs. Blount, the daughter who was sole heir of Mrs. Harris at her death; or should Mrs. Walker, ■the sister of Mrs. Harris, be entitled as the heir when the life estate of Mrs. Blount fell in by her death, leaving no issue and having failed to appoint? His honor, Judge Hudson, who heard this question below, holding that the trusts of the will of Mrs. Harris having failed, the property became intestate property, and Mrs. Blount being the sole heir of Mrs. Harris at her death, was entitled (Pulliam v. Byrd, 2 Strob. Eq., 185), who having died, leaving her husband and her aunt, Mrs. Caroline Walker, as her heirs, the said property should go to them according to their rights, to wit: the personal property to the husband, the plaintiff, and the real estate one-half each to the husband and Mrs. Walker. The defendants, in their appeal, deny the correctness of this decree, contending that the time for ascertaining the'heirs of Mrs. Harris, to whom the property should go as intestate property, was the death of Mrs. Blount, and that Mrs. Walker being the only surviving heir at that time, she became entitled to the whole estate.

As appropriate to the discussion of the issue here, we may state the following legal propositions, which we suppose will be conceded without question: 1st. Where a party dies leaving no last will and testament, he dies intestate as to the property, real and personal, of which he was seized and possessed at the time of his death. 2nd. Where he leaves a last will and testament, and yet fails to dispose of some of his property or of some interest or estate there*32in, he dies intestate as to such undisposed of property or interest or estate. 3rd. While a decedent may by his last will and testament direct that such of his heirs as may be in existence at a certain time after his death shall take his estate (for instance, where he gives a life estate, and then the remainder to go to such of his heirs as may be in existence at the termination of said life estate, said heirs will take the estate), yet where he dies without such a disposition, in other words, intestate, his heirs at his death alone can claim. The reason being, that in such last case, the heir claims by operation of law, and not by virtue of the will, and the law never casts the estate upon any except the heir in being at the death of the decedent. An heir is defined to be he upon whom the law casts.an estate immediately upon the death of the ancestor. These propositions, we think, present familiar legal principles, and without citing authority now, we may say that, in our opinion, they are absolutely unassailable : and if so, it must follow’ that if Mrs. Harris died intestate as to any portion of her property, her daughter, Mrs. Blount, being her sole heir at the time of her death, she was entitled thereto, and upon her death it would go to her heirs as decreed by the Circuit Judge.

The vital question, then, in the first instance is, did Mrs. Harris die intestate as to the property in question T There is no doubt but that Mrs. Harris left a will, and yet it is equally as certain that there w7as no beneficial interest disposed of to any one, except a life estate to Mrs. Blount. There was a contingency which, if it had happened, would have accomplished a disposition of the whole estate; but it not happening, it was the same as if no such contingent disposition had been attempted, and the will should now’ be read as if such provision had not been incorporated therein. And suppose the will had been left in such condition, without the suggested disposition incorporated ; suppose the will had simply given to Mr. Walker the property in trust for the use and benefit of Mrs. Blount during her natural life and nothing more; could there be a doubt but that Mrs. Harris would have died intestate as to the entire remainder or reversion, and that the law would have cast the same upon her *33heir or heirs in being at her death, who in this case was Mrs. Blount ? Certainly not.

It is said, however, in the argument of appellants, that Mrs. Harris did not really die intestate, or at least we so understand the argument; that, on the contrary, she disposed of her whole estate, the entire fee, to Mr. Julius II. Walker, and in such way that even it was put beyond the reach of the statute of uses. Admit this to be true, to wit, that the entire fee was given to Mr. Walker, and yet it would not follow, it seems to us, that Mrs. Harris did not die intestate, or, if so, where is the foundation of Mrs. Walker’s claim ? She certainly cannot claim under the will of her sister ; her name is not mentioned therein, nor is there any indication there that Mrs. Harris intended that any portion of her estate should go to Mrs. Walker. In fact, if Mrs. Harris did not die intestate, neither of the parties contending here is of right before us. But we think that Mrs. Harris did die intestate as to all but the life estate given to Mrs. Blount, and that the fact that her entire property was given in fee to Mr. Julius II. Walker makes no difference.

It is conceded that no beneficial interest in the property was given to Mr. Walker, and therefore that he cannot hold it for himself and enjoy it, although the statute of uses may not be able to extract it. It is conceded, too, that he must give it up to some one. It must be also conceded that he cannot yield it to any one as a legatee or devisee under the will, because the will has provided for no legatee or devisee. He must give it up, then, as intestate property, which, of course, he could not be required to do, unless Mrs. Harris died intestate. In any event, it being perfectly clear that Mr. Walker, the trustee, having no beneficial interest in any part of the estate, and no beneficial interest therein being found bequeathed or devised to any one else after the termination of the life estate of Mrs. Blount, Mrs. Harris died without a final disposition of said beneficial interest — intestate thereof — and in such case, though the statute of uses cannot be invoked as a means of passing the property to the heirs at law, it would be a reproach to the law and the courts if no way could be found by which it could he thus passed. It will be admitted, however, we suppose, that if Mrs. Harris had simply bequeathed *34and devised-her estate to Mr. Walker in trust for Mrs. Blount for life, without giving the fee to him, or without fixing it in him so indelibly as contended for, but had put him in control to manage, &c., for Mrs. Blount, that then the statute of uses would not have carried the legal estate to Mrs. Blount. Nor would such a state of facts have prevented Mrs. Harris from dying intestate as to the estate beyond the life estate.

Now, we think that notwithstanding the entire fee in the property was given to Mr. Walker, and given in such way and by such language as would ordinarily have put it, as we have already said, beyond the reach even of the statute of uses, yet when we look at the purposes of the trust imposed upon Mr. Walker, we are warranted by well established equitable principles, applicable to such cases, to hold that his legal estate should be no larger than demanded by the trust estate under his charge, and although he may have technically a fee, yet said fee will be cut down to the proportions of the said trust estate. And inasmuch as here the trust estate put in charge of Mr. Walker was only a life estate, the complete execution of which could be accomplished by a legal life estate in him, the courts, for the protection of the interests of the heirs of Mrs. Harris, should hold that the fee to Walker has been thus cut down to a life estate, and upon the death of Mrs. Blount, the life tenant, the trust is ended, and the heirs of Mrs. Harris became entitled to the possession of the property. See Sugden on Powers, *9, section 5 ; Perry on Trusts, section 312 ; several of our own cases, to wit: Farrow v. Farrow, 12 S. C., 172; Williman v. Holmes, 4 Rich. Eq., 476. And many other cases might be cited.

The doctrine is fully stated in Perry on Trusts, from which valuable work the following is copied at section 312: “In all cases,” says Mr. Perry, “where an estate is given to one for the use of another, in such manner that the statute of uses steps in and executes the estate in the cestui que trust, the statute executes in the cestui que trust only the estate that the first donee or trustee takes, that is, the statute executes or transfers the exact estate given to the trustee. * * * While this is the rule in respect to estates which the statute executes, a very different rule applies to estates upon a trust or- use not executed by the statute. *35In these cases the extent or quantity of the estate taken by the trustee is determined, not by the circumstances that words of inheritance in the trustee are or are not used in the deed or will, but by the intent of the parties. And the intent of the parties is determined by the scope and extent of the. trust. Therefore the extent of the legal interest of a trustee in an estate given to him in trust is measured, not by the words of inheritance or otherwise, but by the object and extent of the trust upon which the estate is given. On this principle two rules of construction have been adopted by the courts: First, wherever a trust is created a legal estate sufficient for the purpose of the trust shall, if possible, be implied in the trustee, whatever may be the limitation of the instrument, whether to him or his heirs or not. And second, although a legal estate may be limited to a trustee to the fullest extent as to him and his heirs, yet it shall not be carried further than the complete execution of the trust necessarily requires.” This seems to us to be directly in point, so much so as to justify the long quotation above.

But even if this is an erroneous view of this subject, and it be true that Mr. Julius Walker was invested with the fee, which the statute of uses, with all of its mysterious power to transfer title from one to another, could not touch, yet how7 could that determine which of the two, whether Mrs. Walker or Mrs. Blount, was the heir of Mrs. Harris, upon whom the law would cast the estate as intestate property ? Supposing the fee in Mr. Walker is of the character claimed by appellants’ counsel, we think they have clearly demonstrated that it was not executed by the statute; but we fail to see that such a result redounds to the benefit of Mrs. Walker; we fail to see that that fact fixes Mrs. Walker as the heir of Mrs. Harris ahead of Mrs. Blount.

But it is said there was a resulting trust here. ' What is a resulting trust? In brief, a resulting trust is where no express trust is created by the parties, but the law implies one from the acts of the parties, whether they were intended to create a trust or not. It arises from the operation of law. One example of a resulting trust is when a trust is declared only as to a part of an estate; and nothing is said as to the residue, the residue remaining undisposed of remained to the heir at law. So where a con*36veyance is made upon sucb trusts as shall be appointed, and there is a default of appointment, or where it is made of a particular trust which fails of taking effect, or is not declared, or is illegal. The trust in such cases would result to the settler or his heirs, and thus it is said in Perry on Trusts, section 15*2 : “If upon a conveyance, devise, or bequest, a trust is declared of a part of the estate only, or the purpose of the trust does not exhaust the whole beneficial interest, the trust in the remaining part or interest will result to the settler or his heirs.”

So that if there was a resulting trust here, arising either from the fact that there was a failure of appointment or failure of a particular trust, or that a trust had been declared of only a part of the estate, or that the whole beneficiary interest had not been exhausted by the trust declared, then such resulting trust arising as it does in a last will and testament, which could only take effect at the death of the testatrix, would be a resulting trust in favor of her heirs at law alone. And the question would again return, who is the heir at law ? To which question we repeat the response already made above, taken from that great law writer, Blackstone: "‘That it is him upon whom the law casts the descent immediately upon the death of the ancestor.”

Judgment reversed.