290 S.W. 429 | Mo. | 1926
Lead Opinion
Action to recover for two burglary losses, alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff, upon an open stock burglary policy issued by defendant for a term beginning on November 20, 1919, and ending one year thereafter, and renewed for another year terminating on November 20, 1921. The petition is cast in two counts, each based upon a separate and distinct burglary loss.
Plaintiff, at the times herein mentioned, was a retail dealer in automobile tires and accessories. On September 5, 1919, he purchased the business and stock of merchandise of one Fritz Meyn, doing business as Lotta Miles Tire Company, at 2305 Grand Avenue in Kansas City, Missouri. The policy sued on was taken out by plaintiff on or about November 20, 1919, through Brown, Mann Barnum, insurance agents in Kansas City. It is executed on behalf of defendant company by John R. Bland, president, and R. Howard Bland, secretary, and countersigned at Kansas City, Missouri, by Thomas McGee Son, its authorized representative. On or about March 4, 1920, plaintiff discontinued the use of the trade-name, Lotta Miles Tire Company, and changed the name to Block Tire Company, and a rider, countersigned by "Thomas McGee Son, Authorized Representative," was issued by defendant reciting: "It is hereby understood and agreed that the name of Assured under this policy is corrected to read as follows: `Arnold Block, Doing business as Block Tire Company.'" On or about May 7, 1920, plaintiff moved his merchandise and place of business from 2305 Grand Avenue to 2307 Grand Avenue, and a rider dated on that day was issued by defendant, countersigned by "Thomas McGee Son, Authorized Representative," transferring the policy so as to cover the latter location.
Prior to the expiration of the term of the original policy, one L.S. Davis, doing business as Davis Company, also an insurance agent in Kansas City, requested of plaintiff the privilege of renewing the burglary policy for another year. Plaintiff testified that "he [Davis] said that he could write my burglary insurance as well as anyone else; that he was an agent of the same company in fact, and could place my insurance with the same company. Q. What company did he refer to or mention? A. United States Fidelity Guaranty Company. He said that he would like to get the renewal of the policy, that he might make the commission on it. I gave my permission to write the policy." A renewal certificate was thereupon issued by defendant, countersigned at Kansas City by "Thomas McGee Son. Authorized Agent," continuing said policy in force from November *286 20, 1920, to November 20, 1921, in consideration of a premium of $205.50. The renewal certificate was duly delivered to plaintiff by said L.S. Davis. Plaintiff thereupon paid Davis the amount of the annual premium, $205.50, which premium, less Davis's commission for procuring the renewal of the policy, Davis in turn paid to Thomas McGee Son, defendant's authorized representative.
On March 15, 1921, about four months after the renewal of the policy and during the renewal period, plaintiff moved his merchandise and place of business from 2307 Grand Avenue to 2433 McGee Trafficway, at which latter place both burglaries in question occurred. On the day he moved to the new location, plaintiff instructed his bookkeeper and secretary, Miss Alma Murphy, to notify Mr. Davis of the removal. Miss Murphy testified that she called Mr. Davis on the telephone, notified him of the removal, and "I told him about the policies, both the fire and burglary, and that I wanted to know if we would be covered, and he said, `Yes, at both places and in transit. Yes, you are covered, you are protected.'" On the same day, Davis's bookkeeper, Miss Dora Hutchinson, was instructed by Davis to see that the proper notices of removal were attended to. She testified: "I called up the McGee Sons' office, and said I wanted to report the removal of the Block Tire Company, and the lady said, `All right,' and I said, `Have you a pencil and paper upon which to make the notation,' and she said she had, and I gave this particular number here, U.S.F. and G., and I said, `Remove to 2433 McGee Trafficway,' and asked would they be covered from today, and she assured me that they would and that the permits would be issued." Witness further testified that the telephone notice of removal to McGee Sons' office was given in pursuance of the usual and customary practice respecting such removals. Upon receiving assurance from the person at McGee Sons' office, Miss Hutchinson made a written memorandum thereof, which she filed on a spindle in Davis's office and which was put in evidence at the trial.
One J.C. Horn was an employee of Thomas McGee Sons, defendant's authorized agents, in charge of the burglary department. He testified that it was a matter of common occurrence and daily routine in that office for persons having dealings or business with defendant company to call on the telephone and give notifications of removals, or changes of name, or other changed conditions which required amendments of policies; that it is contemplated, when a policy is issued, that removals may take place, or other conditions may thereafter arise, calling for amendments to the policy; that the person attending the telephone switchboard in the office of McGee Sons receives such calls as they come in, and that it is the duty of the switchboard operator to connect the party calling with the person in the office of McGee Sons having charge of the particular department *287 or kind of insurance involved; that it is the duty of the switchboard operator, when a message is given on the telephone in the absence of the head of the department or the person having charge of the particular item of insurance business, to take down the message and see that the message reaches the right party; and that such were the general instructions given to the switchboard operator. Mr. Horn denied having himself received the message, or notice of removal of plaintiff's business, from Davis's office. Defendant produced as witnesses two women employees of Thomas McGee Sons, one being a switchboard operator and the other a policy writer in the burglary department, and both testified that they knew nothing about such message having been received and that they did not remember receiving any calls from Davis's office. At least two other women employees in McGee Sons' office acted as "relief" telephone operators, but defendant produced neither of them as a witness at the trial, nor did defendant account for all the persons in the office who might have answered the telephone at the time. The evidence indicates that there were, at the time, some seven or more individual telephones in the office connecting with the switchboard and that there were some twelve or more persons employed in the office.
Eleven days after plaintiff's removal to 2433 McGee Trafficway, during the night of March 25th or the early morning of March 26, 1921, plaintiff's store was burglarized and automobile tires and tubes of the value of $2131.06 were feloniously taken from within the premises. The burglary was discovered on Sunday morning, March 26th, and on the next day, Monday, March 27th, plaintiff notified Mr. L.S. Davis of his loss. On the same day, or the day following, one W.R. Taylor, defendant's resident secretary and inspector of burglary risks, appeared at plaintiff's store and made an inspection of the premises. According to plaintiff's testimony, Taylor told plaintiff that he would have to make certain changes in the premises in order to make the place more secure. Plaintiff testified: "Mr. Taylor went on further to tell me that if I made these changes the risk would be all right; that if I didn't make these changes there would be nothing else for the company to do but get off the risk." Taylor said nothing to plaintiff about the policy being cancelled or suspended. Plaintiff told Taylor that he would comply with Taylor's requirements, or suggested changes in the premises, which plaintiff immediately did at some substantial expense.
Mr. John H. Crandall, the office manager of Davis Company, testified that, on the Monday following the burglary, plaintiff notified Davis Company of his loss. Immediately after receiving that notification, Crandall called the office of Thomas McGee Sons on the telephone and notified them that there had been a loss under the burglary policy issued to Block Tire Company and was told by McGee *288 and Sons' office that the matter would be looked after. Shortly afterward, McGee Sons notified Crandall by telephone that they had no record in their office of the removal of plaintiff's place of business from 2307 Grand Avenue to 2433 McGee Trafficway. Crandall immediately started an inquiry in Davis's office to see what had been done about notifying McGee Sons of the removal, and, after making an inquiry as to the facts, he went to McGee Sons' office, where he conferred with Mr. Joseph McGee of that office. Mr. McGee then called Mr. Taylor, the resident secretary of defendant, and Crandall informed him of the circumstances of the loss and the contention of McGee Sons that they had not been notified of the removal of plaintiff's business, and explained that inquiry in Davis's office had developed the fact that Miss Hutchinson had called McGee Sons' office and notified them of the removal on March 15, 1921. McGee thereupon told Crandall that Taylor would go out and make an inspection of the premises at 2433 McGee Trafficway. Two or three days after this conversation, McGee Sons requested Davis Company to furnish affidavits setting forth the circumstances as to the giving of the notice of removal, in order "to furnish the company [defendant] with the full facts in the matter." Mr. Crandall promptly prepared the affidavits of himself and Miss Hutchinson touching the giving of the removal notice by plaintiff to Davis Company and by Davis Company in turn to McGee Sons, and the consent to such removal given by McGee Sons over the telephone to Miss Hutchinson on March 15, 1921. These affidavits were transmitted to McGee Sons by L.S. Davis by letter on April 1, 1921.
Plaintiff, having meanwhile learned from Davis that defendant, or its representatives, McGee Sons, had raised some question as to the policy covering the premises on McGee Trafficway, himself called at the office of McGee Sons and was referred to one Julien, defendant's adjuster in charge of burglary claims, but, not finding Julien in at the time, plaintiff left his card with the word that he had called to see Julien. Thereafter, plaintiff received the following letter, dated May 2, 1921, addressed to him at 2307 Grand Avenue and written on defendant's stationery: "As I am advised that you have been in the office to see me regarding the burglary loss of The Block Tire Company, this is to advise you that the company hereby denies liability of this claim, for the reason that they had no policy contract covering the premises where this burglary is alleged to have happened and at the time it happened, and for other good and sufficient reasons. Yours truly, O.W. Julien, Supt. Claim Department." Julien testified, as a witness for defendant, that he had acted in good faith in writing the letter denying plaintiff's claim and that liability was denied because Julien's investigation disclosed that plaintiff "had no policy at the place where he claimed to have had the burglary." *289 He further testified that, before writing the letter, either himself or his office had checked defendant's records as to whether the policy covered the McGee Trafficway location, but did not recall whether the company's records showed that the policy had been cancelled or whether the company had returned, or offered to return, the unearned premium on the policy, and did not know whether the affidavits transmitted to McGee Sons by Davis Company were before him at the time he wrote the letter. He explained that the words "and for other good and sufficient reasons" used in the letter were "just rather an omnibus expression in case the other specified points set out there don't properly cover my denial."
With the matter in this situation, plaintiff's premises were burglarized a second time on the night of May 14th, or the early morning of May 15, 1921, and automobile tires and tubes of the value of $3030.87 were stolen from within the premises. Plaintiff subsequently recovered two tires of the value of $95.20, making his net loss from the second burglary $2935.67. On the next morning, May 16, 1921, plaintiff sent a letter to defendant at its home office in Baltimore, Maryland, and also a letter to Thomas McGee Sons in Kansas City, notifying them of the second robbery and that "we will look to you to protect us in this matter and request that you send us proof of loss blanks." Defendant, from its home office and through its vice-president, replied by letter dated May 19, 1921, as follows: "Your letter of May 16th received. We are referring this matter to our Kansas City office for investigation. Our representative will call upon you in the near future."
Plaintiff testified that no representative of defendant ever came to see him after the second burglary, nor did defendant send him blanks upon which to make proof of loss. Plaintiff, however, prepared a claim, giving a list, description and value of the stolen merchandise, and took the claim to the office of Thomas McGee Sons, where he saw Mr. Joseph McGee and Mr. Taylor, defendant's resident secretary. He testified: "They took my claim and looked it over and said, `We don't want this. We are not on your risk. We have nothing to do with it,' and handed me back the claim." Whereupon, plaintiff left the claim in McGee Sons' office. Plaintiff testified that defendant never, at any time, gave him notice of cancellation of the policy nor did it refund, or offer to refund, any part of the premium paid by him on said policy. This fact is conceded as true by defendant's witness, Mr. Joseph McGee.
Defendant's witness, Taylor, admitted that, upon learning of the first burglary in March, 1921, he had visited plaintiff's premises at 2433 McGee Trafficway, but stated that he happened to go there "more through curiosity than anything else, on account of them having a loss. What I went there for was curiosity to see how they *290 (the burglars) got in." He also admitted that he had a conversation at that time with plaintiff, in which he told plaintiff "in a casual way" what should have been done by plaintiff to make the premises more secure against burglary. He denied, however, that he went to the McGee Trafficway store as the authorized representative of defendant, or that Joseph McGee of McGee Sons had asked him to go, or that he said anything to plaintiff about conditions under which the company would "stay on the risk."
Joseph McGee, testifying as a witness for defendant, stated that, after being informed by Mr. Crandall of Davis Company of the first loss, he had asked Taylor "to go down and inspect it and see what the conditions were and find out if we would have accepted the insurance had the request been made; make an inspection of the premises to see if he would have accepted the business had it been requested," and that Taylor said he would make an inspection and came back and reported the result of his inspection to McGee.
The evidence tends to show that Thomas McGee Sons have been, since November, 1916, the duly appointed and exclusive agents of defendant company in Kansas City; that policies of insurance issued by defendant were written in McGee Sons' office, which office was supplied by defendant with a supply of blank policies, endorsements and riders for attachment to policies, all of which were ready for issuance and delivery, except for the signature of McGee Sons; that McGee Sons procured defendant's customers or policyholders not only through solicitors working on a commission basis out of their own office, but also, to a large extent, through other insurance agents not directly connected with McGee Sons' office; that L.S. Davis, or Davis Company, procured a large amount of business for defendant, and that business dealings between defendant's authorized representatives, McGee Sons, and Davis Company extended over a long period of time, during which time the premiums on policies of insurance sold through Davis Company aggregated several thousand dollars; that it was the general practice and custom between these two offices, for Davis Company to procure the customers, telephone the necessary data or information to McGee Sons, who, in turn, would write and countersign the policies and turn them over to Davis Company to be delivered to the customers; that Davis Company were charged by McGee Sons with the premiums for such policies, which Davis Company collected directly from the customers. Explaining the method of business between the two offices, the witness Joseph McGee of McGee Sons testified: "We don't consider that as Mr. Block's [plaintiff's] business. We were doing business entirely with L.S. Davis; he was responsible for it. To be ethical, we must look to the other agent; we were doing business through him. We wanted all of Mr. Davis's business that we could *291 get which was acceptable, not only this business, but any other business that was acceptable, because that's the way we make our living." Monthly settlements were made between the two offices, McGee Sons billing Davis Company for the premiums upon the policies issued and Davis Company remitting to McGee Sons the amount of the premiums collected from customers, less Davis Company's commissions for procuring the business. The witness Crandall, of Davis Company, testified that it was the practice and course of business between the two offices, when Davis Company were notified by any customer that he had changed his business location, for Davis Company to notify the office of McGee Sons by telephone of the reported change or removal and the change would be accepted by McGee Sons from the time of the notice by telephone; that, if upon subsequent inspection of the new premises, the defendant company "didn't want to stay on the risk," McGee Sons would then notify Davis Company by telephone or letter that the defendant requested cancellation of the policy and request Davis Company to procure the cancelled policy from the customer and return the same to McGee Sons.
Defendant's policy of insurance contained the following general provisions:
"6. Inspection and Suspension — An authorized representative of the Insurer shall have the right to inspect the premises at any reasonable time, and to require the Assured to make the premises reasonably secure, and to suspend this insurance until such requirements are complied with to the Insurer's satisfaction; such suspension and subsequent reinstatement shall be by notice in writing.
"7. Cancellation of Policy — This policy shall be cancelled (a) upon the receipt by the Insurer of a written request from the Assured, when the Insurer shall be entitled to an earned premium according to the customary short-rate table, or (b) upon the Insurer delivering or sending by registered mail to the Assured at the address given in the Schedule, a Cancellation Notice, when the Insurer shall be entitled to a pro-rata earned premium."
Two attorneys of the Kansas City bar testified on plaintiff's behalf as to the reasonable value of the services of plaintiff's attorneys in bringing and prosecuting this suit, respecting the claims set forth in each count of the petition. According to their testimony, the value of such services exceeds the amounts allowed by the jury therefore in their verdict.
The trial court submitted to the jury the issues raised on both counts of the petition, and the jury returned a verdict for plaintiff on the first count, based upon the first burglary loss, for $2131.06, with interest thereon, and assessed the sum of $500 as attorney's fees; and the jury also returned a verdict for plaintiff on the second count, *292
based upon the second burglary loss, for $2936.67, with interest thereon, and assessed the sum of $750 as attorney's fees. Judgment was thereupon entered in the aggregate sum of $6807.15, including attorney's fees. Defendant in due time filed its motion for a new trial. The trial court, being of the opinion that the verdict was excessive to the extent of the attorney's fees assessed under each count of the petition as a penalty, ordered plaintiff to file a remittitur of such amounts, or the motion for new trial would be sustained. Plaintiff refused to file the required remittitur, whereupon an order nisi was entered granting a new trial, from which order plaintiff prosecuted an appeal to the Kansas City Court of Appeals. On May 26, 1924, the Kansas City Court of Appeals filed an opinion, concurred in by all the judges of that court, reversing and remanding the cause with directions to the trial court to reinstate the verdict and enter judgment in favor of plaintiff thereon. Respondent (defendant) filed a motion for rehearing. Subsequently, during the same term, respondent's motion for rehearing was overruled, but one of the judges of that court, deeming the opinion to be contrary to the opinion and decision of this court in the case of Non-Royalty Shoe Co. v. Phoenix Assurance Co.,
I. It is argued by appellant that, inasmuch as our decision in Non-Royalty Shoe Co. v. Phoenix Assurance Co.,
Section 6 of the Amendment of 1884 to Article VI of our State Constitution provides: "When any one of said courts of appeals shall in any cause or proceeding render a decision which any one of the judges therein sitting shall deem contrary to any previous decision *293
of any one of said courts of appeals, or of the Supreme Court, the said Court of Appeals must, of its own motion, pending the same term and not afterward, certify and transfer said cause or proceeding and the original transcript therein to the Supreme Court, and thereupon the Supreme Court must rehear and determine said cause or proceeding, as in case of jurisdiction obtained by ordinary appellate process." The constitutional mandate makes clear our duty thereunder to rehear and determine this case as though our jurisdiction obtained by the process of an ordinary appeal. Such has been our uniform construction of this constitutional provision. [Epstein v. Railroad Co.,
II. Inasmuch as this case is before us for all purposes, and respondent insists that the action of the trial court in granting a new trial can be sustained upon several grounds raised by defendant's motion for a new trial, regardless of the reason assigned by the trial court for its action, we deem it proper to first consider whether appellant is entitled to anyDemurrer to recovery at all. At the close of plaintiff's caseEvidence. and again at the conclusion of all the testimony, defendant requested the trial court to instruct the jury that, under the pleadings and the evidence, the plaintiff is not entitled to recover on either count of the petition. The refusal of these peremptory instructions is charged as a ground of error in defendant's motion for a new trial, exceptions having been taken by defendant at the time to the overruling of each of the instructions and duly preserved in the bill of exceptions. If plaintiff made no case, then the trial court properly granted a new trial and all other questions drop out of the case.
Respondent insists that the policy of insurance and the renewal certificate upon which plaintiff seeks recovery do not cover the location at 2433 McGee Trafficway; that respondent had no notice of the removal of the merchandise from 2307 Grand Avenue to 2433 McGee Trafficway prior to the first burglary; that respondent did not consent to the removal and had no opportunity to make an inspection of the new premises; and that no change was made in either the policy or the renewal certificate by endorsement executed by any officer of respondent. The policy provides: "No change in this policy shall be valid unless made by endorsement duly executed by an officer of the Insurer."
Appellant, on the other hand, contends that McGee Sons, respondent's authorized representatives, by virtue of the powers conferred upon them by respondent, had authority to verbally bind risks and waive policy provisions, and having been notified by Davis Company of plaintiff's removal to the McGee Trafficway location on *294 the day of the removal and having verbally bound the risk at the new location, respondent is liable. Much is said in the briefs of both parties respecting whether an agency relationship existed between Davis Company and respondent and respecting the power or authority of Davis Company to accept the notice of removal and waive the provisions of the policy. We find it unnecessary to discuss or consider those questions. The real questions for our consideration and ruling is whether McGee Sons, respondent's authorized representatives, had notice of the removal and verbally consented thereto and whether respondent is bound thereby so as to render it liable for appellant's losses. We will, therefore, consider these two questions in their inverse order.
The evidence conclusively shows that McGee Sons were, at the times here in question, respondent's general agents and authorized representatives in Kansas City. The policy, renewal certificate, and riders attached thereto were all signed by McGee Sons as authorized representatives of respondent. Respondent supplied McGee Sons with blank forms of policies,Authorized endorsements and riders ready for issuance andAgent: delivery upon being signed by McGee Sons. PremiumsWaiver. collected by Davis Company upon insurance policies issued by respondent were paid to McGee Sons. Under this state of facts, whatever may be the rule in other jurisdictions, the rule is well-established in this State that an agent such as McGee Sons has authority to waive a change in, or forfeiture of, the policy, notwithstanding provisions of the policy to the contrary, and the insurance company is bound thereby. [Thompson v. Traders' Ins. Co.,
The evidence is conflicting as to whether McGee Sons had notice, prior to the first burglary, of the removal of plaintiff's stock of merchandise to the McGee Trafficway location and whether consent was given by McGee Sons thereto. The testimony of appellant's witnesses is quite positiveNotice. that the notice of removal was given by telephone on the day of removal by appellant's bookkeeper to Mr. L.S. Davis of Davis Company and that, on the same day, Davis
Company's bookkeeper called the office of McGee Sons by telephone and reported the removal and asked if appellant would be covered from that day and received the assurance that he would and that permits would be issued. The evidence tends to show that this method of giving notice of removals was the usual and established practice and custom existing between the office of Davis Company and that of McGee Sons. It also appears from the testimony *295
of respondent's witness, Horn, who was the manager of the burglary department of McGee Sons' office, that it was a matter of daily routine for persons having business with that office to call on the telephone and give notice of removals or other changed conditions requiring amendments in policies and that, in the absence of the person having charge of such matters, it was the duty of the telephone operator to take down such messages and see that they reached the right party. While several employees of McGee Sons' office testified that no such message, or notice of removal, was received from the office of Davis Company, nevertheless it appears that McGee Sons had a number of other employees at the time, several of whom at times operated the telephone switchboard, and respondent neither produced them as witnesses at the trial nor accounted for their absence. Whether the person in McGee Sons' office who undertook to receive the telephone message from Davis Company delivered the message to the proper person in the office or whether the person who received the telephone message was guilty of neglect of duty in failing to deliver the message to the right party is immaterial, for she was the employee and agent of McGee Sons and her act was the act of respondent. [Simmons v. Modern Woodmen of America, 188 S.W. (Mo. App.) 932; Woolverton v. Fidelity and Casualty Co.,
Respecting the loss occasioned by the second burglary, there can be no reasonable ground for dispute that respondent had notice of the removal long prior to that loss, for Taylor, respondent's resident secretary and inspector of burglary risks, visited the McGee Trafficway premises only a day or two after the first burglary. Appellant's testimony is to the effect that Taylor required certain changes in order to make theChanges in premises more secure and then stated that ifPremises. appellant made those changes "the risk would be all right," but if the changes were not made "there would be nothing else for the company to do but get off the risk." Appellant testified that he complied with the requirements and made the changes at some substantial expense. While the appellant's version of this conversation is denied by Taylor, the fact nevertheless remains that Taylor did visit the premises before the second burglary at the direction of Mr. Joseph McGee of McGee Sons, and that neither *296
Taylor nor any other representative of respondent, either at that time or at any other time, gave notice to appellant of any suspension of the insurance or cancellation of the policy. Whether respondent, through its representative Taylor, ordered appellant to make the required changes in the premises and whether appellant did make the changes at substantial expense to himself were likewise issues of fact for the determination of the jury. Where the representative of an insurance company induces the insured to incur trouble and expense in order to comply with provisions of the policy, the company waives its right to insist upon a forfeiture and on that ground to refuse payment of the loss. [Painter v. Ins. Co., 256 S.W. 531; Tinsley v. Ins. Co.,
Regardless of the time when respondent first learned of the removal of the merchandise to the location where the burglaries occurred, it has never cancelled the policy or offered to return to appellant the unearned premium. The policy term had about eight months to run at the time of the first burglary and over seven months to run at the end of the secondCancellation: burglary. Respondent, by virtue of a provision ofReturn of the policy, reserved to itself the right to cancelPremium. the policy at any time upon delivering or sending by registered mail to the assured a cancellation notice, whereupon respondent was entitled to retain a pro-rata earned premium. Under such conditions, it is the settled law of this State that the insurer waives a forfeiture of the policy. In a recent case, Dyer v. American Insurance Co.,
III. Respondent contends that appellant failed to plead in his petition waiver by the insurer of the policy provisions and of a forfeiture of the policy because of the removal of the merchandise to a location not mentioned in the policy. Both counts of the petition allege *297 that "on March 15, 1921, plaintiff removed his saidPleading place of business from the location last aforesaid toWaiver. the one-story building located at 2433 McGee Trafficway, in Kansas City, Missouri, and moved to the premises last aforesaid his stock, then on hand, of automobile tires, tubes and accessories; and defendant, at plaintiff's request, extended the coverage of said policy to the premises last aforesaid, subject to all terms and provisions of said policy. . . . Plaintiff duly performed and complied with all of the terms and conditions of said policy on his part to be done and performed." The answer is a general denial, together with the defense that, "at no time was there any change in the location of the premises referred to in said policy by any endorsement thereon executed by any officer of the insurer or otherwise." Plaintiff thereupon pleaded waiver of the policy provisions in his reply and respondent now urges that there is an inconsistency between the allegations of the petition and those of the reply.
It has long been the established and well-recognized practice in this State, in suits upon insurance policies, to admit proof of waiver without requiring the waiver relied upon to be alleged in the pleadings, such proof having always been admitted under an allegation of performance of the terms of the policy by the assured. This, upon the theory that, if the terms of the policy have been waived by the conduct and course of business of the insurance company, they no longer constitute any part of the policy and, hence, the general allegation of performance covers all proof that the assured is required to make. [Andrus v. Ins. Assn.,
It not being obligatory upon appellant, under our established practice, to plead waiver, the fact that he did plead waiver in his reply is immaterial, and hence there is no conflict or inconsistency between the allegations of the petition and those of the reply.
IV. Respondent strenuously contends that the policy of insurance sued upon limits its liability to the maximum sum of $3,000 during the one-year term of the renewal certificate, regardless of the number of losses sustained by appellant during the policy year. The jury by their verdict determined appellant's loss to be $2131.06 by reason of the firstSuccessive burglarly, and $2936.67 by reason of the secondBurglaries: burglary, making an aggregate loss of $5067.73.Amount Hence, respondent contends that the verdict andRecoverable. judgment nisi are clearly excessive and the trial court's order granting a new trial is sustainable upon that ground. Appellant insists that, inasmuch as neither of appellant's losses exceeds the sum of $3,000, respondent is liable under the terms *298 of its insurance contract for both losses, although the aggregate of the two losses exceeds $3,000. This contention makes necessary our consideration and construction of all provisions of the policy applicable to the point raised. The policy is involved and lengthy and covers some twelve or more printed pages of the record. To quote all the provisions thereof would unduly lengthen our opinion.
It provides that respondent "does hereby agree to indemnify the Assured hereinafter designated in the amount specified inthe schedule, For All Direct Loss:
"Insuring Clause A:
"By the felonious taking of merchandise described in Statement 7 of the Schedule, and furniture and fixtures, from within the premises, by any person or persons who shall have made felonious entry into the premises at any time during the day or night, when the premises are not actually open for the transaction of business . . .; and
"Insuring Clause B:
"By the felonious taking of money . . . and securities . . ., not in excess of ten per centum of the total amount of insurance under this policy, but in no event in excess of $500, during thepolicy period, from within the assured's safe or vault. . . .
"(o) To narcotics or alcoholic beverages for medicinal purposes in excess of ten per centum of the total amount of insurance under this policy, but in no event in excess of $500 during thepolicy period;
"(p) To merchandise located in the show windows in the premises, occasioned by any person or persons through the unlawful breaking of such show windows from the outside of the premises, for more than $200, during the policy period, subject to a further limit of $25 on any one article of merchandise so contained unless otherwise specifically insured for an excess amount; . . .
"8. Payment of Loss and Replacements . . . Any payment to the assured for loss or damage under this policy shall constitute apayment in reduction of the total amount of insurance provided bythis policy. . . .
"Section (B). On money and securities (subject to the limitations specified in Insuring Clause "B") and on merchandise as described in Statement 7 of the Schedule . . . Insurance, $3,000. Premium, $205.50 . . .
"Statement 7. The merchandise in the premises insured under this policy is fully described as follows: Auto tires, tubes and accessories. *299
"Statement 8. The maximum value of all merchandise covered hereby will at no time while this policy is in force exceed $5,000, and minimum value will not exceed $4,000. . . ." (Italics ours.)
A close study and analysis of the policy discloses that the respondent specifically limits its liability by Insuring Clause B for the felonious taking of money and securities from within the assured's safe or vault to ten per centum of the total amount of insurance under said policy, but in no event in excess of $500,during the policy period, and by paragraph 2 (o) of the General Provisions for loss or damage to narcotics or alcoholic beverages for medicinal purposes to ten per centum of the total amount of insurance under the policy, but in no event in excess of $500during the policy period, and by paragraph 2 (p) of the General Provisions for the taking of merchandise located in the show windows in the premises to not more than $200, during the policyperiod. It seems clear to us that, by its use of the restrictive words "during the policy period," the respondent had in mind that there might be successive losses under the policy and intended by the use of those restrictive words to limit its liability during the term or period of the policy for the taking of money and securities, narcotics and alcoholic beverages, and merchandise located in show windows, to the several amounts specified in the policy, regardless of the number, or the aggregate amount, of such successive losses. However, while the policy, in the three instances aforesaid, specifically limits respondent's total liability in case of successive losses to certain named amounts "during the policy period," no such words of limitation are used in Insuring Clause A of the policy respecting the taking of merchandise from within the premises and not located in the show windows. On the other hand, the respondent broadly agrees "to indemnify the assured in the amount specified in the schedule ($3,000) for all direct loss by the felonious taking of merchandise from within the premises." The use of this language might well be taken and construed to mean that respondent will indemnify the assured for all direct loss by reason of each and every single taking of such merchandise to the extent of $3,000 (the amount mentioned in the schedule of the policy). If it had been the intention of respondent to limit its liability for successive losses caused by the taking of such merchandise to $3,000 during the policyperiod, those italicized words of limitation could easily have been written into the policy, as they were in the three other instances above mentioned. Furthermore, it will readily be observed that the policy provides no method of ascertaining which of several such losses shall be paid and in what order they shall be paid, in the event that several such losses shall occur before the payment of any of them, and where each such loss is less than $3,000, but the aggregate of all such losses exceeds that amount. *300
In Anderson v. Aetna Life Insurance Co.,
A case somewhat analogous to the instant case is Crenshaw v. Insurance Co.,
But, it is strongly stressed by respondent that the clause of the policy to the effect that "any payment to the Assured for loss or damage under this policy shall constitute a payment in reduction of the total amount of insurance provided by this policy" speaks loudly to the effect that $3,000 is the ultimate liability of the insurer, even in the event of successive losses, and shows unmistakably that such was the intention of the parties to the insurance contract. However, under our view and construction of the policy, the policy does not provide for a "total amount of insurance" in the event of successive losses arising out of the taking of merchandise from within the premises, except to limit the liability for each such single
loss to $3,000. Furthermore, this paragraph of the policy may well be held to have reference to the other provisions of the policy, respecting the taking of money and securities, narcotics and alcoholic beverages, and merchandise from show windows, in which three instances alone is the total amount of insurance and the liability of the insurer limited by the language of the policy to specified amounts "during the policy period." To say the most for respondent's contention, the policy is ambiguous as to whether liability is limited to $3,000 for each single loss of the kind here in question or for all such losses occurring during the term of the policy. The established rule in this State is that, where the provisions of an insurance policy are capable of two meanings or is fairly susceptible of two different constructions, that meaning and construction most favorable to the assured must be applied, even though another meaning may have been intended by the insurer, for the insurer and not the assured is the author of the instrument. [Cunningham v. Casualty Co.,
V. Respondent claims that the order granting a new trial is sustainable because of the erroneous giving of certain of plaintiff's instructions. It is urged that the instructions are numerous and voluminous, and are commentaries on the evidence, misleading and confusing, assume the existence of controverted facts, and submit to the jury issues of law ratherInstructions. than issues of fact. Appellant's instructions are numerous and somewhat lengthy, yet we think they fairly and clearly submit the proper issues of fact to be decided by the jury. By reason of their number and length, no good purpose will be served by quoting them in this opinion. Their number, length and minuteness of detail do not constitute reversible *302
error. [Kidd v. Railway Co.,
As respecting the other grounds of criticism, suffice it to say that we have carefully examined plaintiff's given instructions and find that they are predicated upon the facts in evidence and required the jury to find the existence of those facts. Two of the instructions submitted to the jury the question whether the employee of McGee Sons, in receiving over the telephone the verbal notice of removal to the McGee Trafficway location and in stating that removal permits would be issued, was acting in the usual course of the business of McGee Sons, while on duty in their office and "within the apparent scope of said employee's duty, if you so find." It is claimed by respondent that the quoted language used submitted a question of law to the jury. We think the quoted phrase has a well defined and commonly understood meaning. If respondent believed that the meaning of the phrase was not clear and was likely to be misunderstood by the jury, it should have requested an instruction defining the phrase. [Berryman v. Southern Surety Co., 227 S.W. l.c. 101; Browning v. Railway Co., 124 Mo. l.c. 71, 72.]
VI. Do the pleadings and the evidence support the jury's verdict and finding of vexatious refusal to pay each of the losses in question? In actions against insurance companies, damages and attorney's fees are recoverable by virtueVexatious of Section 6337, Revised Statutes 1919, whichDelay. provides: "In any action against any insurance company to recover the amount of any loss under a policy of . . . burglary . . . insurance, if it appear from the evidence that such company has vexatiously refused to pay such loss, the court or jury may, in addition to the amount thereof and interest, allow the plaintiff damages not to exceed ten per cent on the amount of the loss and a reasonable attorney's fee; and the court shall enter judgment for the aggregate sum found in the verdict."
In discussing the subject of what constitutes a vexatious refusal to pay an insurance loss under the statute, we said in Non-Royalty Shoe Co. v. Assurance Co., 277 Mo. l.c. 422: "We are convinced that a vexatious refusal to pay an insurance loss is not to be deduced from the mere fact that upon suit the verdict is adverse to the defendant. [Patterson v. Insurance Co.,
Again, in Aufrichtig v. Insurance Co., 249 S.W. l.c. 917, we said: "It will not do to say that an insurance company, acting in good faith, may not contest either an issue of fact or an issue of law, without subjecting itself to the penalties of the statute."
In a recent decision, State ex rel. Continental Life Insurance Co. v. Allen,
Respecting respondent's refusal to pay the first loss, the letter, dated May 2, 1921, written by O.W. Julien, superintendent of respondent's claim department, advised appellant "that the company hereby denies liability of this claim, for the reason that they had no policy contract covering the premises where this burglary is alleged to have happened and at the time it happened." Julien testified that the letter was written in good faith. There is a conflict in the evidence touching the issue whether notice of removal was given to respondent's authorized representatives prior to the first loss and whether respondent's assent or permission was given thereto. While that issue was decided by the jury in favor of appellant, we cannot say that the evidence and surrounding circumstances show that respondent's refusal to pay the first loss was wilful and without reasonable cause or excuse, based upon the facts as they may have reasonably appeared to respondent before the trial. We, therefore, conclude that the evidence is not sufficient upon which to support an assessment of attorney's fees for vexatious refusal to pay the first loss, which is the basis of the first count of the petition.
However, the evidence respecting respondent's refusal to pay the second loss is quite different. The evidence is indisputable that respondent knew of the removal of appellant's merchandise to the McGee Trafficway location long prior to the second loss. It is likewise indisputable that respondent's agent, Taylor, visited the new premises only a day or two after the first burglary. Mr. Joseph McGee of McGee Sons testified that Taylor was instructed by him to inspect the new premises at or about the time respondent was notified of the first loss. It is admitted by respondent's witnesses that the policy of *304 insurance was never suspended or cancelled and that respondent has never refunded, or offered to refund, to appellant the unearned premium, although less than one-half of the policy period had then transpired. Appellant gave immediate notice of the second loss by letter to the home office of respondent and to McGee Sons, its local representatives. Respondent replied by letter from its home office to the effect that "we are referring this matter to our Kansas City office for investigation. Our representative will call upon you in the near future." No representative of respondent thereafter called upon appellant. When appellant personally took his claim to the office of McGee Sons and tendered it to Mr. Joseph McGee and Mr. Taylor, they handed back the claim with the explanation, "We don't want this. We are not on your risk. We have nothing to do with it." Such statement, according to the record, was the only ground or reason given by respondent to appellant, before the trial of this action, for its refusal to pay the second loss. We find that the evidence is amply sufficient to establish respondent's vexatious refusal to pay the second loss and to support the verdict of the jury in allowing and assessing an attorney's fee under the second count of the petition.
Respondent claims, however, that the petition does not state facts sufficient to support a recovery of either damages or attorney's fee on the ground of vexatious refusal to pay the loss. Both counts of the petition charge that "defendant vexatiously refused, and still vexatiously refuses, to pay plaintiff for said loss, in whole or in part." The prayer of the second count is for judgment "for the sum of $3030.87, the amount of said loss, with interest thereon at the rate of six per cent per annum from May 16, 1921, and also for ten per cent of the amount of said loss as damages; also for the sum of $1250 as attorney's fees, which said sum of $1250 plaintiff states is a reasonable attorney's fee for bringing and prosecuting this suit."
Respondent rests its contention upon Dolph v. Casualty Co.,
In Fay v. Insurance Co.,
The word "vexatiously," as used in the insurance statute, has been often defined by the decisions of this court, and has come to have an established meaning, viz., without reasonable, or probable, cause or excuse. The allegation of plaintiff's petition is in the exact language of the statute. We think the allegation clearly apprised respondent that it must defend the charge that its refusal to pay the loss was without reasonable, or probable, cause or excuse. Such allegation, in our opinion, is not the statement of a conclusion, but is an allegation of an ultimate fact.
In Stainer v. Land and Mining Co., 166 F. 220, 223 (C.C.A., 8th Cir.), an action for malicious prosecution, the court said in the majority opinion: "It seems to us that an allegation of want of probable cause is an allegation of an ultimate fact, a condensed expression which by practice and established usage is made to signify that defendant did not have a reasonable ground to believe that plaintiff was guilty. . . . Accordingly, we conclude that a complaint which by clear averment charges that defendant maliciously and without any probable cause whatever caused plaintiff to be prosecuted states a good cause of action."
Such has been the uniform holding of the appellate courts of this State. [Wilkerson v. McGhee,
Furthermore, there is nothing in the record to indicate that the petition was attacked by respondent until after verdict. It appears to be the rule that a general averment is sufficient without specifying particular acts, unless objected to by demurrer, motion, or otherwise before or during trial. [Geninazza v. Auction Storage Co., 252 S.W. 417; Machinery Co. v. Bottling Co.,
Respondent claims that the failure of the jury to assess ten per cent damages in addition to an attorney's fee is fatal, absent an affirmative finding that the refusal to pay was in fact vexatious. In Non-Royalty Shoe Co. v. Assurance Co.,
In the Aufrichtig case, supra, GRAVES, J., speaking for this division of this court, said: "The use of the word `may' leaves a discretion in the jury to award or not award the ten per cent damage and attorney's fees. It has been ruled that: (1) There should be at least a general verdict assessing both the penalty and the attorney's fees; or (2) `an affirmative finding that the refusal to pay was in fact vexatious.' [Shoe Co. v. Assurance Co., 277 Mo. l.c. 421.] This the case rules to be technicalerror, but error against the plaintiff." (Italics ours.)
In the instant case, the jury were specifically instructed to find that the refusal of respondent to pay the loss was vexatious before they could allow an attorney's fee. The court also furnished the jury with two forms of verdict, either of which was to be used in the event they found for plaintiff upon the main issue, one providing "if you find a verdict in favor of the plaintiff under the second count of his petition, and if youalso find that defendant's refusal to pay plaintiff's demand arising from the alleged second robbery was vexatious, then your verdict upon this count may be in the following form;" the other form of verdict was to be used if the jury "find that defendant's refusal to pay plaintiff's demand . . . was notvexatious." In returning a verdict allowing and assessing an attorney's fee, the *307 jury, under the instructions and forms of verdict given them for their guidance, must necessarily have found affirmatively that respondent's refusal to pay was vexatious.
In Hayden v. Insurance Co., 221 S.W. (Mo. App.) l.c. 442, it is said: "In the main case the court instructed the jury as to the right of recovery for vexatious delay and for attorney's fees. That issue was properly submitted by the court in connection with its instruction to find for plaintiffs for the amount of the policy, and while the jury allowed no damages for the vexatious delay, it awarded counsel fees in an amount entirely within the testimony offered in the case as to the value of the services to counsel. So that we see no error in the action of the jury in allowing that amount."
Similar verdicts have been upheld by our appellate courts. [Fay v. Insurance Co.,
Lastly, it is asserted by respondent that appellant's claim of loss for the second burglary and the amount sued for in the second count of his petition exceeds, by a substantial amount, the quantum of appellant's proof and the amount of the loss as determined by the jury's verdict. Hence, respondent claims that its refusal to pay the amount claimed and sued for by appellant was not vexatious within a strict construction of the penal statute, inasmuch as a less amount of loss was proved by appellant and found by the jury. Appellant testified that, some time after the second burglary, he recovered two of the stolen tires having a value of $95.20, and thereupon he voluntarily reduced his claim at the trial to that extent. The evidence clearly shows that respondent did not base its refusal to pay this loss upon the ground that appellant's claim was excessive or untrue, or that its liability for both losses is limited to $3,000, but gave as its sole reason for such refusal, "We are not on your risk. We have nothing to do with it." Having based its refusal upon a single, definite ground and having failed to inform appellant that the company deemed his demand inaccurate or excessive, we believe that respondent is in no position to relieve itself of the statutory penalty on the ground (revealed at the trial) that appellant had not theretofore given credit for the recovered tires, the value of which was insignificant in comparison with the total loss. Respondent complains of the admission, over its objections, of certain evidence offered by appellant. If error was committed in the admission of such evidence, we do not believe that it materially affected the merits of the action. [Sec. 1513, R.S. 1919; O'Neill v. Kansas City,
VII. Section 1514, Revised Statutes 1919, makes it our duty, in appeals or writs of error, to "examine the record and award a new *308
trial, reverse or affirm the judgment or decision of the circuit court, or give such judgment as such court ought to have given." Under this statute, this court may enter here such judgment as the circuit court ought to have given, or (which accomplishes the same result) we may remand the cause with directions as to the judgment to be given and entered by the circuit court. [Dickson v. Rouse,
It is therefore ordered that the order nisi granting a new trial be reversed and that the cause be remanded with directions to the circuit court to enter a judgment (as of the date of the original judgment, December 15, 1922) that plaintiff have and recover of and from defendant upon the first count of his petition the sum of $2131.06, with interest thereon amounting to $208.74, making a total and aggregate sum of $2339.80 upon said first count of the petition; and that plaintiff have and recover of and from said defendant upon the second count of his petition the sum of $2935.67, with interest thereon amounting to $280.68, and the further sum of $750, as attorney's fees, making a total and aggregate sum of $3966.35 upon said second count of the petition; thereby making the total and aggregate amount of said judgment upon both counts of the petition the sum of $6306.15, which last named sum plaintiff shall have and recover of defendant, with interest thereon at six per cent per annum from December 15, 1922 until paid, together with the costs in said circuit court. Lindsay, C., concurs.
Addendum
The foregoing opinion by SEDDON, C., is adopted as the opinion of Court en Banc. All concur, except Graves, J., who concurs in reversing the judgment and remanding the cause, but dissents as to the directions.