Action to recover damages for alleged' personal 'injuries. ’ The judgment below was for defendant and plaintiff appealed.
Plaintiff’s alleged injuries were caused by a collision between two automobiles at. a street intersection in the city of- St. Louis. One automobile was driven by plaintiff, the other by defendant. No contention is made that plaintiff did not make- a case for the jury. None of the questions raised involve a consideration of the evidence. In this situation, a review of the evidence is not necessary.
Plaintiff first' contends that there is no-substantial'evidence to support the verdict in favor of defеndant.
The argument made-, in support -of this contention is that plaintiff’s evidence, substantiated by photographs and physical facts, tends to show that defendant was guilty of -gross negligence, and that defendant’s evidеnce was so conflicting and opposed to the physical facts as not to amount to substantial evidence, and, therefore cannot be the basis for a verdict and judgment. From these premises it is аrgued that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence and is’, the result of passion and prejudice on the part of the jury. - ,
The f&qlt in plaintiff’s argument- is that in a case of this character,.-a verdict-for defendant need-not be supported by affirmative, substantial evidence tending to' show :that defendant was not guilty of negligence, because the burden .was not on defendant to acquit himself of the charge of negligencе: The burden was on plaintiff to show, prima facie," that defendant was guilty of the negligence charged. ■ The. absence of such -a showing by-plaintiff would authorize a verdict -for defendant. Moreover, if, as plaintiff contends, his evidence tended to-show that'defendant was guilty of the negligence .charged, the credibility of such evidence and the weight and value
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which should be given to it was a question for the jury. Since the verdict was in favor of defendant, and received the approval of the trial court, we cannot set it aside as being against the weight of the evidence, because an appellate court is nоt authorized to pass upon the weight of the evidence. [Biondi v. Central Coal & Coke. Co.,
It is next contended that the court' erred in permitting defendant to testify to conversations which he had with a third person at the scene of the collision.
One Miner, testifying for plaintiff, said when he réached the intersection where the collision occurred, he tried to get defendant’s name but defendant would not give it to him; .that he then took the key-out of defendаnt’s car. On cross-examination he testified that he took the keys out of defendant’s car because he thought he might get away.
The evidence of defendant about which complaint is made is as follows:
“Q. State what conversation you had with Miner. A. Well, when I asked for the key, Mr. Miner says, ‘I got it.’
“Q. Go ahead. A. I says to him, ‘What business have you got with my keys?’ He says, ‘Well, I took the key out of your ear so you wouldn’t run away, ’ and I told him if I wanted to gеt away I could have been gone long ago. ”
Plaintiff argues that after defendant’s counsel had completed his cross-examination about the ear keys, which was a purely collateral issue, he had no authority to presént further evidence by way of impeachment. . .
There is no merit in this contention for two reasons. In the first place defendant’s testimony as to the conversation between him and plaintiff’s witness, Miner, relative to the car keys was not impeaching evidence. It tended to corroborate rather -than impeach plaintiff’s witness. In the second place, since plaintiff first introduced the subject, he is not in a position to complain because defendant testified on the same subject. Besides, this evidence, if prejudicial, would tend to harm the defendant rather than the plaintiff, by causing some juror tо believe that defendant was attempting to leave the scene of the accident in violation of Section 7783, Revised Statutes 1929.
*1104 It is next contended that the court erred in giving defendant’s Instruction No. 6.
The first complaint against this instruction is that it assumes that plaintiff, by the exercise of the highest degree, of care for his own safety, could have avoided the collision by stopping, slackening the speed of, 'turning or swerving his automobile. The instruction reads as follows:
“The Court instructs the jury that the law requires -that the plaintiff should exercise the highest degree of care while operating an automobile on the publie streets of- the- City 'of St. Louis, that is, such care as a careful and -prudent person would exercise under the same or similar circumstances; therefore, if you find -and believe from all the evidence in this case that the plaintiff failed to exercise the highest degree of care for his own safety,- if you do so find, while operating an automobile upon á public street, in that plaintiff negligently and carelessly failed to stop, slacken the speed of, turn or swerve said automobile so as to avoid colliding -with defendant’s automobile, although plaintiff, by the exercise of the highest degree of care for his own safety, could havе done so; and if you further find that such failure to exercise the highest degree of care for his own safety, if you do so find, contributed to cause his injuries, if any he may have received on the occasion mentioned in the evidence, then you should find that he is guilty of contributory negligence, he cannot recover herein, and your verdict must be for the defendant. ’ ’
It is claimed that the italicized portion of the instruction assumes that plaintiff, by • the exercise of the highest degree of care, could have avoided the collision.
While the instruction could and should have been written so as to obviate the criticism leveled against it, yet, it does not assume that plaintiff by the exercise of the highest degree of care could have avoided the collision, but on the contrary requires the jury to so find. Boiled down for the purpose оf easier analysis, the instruction requires the jury to find that plaintiff failed to avoid the collision, although he could have done so by the exercise of the highest degree of care for his own safety. '
It will be notеd that the part of the instruction' criticized starts out with these words, “therefore if you find and believe from all the evidence in this case.” Find what? Necessarily the two things hypothesized in the instruction immediately following the wоrds above quoted, (1) that plaintiff negligently failed to stop, slacken the speed of, turn or swerve said automobile, so as to avoid the collision, and (2) although by the exercise of the highest degree of care for his own safety he could have done so. The instruction, fairly interpreted, requires the jury to find that plaintiff, by exercising the
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highest degree of care for his own safety, could have avoided the collisiоn. Similar instructions have been held not to assume, facts [Keith v. Tober,
The next complaint .against this. instruction is that there ■ was no proof upon which to base the failure to stop, nor was there a causal connection shown between the injury and failure to stop.
Hamilton Boulevard runs north and south, and Ridge Avenue east and west. Plaintiff was traveling north on Hamilton Boulevard, and defendant was traveling west on Ridge Avenue. Defеndant testified that as he approached Hamilton Boulevard he made, a complete stop before entering the intersection; that he then saw plaintiff approaching on Hamilton Boulevard one hundred feet from the intersection; that he then started up at a speed of ten miles per hour for the purpose of crossing the intersection. Plaintiff testified that he was driving at a speed of twеnty-five miles per hour and could have stopped his car within ten or twelve feet. This evidence authorized the submission of the question of plaintiff’s failure to avoid the collision by stopping his car.
The final contention is that defendant’s Instruction No. 7 erroneously placed the burden upon plaintiff to prove all of the assignments of negligence submitted to the jury before he could recover. The instruction reads as follows:
“The charge laid by plaintiff against defendant is one of negligence. Negligence is a positive wrong, and therefore in this case is not presumed, and it does not devolve upon the defendant tо disprove the charge, for the law casts the burden of proving negligence upon the plaintiff. Therefore, before plaintiff can recover under such charge of negligence, the charge must bе sustained by the preponderance, that is, the greater weight of the credible evidence to the reasonable satisfaction of the jury.”
Plaintiff cites four cases in support of this contention. The first thrеe cases cited do not deal with the question at all. The fourth, Linders v. People’s Motor Bus Company,
“The instruction simply informs the jury that the action is a negligence ease and that in such eases the burden is on plaintiff who makes the charge of negligence'to prove it by ‘the greater weight of the credible evidence."’ The charges of negligence alleged in the *1106 petition, are ini no» way mentioned- arid the jury could not have understood'that plаintiff ;tvas'thereby required'to prove all'the charges before1 he could recover.-” ■''■■■ •' - ■■ •
The instruction considered in the Linders case is almost an exact counterpart of the instruction in the instant case. On-the-authority of the Linders ease, we decide this contention against plaintiff.
The judgment below should be-affirmed. -It is so- ordered.