Bliss v. Waterbury
145 N.W. 435
S.D.
1914
Check Treatment
McCOY, J.

Action to recover possession of real property in the. nature of ejectment. Verdict and judgment for .plaintiff, and defendant appeals. It appears from the records that one E. S. Waterbury was the former owner of said land, through whom both parties to this action claim title. .Plaintiff claims title through a sheriff’s deed issued to one Ramsey in 1900 under an execution sale and judgment against E. S. Waterbury, and a warranty deed from Ramsey to plaintiff dated November 1, 1904. Defendant claims title under an alleged unrecorded deed for a portion of said land, and a contract for deed for ,the remainder, dated about April 5, 1887, from E. S. Waterbury to defendant, which last mentioned deed is claimed ¡to have been lost. Defendant has been in actual possession and residing on said land since about 1887. Plaintiff pleaded an estoppel against defendant’s alleged title based on the alleged fact that, prior to the purchase of said land by plaintiff from Ramsey, he was put upon notice that defendant was in possession of said land, and went to defendant and made inquiry of him as to his claim thereto., and that plaintiff, relying upon 'defendant’s statement, and upon statements made by defendant to others, that he made no claim -to title, or of any interest in said land, purchased the same from Ramsey. The only assignments of error relate to rulings on the rejection or reception of evidence and to instructions to- .the jury.

[1] Defendant called-as a witness Frances Mount, nee-Waterbury, who., in substance, testified that, being at her father’s place in the spring of 1887, she signed an instrument with her father’s and mother’s name attached, ¡that, she did not read the *218paper, and could not tell the contents thereof. She was then asked the following question: “Was there anything said to you 'by your father or brother -ati that time as to what the character of the instrument was they wished you to¡ sign?” Objected to¡ as incompetent, irrelevant, calls for a self-serving declaration and a conclusion of the witness. Objection sustained, and defendant excepted. Appellant contends that defendant was prevented, by this ruling of the court, from showing just what was said at the time of the execution- of said lost instrument. This question related to the time when this subscribing witness signed the same, and not to the time of the execution thereof. The testimony is that the signatures of her father and mother were attached thereto when she signed as a subscribing witness. She makes no claim of having seen ■the execution of this instrument. There is nothing to- show that she signed as a subscribing witness immediately upon the execution by the grantors. For all that appears from the record it may have been days,, weeks, or months after -the execution of the instrument by the grantors that the same was presented to- this subscribing witness to- sign. The validity, or leg-al force or effect, of this lost instrument in no -manner depended upon the signature of the subscribing witness. From appellant’s brief it appears that the purpose and object of the said question -was -to bring out and show the conversation that took place at -the time of the execution of this deed. From this it does not appear that the question was put for the purpose of identifying the instrument subscribed by this witness. Prior to the propounding -of this question the grantee, W. E. Waterbury, and the grantor, E-. S. Waterbury, had both testified to -the -making and execution of said deed, and had specifically and minutely testified as to- the contents thereof.

[2] It is clearly and fairly inferable from, the testimony of defendant and E. S. Waterbury that this deed was delivered to defendant prior to ¡being signed by this ¡subscribing witness. After the execution and delivery of this instrument all prior negotiations and contemporaneous conversations became merged in the instrument, and thereafter became incompetent testimony. Also, after the execution and delivery of said deed any statements of the parties thereto, as to the character or contents thereof, favorable to- themselves, became self-serving and hearsajq and no p-art -of the res gestae. *219We hold that the objection was properly sustained, Civil Code, § 1239; Jones, Ev. §§ 437, 438, 235, 236, 237, 251, 252.

[3] Appellant 'also contends that it was error to permit Ramsey and one Seaman-, -witnesses- for plaintiff, to testify in relation to conversations with defendant, -which -took place prior to the purchase -of said land by -plaintiff, and during which- -conversations defendant stated that he 'had -no interest in s-aid land-, -but only clai ned an interest in -some fixtures thereon. We are of the opinion that this was -proper -evidence and an -admission against inteies*- derogatory to defendant’s alleged title. The general rule seems to be that the admissions or disserving declarations of a party to the. reco"‘-.t are receivable in evidence against him whenever, wherever, however, and to whomsoever made. 2 Am. & Eng. Ency. Pl. & Pr. p. 17; 1 Ency. of Ev. pp. 383, 508; Brown v. Mathews, 79 Ga. 1, 4 S. E. 13; Secor v. Pestaña, 37 Ill. 525; Jones, Ev. §§ 235, 236, 237, 251, 252; Wigmore Ev. §§ 1057, 1457-1469.

[4] Appellant further -contends that it was error to permit said witnesses R'ams-ey and Seaman to -testify to conversations with plaintiff -wherein they informed him, of the statements made to them by defendant, and which conversations -with plaintiff took place prior to the said -purchase by him. W-e are of the view that the admission in evidence of these conversations with plaintiff constituted error. The evident purpose in offering these -conversations with plaintiff was as- a basis for the estoppel pleaded by plaintiff. While the said statements -of defendant in derogation of his title, made to Ramsey and Seaman, were proper evidence against defendant in relation- to -his -claim of -title under the. alleged unrecorded deed, still these statements against interest under the circumstances of this case would- constitute no basis for the -estoppel pleaded by -plaintiff, and consequently were immaterial and- hearsay on the estoppel issue, and it was immaterial -whether or -not plaintiff had knowledge of such statements against interest at the time he purchased -as he could not legally rely for the -purpose of estoppel, upon the said- s-tatemen-t-s against interest made to ■third persons. Th-e prevailing rule, as ‘applicable to circumstances similar to those in this case, seems -to be that such admissions, when made to a third party, will not constitute the basis of anestoppel on behalf of one not connected with the making of such admissions, and to whom they were not made, but who merely *220heard of them; it not appearing that they were made for the purpose of being acted upon, or with -any design or intention that they should be acted upon by the person claiming such estoppel. Kinney v. Whiton, 44 Conn. 262, 26 Am. Rep. 462; Brickley v. Edwards, 131 Ind. 3, 30 N. E. 708; Mayenborg v. Haynes, 50 N. Y. 675; Harvey v. West, 87 Ga. 553, 13 S. E. 693; Moore v. Boyd, 74 Cal. 167, 15 Pac. 670; Bigelow on Estoppel, p. 630; 11 Am. & Eng. Ency. p. 439; Wigmore, Ev. § 1057; Simonson v. Aney, 26 S. D. 121, 128 N. W. 319. There is nothing in this case connecting plaintiff with the making of said statements against interest. Neither is there anything in this case tending to show that defendant at the time he is claimed by these witnesses to have made such statements, had any knowledge, 'design, or intent that they would or should be acted -upon by plaintiff. We are -not unmindful of the rule that, where an admission or declaration against interest, -made to third parties, is iso general in its terms, or made under such circumstances as to indicate that it was intended to reach or influence third persons, or the general public, or community at large, it may serve as -a basis for estoppel so far as to protect every one who may be presumed to have acted upon it or been governed by it. Brickley v. Edwards, supra. But we are inclined to the view that the case at bar clearly does not fall within the last-mentioned rule. If there was in this- case anything to> show that at the time defendant is claimed to have made said statement against interest to Ramsey or Seaman, he knew, or had notice in some manner, that plaintiff was a prospective purchaser of said land, and that such statements to said third parties were to be, or were likely to be, relied upon by plaintiff in making such purchase, or if 'defendant made such statements under such -circumstances as would charge him with an intent and knowledge that plaintiff might or would rely and act thereon, then an estoppel might exist based wholly or in part on such declarations made to third parties and communicated by them -to plaintiff, as under such circumstances plaintiff would be connected with the making of such declarations; but where it reasonably appears that, at the time, the declarations against interest were made, they were intended only for the person to- whom addressed, the party making them assumed no obligation to any other person. Kinney v. Whiton, supra.

[5] The admission)' in evidence- of -these conversations with , *221plaintiff, .whereby 'he was informed as to the statements made to third parties, although error, might not have constituted prejudicial error under proper instructions; but in this case the court, in substance, instructed the jury that, if the evidence shows by a fair preponderance that such statements were made by this defendant to parties who communicated -them to Mr. Bliss, or made to Bliss, before he purchased the land, and the defendant either knew or had reasonable grounds for believing that Bliss was a .prospective purchaser, then, no matter how good the title of defendant is under this unrecorded deed, he cannot assert it here in court — he is estopped from asserting it here. This instruction was excepted to and is now assigned as error. If this instruction had been confined solely to the statements made by defendant .to plaintiff, it would have been proper; but it authorized a verdict for plaintiff solely on the statements made to Ramsey and Seaman. Now, there being no evidence that plaintiff was in any manner connected with such statements to Ramsey -and Seaman, or that defendant might have -had plaintiff in mind at the time lie made the same, if in fact 'he did so make them, and there being no evidence that defendant addressed such declarations to any persons other than Ramsey or Seaman, and there being no evidence to charge defendant with notice, at the time such declarations were made, that plaintiff might, or would be likely to rely thereon, such instruction was erroneous, in so far as it related to- said statements and declarations claimed to have been made to Ramsey and Seaman; that portion of such instruction not -being based- u-pon evidence sufficient to warrant the same, and which error wa-s prejudicial to defendant.

Other assignments of error are urged in relation to the instructions, which have been examined -and considered; but -we are of the opinion that no error exists therein, other than as to portions thereof -which relate to the said declarations of defendant not made to plaintiff

The judgment and -order appealed from- -are reversed, and the -cause remanded for new trial.