742 P.2d 680 | Or. Ct. App. | 1987
Gordon W. BLANKENSHIP, Respondent,
v.
UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY, a Corporation, Appellant.
Court of Appeals of Oregon.
*681 Austin W. Crowe, Jr., Portland, for appellant. On briefs, were Thomas W. Brown and Cosgrave, Kester, Crowe, Gidley & Lagesen, Portland.
Thomas M. Christ, Portland, for respondent. With him on brief, was Thomas Schneiger, Portland.
Before RICHARDSON, P.J., and NEWMAN and DEITS, JJ.
RICHARDSON, Presiding Judge.
Defendant appeals from the judgment for plaintiff in this FELA case, which is a companion to Rea v. Union Pacific Railroad Co., 87 Or. App. 405, 742 P.2d 678 (1987), and which involves essentially the same facts and claims. The principal difference between the two cases is that, here, defendant admitted in the trial court that it was negligent, that plaintiff had suffered a hearing loss and tinnitus and that its negligence was the sole cause of plaintiff's injuries. Hence, the only issues defendant did not concede are the nature and extent of plaintiff's injuries and the amount of damages.
As it does in Rea v. Union Pacific, supra, defendant assigns error to the playing to the jury of a videotape recording of retarder noise of the kind which caused plaintiff's hearing loss and tinnitus. Defendant also assigns as error, inter alia, the trial court's admission of the testimony of plaintiff and another witness about specific episodes of retarder noise to which plaintiff was exposed and admission of testimony relating to defendant's ear protection policies and measures. We held in Rea that the recording was admissible, because it was relevant to what caused the plaintiff's hearing loss and to whether and how he became afflicted with tinnitus. The recording and the other evidence relating to liability and causation were not admissible on that basis in this case, because those issues were not before the factfinder. Defendant is correct in arguing that that evidence was not relevant to any question of fact in the case and that its admission was error.
However, we conclude that the erroneously admitted evidence was not prejudicial and does not require reversal in this case.[1] Although defendant argues repeatedly and at some length that the evidence had the purpose and effect of blackening defendant in the jury's eyes, we think that the evidence did little if anything more than illustrate what defendant had admitted. Moreover, any prejudicial effect which the evidence might otherwise have had was dissipated by the court's careful definition of the issues which the jury was to consider. After informing the jury of what defendant had admitted, the court instructed:
"[T]he issues before you are relatively simple. First, your determination as to what is the extent and nature of the Plaintiff's hearing loss and extent and nature of [his] tinnitus. After you make that determination, you will then decide *682 what sum of money is a reasonable award to the Plaintiff for his damages."[2]
The admission of the evidence which these three assignments challenge was harmless error.
Defendant also assigns error to the court's refusal to give two requested instructions, the thrust of which was that plaintiff's damages for future pain and suffering should be reduced to present value. How such damages should be calculated in FELA cases is a question of federal law. Geris v. Burlington Northern, Inc., 277 Or. 381, 561 P.2d 174 (1977). Defendant acknowledges that the majority view among the United States Circuit Courts of Appeals is contrary to its view and is that damages for future pain and suffering should not be computed on a present value basis. See O'Byrne v. St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Co., 632 F.2d 1285 (5th Cir.1980); Flanigan v. Burlington Northern Inc., 632 F.2d 880 (8th Cir.1980), cert. den. 450 U.S. 921, 101 S. Ct. 1370, 67 L. Ed. 2d 349 (1981); Taylor v. Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad Co., 438 F.2d 351 (10th Cir.1971). However, defendant urges us to adopt the minority view expressed in DeChico v. Metro-North Commuter R.R., 758 F.2d 856 (2d Cir.1985), as better reasoned and, also, as more consonant with the general policy pertaining to the reduction to present value of other kinds of prospective damages.
There is no controlling United States or Oregon Supreme Court decision on the question. That being so, it is clearly within the authority of this court to adopt either position on the federal question, and we are not bound by what the majority of federal (or state) courts have held. It is also clear that, in deciding what the federal law is, the fact that a decided preponderance of federal courts have taken one view rather than the other is a relevant consideration in itself, along with but independently of the persuasiveness of the reasoning which supports the two views. See Geris v. Burlington Northern, Inc., supra. Moreover, the rationale for each view on this question are at least comparably persuasive, and perhaps equally so. The majority view is based on the fact that the degree and timing of a plaintiff's future pain and suffering are so variable, unpredictable and unquantifiable that they are far less susceptible to a present value adjustment, either mechanically or as a realistic measure of compensation, than are damages for prospective pecuniary losses.[3] The rationale for the minority view is that all damages for prospective losses, regardless of their nature, should be equally subject to a "use of the money" adjustment, so that current awards will provide no more than actual compensation as of the time the injury is suffered. We accept the rule which the majority of the federal circuits have adopted, and we therefore hold that the trial court did not err by refusing to give the requested instructions.
Defendant's other assignments do not require discussion.
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1] As we noted in Rea v. Union Pacific Railroad Co., supra, 87 Or. App. at 407, n. 1, 742 P.2d at 679, n. 1 the parties advise us that there are a large number of related cases pending in the circuit court. Whether similar errors would be harmless in other cases is, of course, a question which would depend on the context in which they occur.
[2] The court later instructed:
"[I]n considering damages in this case, you must first determine each of the items of Plaintiff's damages, * * * provided you find that they have been suffered by him as a result of the Defendant's negligence * * *." (Emphasis supplied.)
Neither party attributes error to the emphasized language.
[3] The court explained in Chicago & N.W. Ry. Co. v. Candler, 283 F.2d 881, 884 (8th Cir.1922), that, unlike future pecuniary losses, "[i]n the matter of pain, suffering, or inconvenience, no books are kept, no inventories made, no balances struck."