Before us are cross-petitions to enforce and to set aside a remedial order of the National Labor Relations Board directed, unusually, against a consultant to an employer rather than against the employer itself. The consultant is Rayford Blankenship, whose headquarters, is in Indiana. He assisted Gress Poultry, Inc., a poultry processor in Pennsylvania (these geographical details are pertinent), in a successful effort to defeat a union campaign to organize Gress’s workers. The Board’s General Counsel instituted an unfair labor proceeding against.both Gress and Blankenship (and Blankenship’s company, but we shall ignore that detail for the moment). Gress settled. The proceeding continued against Blankenship and resulted in a decision in which the Board found that Blankenship had committed unfair labor practices as Gress’s agent and ordered him to cease and desist''from-such conduct in the future on behalf of any employer.
The conduct in which the Board found that Blankenship had engaged on behalf of Gress was gross. At one meeting with workers Blankenship mentioned an employer who, he said, had closed its plant when its employees voted in the union — in fact had put a large padlock on the plant the day after the representation election. Blankenship then brandished a large padlock and said it would be put on the doors to Gress’s plant if the union won the election. He repeatedly told other workers that Gress had hired him not to keep the union out but to close the plant legally. He told one union organizer that the organizer was fat because he made, good money working for the union and told another that he had a nice leather jacket because he made lots of money working for the union — and then added that although Blankenship might be an old man “if you take that coat off I’ll kick the shit out of you.” On the day of the election he asked union organizers in the presence of employees what they would do about getting work for the employees when the plant closed. Also on that climactic day of the organizing campaign he took ’ photographs of employees and union organizers, removed a sign that said “Vote Yes” from the windshield of a union organizer’s car and tore it up in the presence of employees, displayed in their presence a picture of a lock and key, and told union organizers, again in the presence of employees, that Gress had given him a padlock the shaft of which was the size of his thumb to put on the door of the plant when he closed it. He *250 denied doing these things, but the administrative law judge disbelieved his testimony.
Blankenship does not deny that the conduct that we have summarized violated the National Labor Relations Act, but he argues on a variety of grounds that the Board should not have issued a broad, or for that matter any, cease and desist order against him. He denies to begin with that the conduct brought him under the Board’s jurisdiction. Yet he admits that Gress was within that jurisdiction because it engaged in interstate commerce in the, amount that the Board requires before it will assert jurisdiction. The Act defines the term “employer” to include “any person acting as an agent of an employer.” 29 U.S.C. § 152(2). See, e.g.,
National Lime & Stone Co.,
Basing the Board’s jurisdiction on the employer’s involvement in interstate commerce not only is the natural inference from the statutory definition of “employer” but also is readily justified on practical grounds. Both the effect on interstate commerce, and the amount of interstate commerce affected, are the same whether an employer commits unfair labor practices directly or an agent commits the same unfair labor practices on the employer’s behalf. To confine attention to the agent’s direct involvement in interstate commerce could have the consequence of excluding most unfair labor practices from the Board’s jurisdiction, because most are committed by individual employees who are not engaged in interstate commerce other than as their employer’s agent. So Blankenship was within the Board’s jurisdiction under the first approach but it was also within that jurisdiction under the second approach, which looks at the agent’s involvement in commerce. Blankenship, headquartered in Indiana, rendered services to Gress in Pennsylvania; and no more was required to put Blankenship’s own activities within interstate commerce.
NLRB v. Reliance Fuel Oil Corp.,
The other issue concerns Blankenship’s prior bad acts. The administrative law judge mentioned that Blankenship had been named in seven previous decisions of the Board as the author of unfair labor practices on Gress’s behalf, though in none of those
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cases had he been named as a respondent himself, as he was in this case. Blankenship complains that the use of his prior , bad acts to establish a propensity to violate the National Labor Relations Act violates Rule 404(b) of the Federal Rules of Evidence. The Act directs the Board to obey those rules where practicable, 29 U.S.C. § 160(b);
NLRB v. Augusta Bakery Corp.,
The Board’s use of the prior decisions was not forbidden by Rule 404(b). It was analogous to the use of a convicted defendant’s criminal record by a sentencing judge to justify a heavier sentence. But Blankenship contends that the use of the prior decisions denied him due process of law because, unlike the situation in which a criminal defendant’s record is used to jack up his sentence, he was not a party to any of those cases. The employer party in those cases might have tried to blame him for the unfair labor practices of which it was accused (what is called in criminal cases “trying the empty chair”), and he would have had no opportunity to defend himself. The Board’s lawyer responds that the Board is entitled to take judicial notice (or as it is sometimes called when an administrative agency rather than a court is involved, “official notice”) of its previous decisions. The response misses the point. The Board took judicial notice not of the opinions themselves but of the
facts
found in those opinions bearing on Blankenship’s guilt, and it was entitled to do that only if the facts were “not subject to reasonable dispute.” Fed.R.Evid. 201(b). The aur thorities that the Board’s lawyer cites,
NLRB v. Selvin,
Although the use of the previous decisions in this case was questionable, we are not disposed to deny enforcement. Blankenship did not present any reason to the Board, and he presents none to us either, for believing that, in fact, the earlier decisions contained erroneous findings concerning his involvement in the unfair labor practices found in those cases; and with Gress having terminated its relationship with Blankenship, an order limited to forbidding him to commit unfair labor practices on behalf of Gress would be a nullity. Given the egregious character of Blankenship’s violations in this case and the fact that his relationship with the employer on whose behalf he committed the violations has ceased, it is unlikely that the Board would have entered a narrower order than it did even if it had disregarded the previous decisions in which he had been found to’ have committed similar violations. For any narrower order would have been no order, leaving Blankenship completely free to engage in unlawful conduct on behalf of other employers.
Blankenship’s last argument is that it is unprecedented for the Board to enter a broad order against a consultant who has not been named as a respondent, and found liable, in at least one previous case. Well, it is “unprecedented” in the sense that the Board has never done it before. But there is always a first time. It is true that an administrative agency has less freedom to depart from precedent than a court has; it must explain why it is departing — it cannot just ignore a pesky precedent, as courts sometimes do.
Continental Web Press, Inc. v. NLRB, 742
F.2d 1087, 1093-94 (7th Cir. 1984);
Sonicraft, Inc. v. NLRB,
905 F.2d
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146, 148-49 (7th Cir.1990);
Wilkins v. Sullivan,
The Board’s failure to discuss the jurisdictional issue, and its casual attitude toward questionable evidence, illustrate once again that the Board is not a model for the administrative process to emulate. This case was so one-sided, however, that there can be no reasonable doubt about what the outcome would have been had the Board dotted all its i’s and crossed all its t’s.
The petition for review is denied, and the cross-petition to enforce the Board’s order is granted.