This case presents the issue whether a worker’s compensation carrier has duties to an injured claimant to conform the claimant’s treatment to the recommendations of a physician to whom the carrier refers the claimant and to explain such physician’s diagnosis and recommended treatment to the claimant. We hold that, as a matter of law, a worker’s compensation carrier owes no such duties to a claimant. We also hold that plaintiff failed to state a claim that defendant voluntarily undertook such duties here. Therefore, we affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals, which reversed the trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion for summary disposition.
i
Plaintiff, 1 a press operator, injured her hand and arm at work on August 21, 1989, when she slipped and struck her hand and arm on a table. She received treatment at the Garden City Hospital emergency room on August 22, 1989. Defendant Citizens Insurance Company of America, the worker’s compensation earner of plaintiff’s employer, sent her to the *665 Detroit Industrial Clinic, where she was examined on August 23, 1989. The Detroit Industrial Clinic referred her to Dr. Moossavi, who examined her on August 24, 1989. The clinic and Dr. Moossavi apparently prescribed minimal medical treatment for her injuries. Because plaintiff’s symptoms continued, Citizens sent her to Dr. Sahn for an independent medical examination, which occurred on January 10, 1990. In his January 22, 1990, report, Dr. Sahn’s diagnosis included rsd — reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 2 and advised a particular course of treatment. To be noted is that neither the clinic nor Dr. Moossavi had diagnosed plaintiff to be suffering with rsd. Plaintiff acknowledges that Citizens provided her with a copy of Dr. Sahn’s report and directed her to forward a copy to her physician. However, plaintiff’s insurance expert averred that her physician was not a specialist who would be cognizant of rsd. This is important because plaintiff claims that rsd is only effectively treatable in the early stages and that she did not receive the course of treatment recommended by Dr. Sahn. In June 1990, Citizens referred plaintiff to Dr. Sperl for examination and evaluation. Plaintiff contends that negligence by Citizens resulted in her not being properly treated for rsd until it was too late for effective treatment.
*666 On November 25, 1991, plaintiff filed a four-count complaint: I — medical malpractice by the clinic, n— medical malpractice by Dr. Moossavi, m — ordinary negligence of Citizens, and iv — ordinary negligence of the clinic and Dr. Moossavi. Pursuant to the parties’ stipulation that the clinic and Dr. Moossavi were not agents of Citizens, the circuit court entered a dismissal against them. Thus, the only remaining claims were those of direct negligence by Citizens. Specifically, in ¶ 44 of her complaint, plaintiff alleged that Citizens breached asserted duties by the following omissions:
F. By failing to follow and conform medical treatment to the recommended course of treatment of Dr. Leonard Sahn, a neurologist employed by Citizens to evaluate, diagnose and recommend treatment for injured insured’s employees, and particularly for plaintiff Blackwell.
G. By failing to implement a medical review program to notify the examined claimant of the diagnosis, suggested] treatment [regimen], need for prompt treatment and dangers of failure to receive prompt treatment, under the particular circumstances as set forth when Citizens had provided appropriate medical care and attention to plaintiff Blackwell, through Dr. Sahn, who was found by this defendant’s agent to be suffering from early reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
Citizens moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10). 3 The circuit court denied this motion, relying on the affidavit of plaintiff’s insurance expert who averred that Citizen’s handling of the claim violated Michigan’s Uniform Trade *667 Practices Act, MCL 500.2001 et seq.; MSA 24.12001 et seq. The Court of Appeals denied leave to appeal, but this Court remanded the matter to the Court of Appeals as on leave granted. On remand, the Court of Appeals reversed the denial of summary disposition, concluding that Citizens did not owe plaintiff the duties alleged and did not voluntarily undertake these duties. Unpublished opinion per curiam, issued June 4, 1996 (Docket No. 169023). Judge Shelton dissented, finding that, while the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act did not impose the asserted duties on Citizens, Citizens may have undertaken a duty to provide medical care for plaintiff by assuming an “active participation in the course of plaintiff’s treatment, rather than merely assuming the role of paying the expenses of that treatment.”
n
Appellate review of a trial court ruling on a motion for summary disposition is de novo.
Spiek v Dep’t of Transportation,
MCE 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the claim on the pleadings alone to determine whether the plaintiff has stated a claim on which relief may be granted. The motion must be granted if no factual development could justify the plaintiffs claim for relief. MCE 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual support of a plaintiff’s claim. The court considers the affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and other documentary evidence submitted or filed in the action to determine whether a genuine issue of any material fact exists to warrant a trial. [Id. at 337.]
Duty is the threshold element of a negligence action. It is well established that “where there is no legal duty there can be no actionable negligence.”
*668
Elbert v Saginaw,
Plaintiff asserts that the contract between Citizens and plaintiffs employer, which is governed by and must comply with the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act, imposed the asserted duties on Citizens. 4 This is incorrect.
Determination whether the WDCA imposes the asserted duties on Citizens will also resolve whether the contract between Citizens and plaintiff’s employer *669 imposed such duties because there is no indication here that the contract imposed duties on Citizens beyond those articulated in the WDCA.
MCL 418.315(1); MSA 17.237(315)(1) provides in pertinent part:
The employer shall furnish, or cause to be furnished, to an employee who receives a personal injury arising out of and in the course of employment, reasonable medical, surgical, and hospital services . . . when they are needed.
Plaintiff contends that to “furnish” medical services necessarily encompasses a requirement that a worker’s compensation carrier conform a claimant’s treatment to that prescribed and explain a physician’s diagnosis to the claimant. Yet this is not what the statute, or the contract that mirrors it, says.
It is asserted that the duty to “furnish” medical services arguably is broad enough to give a carrier the control plaintiff asserts here were this language the only reference to this issue. However, the wdca sets up a comprehensive system for the treatment of injured workers that contemplates a claimant’s active role in obtaining medical treatment, including normally choosing the provider of any necessary services. Subsection 315(1) provides, “After 10 days from the inception of medical care as provided in this section, the employee may treat with a physician of his or her own choice by giving to the employer the name of the physician and his or her intention to treat with the physician.”
The claimant’s right to choose the provider is subject only to the employer’s and carrier’s option to petition the worker’s compensation bureau for resolution of a dispute if either is dissatisfied with the *670 claimant’s choice. Id. Implicit in a carrier’s duty under the wdca to pay for reasonable medical treatment and its right to object to a claimant’s choice of provider is its ability to refer the claimant to a particular provider or recommend that a claimant get a second opinion. That the wdca permits a carrier to undertake such actions does not impose any duty on it to do so.
Case law development acknowledges this active role for claimants, with carriers generally becoming active only when dissatisfied with a claimant’s choices. See
Dolenga v Aetna Casualty & Surety Co,
In light of the active role for a claimant envisioned by the wdca, a carrier lacks sufficient control over a claimant’s treatment to “conform” treatment to a particular recommendation. 5
Moreover, this case implicates the sensitive question who makes decisions regarding treatment. To put carriers in this role would place them in a dictatorial position over claimants. Surely, it is repugnant to the existing policy of this state to strip from the injured person the ability to determine which of differing courses of medical treatment to follow and to pass *671 such authority to a claims representative of a worker’s compensation carrier. However, a claimant’s freedom to make treatment choices, like any freedom, is subject to mishandling and poor judgment and may result in unfortunate injuries as occurred here. Yet the remedy plaintiff proposes, which would strip away an injured claimant’s ability to select among treatment options and give authority over treatment to the bureaucracy of an insurance company, has never been part of the wdca, has never been endorsed in our case law explicating that act, and is not found in the contract at issue. (Indeed, if the contract contained any such provision, it would raise formidable questions about whether it is contrary to the public policy expressed in the WDCA.) Clearly, the current law does not give carriers such authority.
If the law is to be changed in this fashion, it should be done by the Legislature, where, after full consideration and debate concerning the advisability and effect of such a change, the decision on such an important matter could best be made. See
O’Donnell v State Farm Mut Automobile Ins Co,
For these reasons, nothing in the WDCA or contract at issue supports the duties plaintiff asserts here.
m
Plaintiff next asserts that the Uniform Trade Practices Act (UTPA), MCL 500.2001 et seq.-, MSA 24.12001 et seq., imposes the asserted duties on a worker’s compensation carrier. We disagree.
*672 The utpa regulates trade practices of the insurance industry. It prohibits specified trade practices and practices “determined ... to be an unfair method of competition or an unfair or deceptive act or practice in the business of insurance.” Subsection 2003(1). 6 Section 2016 discusses unfair trade practices specific to worker’s compensation insurance; however, all these relate to a carrier’s relationship with an employer, not its relationship with a claimant. Here, plaintiffs insurance expert, in his affidavit, opined that defendant breached duties under the utpa, but never identified any duties owed to plaintiff or related any such duties to the allegations in plaintiff’s complaint. This is likely because of the fact that the duties outlined in the utpa run to the employer rather than the employee. Thus, the UTPA cannot be the source of the duties asserted by plaintiff here.
IV
Plaintiff next asserts that Michigan common law imposes the asserted duties on a worker’s compensation carrier. We disagree.
In her complaint, plaintiff alleges that she was injured by certain omissions of Citizens. Such allegations are, of course, allegations of nonfeasance, rather than misfeasance. Importantly, Michigan common law imposes liability on a worker’s compensation carrier with respect to a claimant only in cases of
misfeasance.
7
For example, a claimant may
*673
recover against a carrier for vicarious liability for malpractice by a physician to whom the carrier referred the claimant.
Pankow v Sables,
For all these reasons, we conclude that, as a matter of law, a worker’s compensation carrier owes no duty to an injured claimant either to conform the claimant’s medical care to that recommended by a physician to whom the carrier referred the claimant or to explain to the claimant the diagnosis and recommended treatment of such a physician. 9
v
Next, plaintiff contends that Citizens voluntarily assumed the asserted duties by its “active participation” in her treatment. Plaintiff did not raise this issue in her complaint before the trial court or in her brief before the Court of Appeals. This issue was first raised at oral argument before the Court of Appeals.
*674
Accordingly, this theory was not properly before the Court of Appeals, nor is it properly before this Court. See
Booth Newspapers, Inc v Univ of Michigan Bd of Regents,
Plaintiffs theory that Citizens vohmtarily assumed the asserted duties is grounded in
Smith v Allendale Mut Ins Co,
Section 324A of the [2] Restatement Torts, 2d, [p 142] provides that, in certain circumstances, one who undertakes to render services to another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of a third person is subject to liability if his “failure to exercise reasonable care to perform his undertaking” results in physical harm to the third person.
While acknowledging this theory, Smith held that a fire insurer “who does not undertake to inspect for the insured’s benefit owes no duty to the insured or the insured’s employees to inspect with reasonable care,” but is subject to liability if its affirmative conduct creates or increases a fire hazard. Id. at 706. The focus is on the purpose of the undertaking. Where a party undertakes services for his own benefit, rather than for the benefit of a plaintiff, it is not one of the “certain circumstances” under which the “voluntary undertaking” doctrine can be invoked.
Here, plaintiff contends that Citizens’ “undertak[ing] to render services” as it is described in 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 324A, p 142, is demonstrated by Citizens’ June, 1990, referral of plaintiff to Dr. *675 Sperl for treatment after having previously referred her to Dr. Sahn for the independent medical examination in January, 1990.
As is acknowledged, Citizens referred plaintiff to Dr. Sahn in January, 1990, for an independent medical examination. A referral for such an examination cannot reasonably be interpreted to be a voluntary undertaking to benefit plaintiff because its purpose is diagnosis and evaluation, not medical treatment. See
VanSickle v McHugh,
Yet, plaintiff now asserts that Citizens’ June, 1990, referral to Dr. Sperl was for treatment and, accordingly, could be interpreted as a voluntary undertaking for plaintiff’s benefit. However, plaintiff did not plead that this referral was for treatment. In her complaint, plaintiff does not allege
any
negligence relating to Dr. Sperl’s examinations. In fact, plaintiff’s factual allegations all relate to Citizens’ alleged breach of duties in response to Dr. Sahn’s diagnosis, not any alleged breaches in response to Dr. Sperl’s efforts.
10
Thus, by her own pleadings, any arguable voluntary undertaking by Citizens in referring plaintiff to Dr. Sperl was not done negligently. Further, any vicarious liability claim against Citizens would also clearly fail because plaintiff has not alleged a prima facie case of liability against Dr. Sperl. See
Locke v Pachtman,
*676 CONCLUSION
For these reasons, we hold that a worker’s compensation carrier owes no duty to a claimant to conform the claimant’s treatment to the recommendations of a physician to whom the carrier refers the claimant or to explain such physician’s diagnosis and recommendations to the claimant. Further, we hold that plaintiff’s complaint failed to state a claim that Citizens voluntarily assumed such duties here. Accordingly, we affirm the Court of Appeals decision.
Notes
Throughout this opinion, “plaintiff” refers to Cynthia Blackwell. The loss of consortium claim of Donald Blackwell, plaintiff’s husband, is derivative of her claims.
“Rsd is a descriptive term meaning a complex disorder or group of disorders that may develop as a consequence of trauma affecting the limbs, with or without an obvious nerve lesion. Rsd may also develop after visceral diseases, and central nervous system lesions or, rarely, without an obvious antecedent event. It consists of pain and related sensory abnormalities, abnormal blood flow and sweating, abnormalities in the motor system and changes in structure of both superficial and deep tissues (‘trophic’ changes).” Bond, Charlton & Woolf, eds, Proceedings of the Vlth World Congress on Pain (Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: Elsevier, 1991), ch 44, p 373.
Citizens also sought summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(4) (court lacks jurisdiction of the subject matter), but that portion of the motion is irrelevant to the issues raised on appeal.
We note that plaintiff may reasonably be viewed as an intended third-party beneficiary of the contract between Citizens and her employer. This Court has held that the legislative policy behind the wdca “is to provide financial and medical benefits to the victims of work-connected injuries in an efficient, dignified, and certain form.”
Whetro v Awkerman,
[Pjlaintiff seeks to impose obligations on the part of [Citizens] beyond those it agreed to provide. Although Clark [v Dalman,379 Mich 251 , 261;150 NW2d 755 (1967)] recognized that “accompanying every contract is a common-law duty to perform with ordinary care the thing agreed to be done,” there is no basis for the law to impose a duty on [Citizens] to perform more than the contract required.
We emphasize that there is no allegation here that Citizens hampered plaintiffs ability to take an active role in her own treatment by hiding relevant information from her. Plaintiffs insurance expert averred that Citizens provided plaintiff with a copy of Dr. Sahn’s independent medical examination report and directed her to forward a copy to her physician.
For example, among the prohibited trade practices are misrepresentations, §§ 2005 and 2005a, and failure to timely pay claims, § 2006.
“[T]he distinction between 'misfeasance’ and ‘nonfeasance’ (the distinction between active misconduct and passive inaction) is deeply rooted in the law of negligence.”
People v Kevorkian,
Section 827 of the wdca was amended in 1972 to relieve carriers from third-party liability for negligence in safety inspections.
Citizens argues that imposing the asserted duties on worker’s compensation carriers would put them at risk of practicing medicine without a license in violation of MCL 333.17011(1); MSA 14.15(17011)(1). Our conclusion that Michigan law does not impose the asserted duties on a carrier makes it unnecessary for us to address this issue.
Plaintiff argues that the alleged negligence consists of Citizens’ agents’ failure to implement Dr. Sahn’s recommendations “until months later when [Citizens] referred Plaintiff to Dr. Sperl for treatment; by this time, it was too late.”