Black's Case

18 Pa. 434 | Pa. | 1852

The opinion of the Court was delivered, by

Woodward, J.

In England, committees of lunatics are appointed by the Lord Chancellor in his ministerial and not in his judicial capacity, by letters patent under the great seal, and during pleasure. The committee is considered as a mere bailiff appointed by the crown and under its control, to take care of the property, and has no interest in the land of the lunatic: Shelf ord on Lunatics, 180; 2 Law Library 114. And it is laid down by Lord Coke, that the committee of a lunatic, whether acting by the authority of the crown or not, has no further or other powers than those of a bailiff: 4 Rep. 127 b. Regarded as a mere bailiff of the crown, the committee is liable to account, to censure, to punishment, and to removal if he shall misconduct himself. Bankruptcy is a cause of removal, though the custody of the person is not always changed on that account: Ex parte Mildmay, 3 Ves. Jr. 2. A committee of a lunatic who had been guilty of a contempt by publishing a pamphlet which reflected on persons acting in the management of the lunatic, under the Chancellor’s orders, and had intruded into the Master’s office and interrupted the business there, was dismissed without a hearing, except as to the contempt: Ex parte Jones, 13 Ves. 237. And see Shelford on Lunatics 167-8, for other instances of removal of committees. The power of removal seems to be exercised in England by the Lord Chancellor, not only as the keeper of the seals, but often • also as the head of the Chancery jurisdiction.

In Pennsylvania, the constitution clothes the Supreme Court and the Courts of Common Pleas with the powers of a Court of Chancery, as to the care of the persons and estates of those who are non compos mentis. Inasmuch as when the constitution was adopted, Courts of Chancery in England never appointed committees, it might be doubted whether the constitution conferred this power on our courts ; but if it did not, the legislature supplied it. The appointment of committees of lunatics being a prerogative of the sovereign, it must reside somewhere in our government, and if the people did not vest it in the courts by the constitution, they left it with the legislature, who. have vested it in the courts. Without recurring to the earlier Acts, the 14th section of the Act of 13th June, 1836, relating to lunatics and habitual drunkards, provides that on the return of an inquisition finding the lunacy or habitual drunkenness, it shall be lawful for the Court of Common Pleas to commit the custody and care of the person or estate of the lunatic or drunkard “to such person or persons as they shall deem most suitable, according to the rules heretofore practised and allowed.” According to the rules heretofore practised and allowed, whether in Pennsylvania or in England, the committee has been regarded as the mere bailiff of the appointing power, holding his office by no other tenure than that of the pleasure of the crown in Great Britain, and of the courts in Pennsylvania, and, of course, removable at pleasure. It is remarkable how carefully the Act of 1836 intrusts the estate of the lunatic or drunkard to the Court, and limits the powers of the committee. The management of the estate and the application of the income are the only things the committee may do without the precedent authority of the Court; and for the faithful performance of these duties, he must give security to the satisfaction of the Court, and receive such compensation as the Court shall allow. It is a naked power, and that carefully limited and restrained, that is intrusted to the committee, withoirt any interest whatever in the estate. He is a mere instrument, by whom the Court works out the beneficent purposes of the statute, and may be dispensed with when a more efficient and satisfactory instrument is at hand. Bolling v. Turner, Randolph’s Reports 584, is an authority to this point.

But it is said the 48d section of the Act limits the powers of the Courts of Common Pleas over committees, to the cases in which the Orphans’ Court removes guardians of minors. Such is not a sound construction of that section. The 12th and 22d sections of the Act of 29th March, 1832, relating to Orphans’ Courts, define the causes for which the Orphans’ Court (a Court of limited jurisdiction) may remove guardians; and the 43d section of the Act of 1836 empowers the Common Pleas to remove committees for the same causes. This is a declaratory, and not a restrictive provision. There may be many circumstances beside those enumerated in the Act of 1832, in which the interests of the lunatic, and the claims of humanity would demand the prompt interposition of the Court. This case is an illustration. In consequence of antipathy to her committee, the lunatic refused to receive support at his hands. This would not fall within the statutory rule for removing guardians; and, if the Common Pleas is to be restrained to the stinted measure of Orphans’ Court powers, the lunatic might starve. The unfounded prejudices of a lunatic against the committee are to be regarded by the Courts: see Ex re Fletcher, 6 Vesey 427; but upon the construction contended for, the Court would be powerless in this ease, and in a multitude of emergencies where relief can be had only by removing one committee and appointing another. The powers of a chancellor are commensurate with the demands of the occasion; and under our constitution and Acts of Assembly, the powers of our Courts are equally humane and ample. It would be a reproach to our institutions if it were not so. And those powers, so far as they relate to the appointment and removal of committees, are not the subject of review on appeal. Dangerous consequences might ensue from protracted litigation between a lunatic and his committee. In England, an appeal against proceedings touching the awarding or refusing commissions of lunacy, or any orders made in lunacy by the Lord Chancellor, does not lie in the ordinary course to the House of Lords, but immediately to the king in council: Shelford, p. 19; but an appeal by a removed bailiff of the king, to either lords or council, would be a novelty. And why should the bailiff of the Court here have his appeal ? He has no interest in the estate of the lunatic to be prejudiced by his removal, and no estate in his office. In the exercise of a supervisory discretion, many cogent reasons may influence the Court of Common Pleas, and justify their dismissal of a committee, which cannot appear on the.record for the supervision of the Superior Court. The power is best lodged in the local tribunals. The constitution grants the powers of a Court of Chancery to the Common Pleas, as well as to the Supreme Court; whilst the Act of Assembly makes its grant exclusively to the Common Pleas. For these reasons we hold the dismissal of committees by that Court to be final. From any final order or decree of tbe Common Pleas, touching the estate of the lunatic, or the fact of lunacy, an appeal to this Court undoubtedly lies by virtue of section 3d of the Act of 21st April, 1846, “in relation to certain public.officers and their sureties”: Purdon 284 (Stroud & Brightly), title Courts ; but the dismissal of a committee is not a “final order or decree in equity” within that Act, and no appeal lies.

If it be said that this is clothing the Common Pleas with despotic power, let it be remembered that it is in behalf of a class of fellow beings, who, beyond all others, deserve our sympathies, and need the protection of despotic power. Arbitrary power can never be better employed than in watching over and providing for those who have been smitten in the seat of reason. It may be abused, but the inducements to abuse it are almost inappreciable ; whilst the necessities for its existence and exercise are frequent and real.

In dismissing this appeal, we do not mean to be understood as approving of the practice that was pursued in this case. We think it would be well for the Common Pleas, to conform their practice as nearly as possible to the course of proceeding in chancery ; but holding that no appeal lies from their interlocutory act of dismissing the committee and appointing another, we dismiss the appeal, at the costs of the appellant.

Black, C. J., delivered a dissenting opinion.