452 N.W.2d 319 | N.D. | 1990
BLACKBURN, NICKELS & SMITH, INC., Plaintiff and Appellant,
v.
NATIONAL FARMERS UNION PROPERTY & CASUALTY COMPANY, and Aetna Casualty & Surety Company, Defendants and Appellees.
Supreme Court of North Dakota.
*320 Olson, Sturdevant & Burns, Minot, and Blomquist & Espeset, Minneapolis, Minn., for plaintiff and appellant Blackburn, Nickels & Smith, Inc.; argued by Barry L. Blomquist, Jr. Appearance by Todd Cresap of Olson, Sturdevant & Burns.
Fleck, Mather, Strutz & Mayer, P.C., Bismarck, for defendant and appellee National Farmers Union Property & Cas. Co.; argued by Steven A. Storslee, Bismarck.
Nilles, Hansen & Davies, Ltd., Fargo, for defendant and appellee Aetna Cas. & Surety Co.; argued by Leo F.J. Wilking, Fargo.
LEVINE, Justice.
Blackburn, Nickels & Smith, Inc., (BNS) appeals from separate judgments dismissing its declaratory judgment action against National Farmers Union Property & Casualty *321 Company (Farmers Union) and Aetna Casualty & Surety Company (Aetna). We reverse both judgments and remand for a determination of the questions raised.
On October 7, 1985, a vehicle owned by Scott Smith, d/b/a Smitty's Lawn Service (Smith), and driven by an employee, Mark Dagner (Dagner), collided with a vehicle driven by Kenneth Amstutz and occupied by Kenneth's mother, Alta Amstutz. Alta and her spouse, Robert Amstutz, filed an action for damages against Dagner and Smith. Kenneth brought a separate action for damages against Dagner and Smith.
This declaratory judgment action involves the applicability of two insurance policies to the accident. On the date of the accident, Lyle Dagner, Mark's father, had a personal automobile liability insurance policy with Farmers Union. Aetna allegedly had a liability insurance policy covering Smith in effect on the date of the accident, because in April 1985, Aetna issued a certificate of insurance to Smith for comprehensive automobile liability insurance on Smith's business vehicles. Both Farmers Union and Aetna denied coverage for the accident and refused to defend Dagner or Smith in the Amstutzes' lawsuits.
Dagner and Smith filed a third-party complaint against Rued Insurance Inc. (Rued), alleging that Rued breached its promise to procure a liability insurance policy for Smith with Aetna in April 1985. Dagner and Smith requested contribution or indemnity from Rued for any judgment awarded against them in favor of the Amstutzes and for costs in defending against the Amstutzes' lawsuits. Rued, in turn, filed a third-party complaint against BNS, an insurance brokerage firm, alleging that BNS negligently failed to obtain insurance coverage for Smith. Rued requested indemnity from BNS for all amounts Rued would be required to pay on behalf of Dagner and Smith and also sought damages for injury to its business reputation.
Subsequently, Rued paid and settled all claims between the Amstutzes and defendants, Dagner and Smith. Rued also paid all of Dagner and Smith's defense costs associated with the accident. As part of the settlement, Dagner and Smith entered a stipulation dismissing their claims against Rued and releasing Rued from any further liability. Dagner assigned to Rued any interest he might have against Farmers Union, as an insured under the policy issued to his father, Lyle.
As a consequence of the settlement, all of the pending lawsuits were dismissed with prejudice except for Rued's action against BNS. Rued then agreed to dismiss, without prejudice, its action against BNS for the sole purpose of having BNS bring this declaratory judgment action against Farmers Union and Aetna. In August 1988, BNS commenced this action, requesting the district court to determine if Farmers Union or Aetna had issued insurance policies which were in effect and provided coverage for the accident.
In BNS's declaratory judgment action, the trial court concluded that a declaratory judgment would not settle the controversy among the parties, that the issues raised could better be resolved in other proceedings,[1] and that a declaratory judgment would not constitute an economical use of the judicial system. The trial court denied BNS's request for declaratory judgment and, in separate judgments, dismissed the action against both Farmers Union and Aetna. BNS appealed from both judgments, and the two appeals were consolidated for resolution by this court.
BNS asserts that the trial court erred in refusing to enter a declaratory judgment under Section 32-23-06, N.D.C.C.:
"The court may refuse to render or enter a declaratory judgment or decree where such judgment or decree, if rendered or entered, would not terminate the uncertainty or controversy giving rise to the proceeding. However, the court shall *322 render or enter a declaratory judgment or decree in an action brought by or against an insurance company to determine liability of the insurance company to the insured to defend, or duty to defend, although the insured's liability for the loss may not have been determined. [Emphasis added.]
Under the first sentence of the above-quoted statute, the trial court's decision to grant or deny a request for a declaratory judgment is discretionary. The trial court's decision will not be set aside unless the court has abused its discretion. Hoops v. Selid, 379 N.W.2d 270 (N.D.1985). However, the underscored language of Section 32-23-06, N.D.C.C., enacted by the legislature in 1983 [S.L.1983, Ch. 377, § 1], requires the court to enter a declaratory judgment when asked to determine "liability of the insurance company to the insured to defend, or duty to defend." The provision expressly states that the declaratory judgment must be given "although the insured's liability for the loss may not have been determined."
BNS contends that the second sentence of Section 32-23-06, N.D.C.C., is applicable to this case and requires the trial court to issue a declaratory judgment regarding Farmers Union and Aetna's insurance coverage liability and duty to defend. Farmers Union and Aetna counter that the second sentence of the statute does not apply in this case, because the alleged insureds, Dagner and Smith, have been dismissed, thereby rendering moot the issue of duty to defend.
The language of Section 32-23-06, N.D.C.C., as amended in 1983, which requires the court to issue a declaratory judgment to determine "liability ... to defend, or duty to defend" is, in our view, unclear as to the circumstances under which the trial court must render a declaratory judgment. The quoted language appears to be repetitious. However, in construing a statute, every word, clause, and sentence is to be given meaning and effect, if possible. Garner Public School District No. 10 v. Golden Valley County Committee for Reorganization of School Districts, 334 N.W.2d 665 (N.D.1983). The law neither does nor requires idle acts, and we will not assume that any statutory language was intended to be useless rhetoric. Keyes v. Amundson, 343 N.W.2d 78 (N.D. 1983). We conclude, therefore, that the 1983 amendment to Section 32-23-06, N.D. C.C., is ambiguous as to its intended scope and application. To give meaning and effect to each phrase and word within that statutory provision, we must ascertain the legislature's intent in requiring a court to enter a declaratory judgment to determine "liability ... to defend" and "duty to defend."
If the language of a statute is ambiguous, the court may resort to extrinsic aids to interpret the statute. Milbank Mut. Ins. Co. v. Dairyland Ins. Co., 373 N.W.2d 888 (N.D.1985). When interpreting an ambiguous statute, the court may consider its legislative history and the circumstances under which the statute was enacted. Section 1-02-39(2) and (3), N.D.C.C. An amendment to a statute must be considered in determining the true intent and object of the legislature. Hammond v. North Dakota State Personnel Board, 332 N.W.2d 244 (N.D.1983). The legislative history of the 1983 amendment to Section 32-23-06, N.D.C.C., indicates that the amendment was enacted in response to United Pacific Insurance Co. v. Aetna Insurance Co., 311 N.W.2d 170 (N.D.1981) and Aberle v. Karn, 316 N.W.2d 779 (N.D. 1982). Consequently, we look to those two cases to determine the intent and objective of the 1983 amendment.
In United Pacific, supra, an insurer sought a declaratory judgment as to which of two insurers was required to defend and to provide liability coverage for an electric company in a personal injury lawsuit. We held that until there was a final adjudication of the electric company's liability in the underlying litigation, there was no justiciable controversy on the issues of the insurance company's liability or its duty to defend, and we affirmed the trial court's refusal to grant a declaratory judgment on those issues.
*323 In Aberle, supra, this court, following the rationale of United Pacific, supra, held that a trial court should not render a declaratory judgment to determine an insurance company's coverage or duty to defend until the underlying lawsuits involving the insured parties had been "tried or settled."
The issues in United Pacific, supra, and Aberle, supra, involved not merely the duty to defend but also the question of coverage. This court held in those cases that neither coverage nor duty to defend could be judicially resolved until the insured's liability had been determined. It is clear that the 1983 amendment to Section 32-23-06, N.D.C.C., was enacted to reverse the holdings of this court in United Pacific, supra, and Aberle, supra. Therefore, we construe the amendment as requiring the trial court to render a declaratory judgment to determine both coverage and duty to defend,[2] whether or not the insured's liability has been determined.
In this case, the underlying litigation has been settled, and Dagner and Smith have been dismissed as party defendants. The issue which BNS now seeks to resolve is which insurance company, broker, or agent is responsible for the loss and for Dagner and Smith's costs of defense. The question is viable, not moot, because BNS and others are subject to being held ultimately responsible for the loss and the defense costs. The settlement of the underlying litigation by Rued did not moot the issue of ultimate liability among the insurance companies, brokers, and agents. See, e.g., American Family Mutual Ins. Co. v. Goetzke, 416 N.W.2d 1 (Minn.App. 1987). Their exposure is real and current. Under these circumstances, we conclude that it was error for the trial court to refuse BNS's request for a declaratory judgment regarding Farmers Union and Aetna's insurance coverage and duty to defend.
Farmers Union and Aetna argue that to be entitled to declaratory relief under Section 32-23-06, N.D.C.C., the request for such relief should have been brought before the Amstutzes' claims were settled. We disagree.
In a footnote in Allen v. City of Minot, 363 N.W.2d 553 (N.D.1985), we stated that the purpose of a declaratory judgment is to clarify the rights of parties before they are violated. This case gives us pause to reconsider and qualify that dictum. Although Dagner or Smith could have sought a declaratory judgment before settlement of the Amstutzes' lawsuits, it would not foster our public policy of encouraging settlements to deny a determination of the parties' legal status now that a settlement has been entered. We would not encourage the providing of speedy economic relief to victims of accidents through settlement of lawsuits if we construed Section 32-23-06, N.D.C.C., to require that every request for declaratory relief must be brought before settlement has occurred. Our interpretation of the statute encourages settlement of claims by providing an avenue for speedy judicial resolution of viable disputes over underlying liabilities.
Rued obviously has an interest in these matters which would be affected by a declaratory judgment. Section 32-23-11, N.D.C.C., states in relevant part:
"When declaratory relief is sought, all persons who have or claim any interest which would be affected by the declaration shall be made parties, and no declaration shall prejudice the rights of persons not parties to the proceeding."
See also Rule 19(a), N.D.R.Civ.P. Consequently, we direct the trial court to order Rued to be joined as a party to these proceedings.
*324 In accordance with this opinion, we reverse the judgments of dismissal and remand for a determination of the questions raised.
ERICKSTAD, C.J., and VANDE WALLE, GIERKE and MESCHKE, JJ., concur.
NOTES
[1] The trial court was aware that in September 1988, All Nation Insurance Company (All Nation), the no-fault insurance carrier for the Amstutzes, filed an action against BNS, Rued, Farmers Union, and Aetna, seeking reimbursement for monies it had paid because of the accident.
[2] In United Pacific, supra, we recognized that the question of an insurance company's liability to indemnify an insured and its duty to defend the insured are separate issues which should be resolved in one action to "... foster judicial economy and at the same time provide the court with a broader foundation of factual information upon which to make a just and expeditious decision." 311 N.W.2d at 174. We believe that the 1983 amendment follows this aspect of the United Pacific, supra, decision to have the separate issues of liability and duty to defend, if raised, determined in one declaratory judgment action.