Bittick v. StateBittick v. State
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Larry D. Bittick (“Mr. Bittick”) appeals the judgment of the motion court denying his pro se motion to disqualify appellate defender as his appointed counsel, to proceed pro se, and striking his amended Rule 29.15 motion. Mr. Bittick raises two points on appeal. He claims his appointed counsel had an inherent conflict of interest because he asserts that his appellate and postconviction motion counsel were affiliated with the same office, and he claimed in his motion that the requisite standard of representation pre- and postconviction motion was breached. Mr. Bittick claims as his second point that he has the right to reject appointed counsel and proceed pro se. The judgment of the motion court denying Mr. Bittick’s motion to disqualify appointed counsel and strike his amended Rule 29.15 motion is reversed and the case is remanded with directions to the motion court to allow Mr. Bittick to proceed pro se at his postconviction relief hearing.
Factual and Procedural History
Mr. Bittick was charged with information in the Circuit Court of Platte County with one count of Class B felony of assault of a law enforcement officer in the second degree,
Mr. Bittick filed a pro se letter with the motion court expressing his dissatisfaction with the court’s order to appoint a Western District Appellate Defender to his case because he believed that Ms. Jensen had a conflict of interest. The same public defender’s office represented him on direct appeal. In the letter, Mr. Bittick requested that the motion court appoint him new counsel. On February 5, 2001, Ms. Jensen filed an amended motion for postconviction relief. Mr. Bittick filed a complaint with the Office of the Chief Disciplinary Counsel claiming that Ms. Jensen had a conflict of interest. Mr. Bittick filed a pro se Motion to Disqualify Appellate Defender and Strike Amended Rule 29.15 Motion on April 17, 2001. In his motion, Mr. Bittick claimed that Ms. Jensen had a conflict of interest and asked that she be disqualified from representing him. He also requested the motion court to allow him to proceed pro se at the 29.15 hearing. Mr. Bittick’s final request was that the motion court strike the amended 29.15 motion that Ms. Jensen filed on February 5, 2001.
The 29.15 motion was set for hearing on November 7, 2001. At the hearing, Mr. Bittick .filed another pro se amended Rule 29.15 motion. The motion court denied Mr. Bittick’s motion to disqualify the public defender and strike his amended Rule 29.15 motion. A hearing was conducted thereafter. On November 29, 2001, the motion court issued a judgment denying Mr. Bittick postconviction relief on all claims. This appeal followed.
Mr. Bittick raises two points on appeal. In his first point, Mr. Bittick contends that the motion court erred in denying his
pro se
motion to disqualify his postconviction motion counsel and strike his amended Rule 29.15 motion because postconviction motion counsel had a conflict of interest in that: (a) she and Mr. Bittick’s direct appeal counsel were from the same public defender’s office and that relationship adversely affected her performance of advancing ineffective assistance of direct appeal counsel claims; and (b) Mr. Bittick’s
pro se
motion criticized the appellate defender’s office as being ineffective because of its heavy case load. He claims that his postconviction relief motion counsel’s conflict deprived him of his Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights to litigate his postconviction motion with counsel unencumbered by a conflict of interest. Mr. Bittick’s second point, which is dispositive in this case, claims that the motion court erred in denying his
pro se
motion to disqualify his appointed postconviction relief motion counsel and not striking the amended Rule 29.15 motion that she filed on his behalf because as a civil litigant, he had a right under state law, the United States Constitution and common law to proceed
pro se
if he voluntarily and intelligently chose to do so. He asserts that the motion court’s failure to allow him to proceed
pro se
denied him the right to control the course of the litigation and meaningful
Right to Self-Representation in a Rule 29.15 Hearing
As Mr. Bittick’s second point is disposi-tive, it is the only point that will be addressed on appeal. In his second point, Mr. Bittick argues that a postconviction relief applicant has the right to dispense with court-appointed counsel and proceed pro se at a postconviction relief hearing if he voluntarily and intelligently chooses to do so. Mr. Bittick claims that the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution guarantee his right to self-representation. He also contends his due process right to meaningful access to the courts was violated when the motion court denied his motion to disqualify post-conviction relief counsel and proceed pro se. The State counters that Mr. Bittick is not entitled to represent himself at a post-conviction proceeding because a criminal defendant’s right to self-representation solely applies to criminal cases. Additionally, the State contends that a posteonviction relief applicant does not have a right to proceed pro se because Rule 29.15 does not contain such a provision.
This is an issue of first impression in the State of Missouri. The question presented is whether an indigent incarcerated post-conviction relief applicant has the right to dispense with court-appointed counsel and proceed pro se if the applicant voluntarily and knowingly chooses to do so. The United States Supreme Court has held that a defendant has a Sixth Amendment right to self-representation when the defendant knowingly and intelligently acts to proceed pro se in a criminal proceeding. Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 95 S.Ct. 2525, 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975). The Supreme Court has not determined whether an incarcerated postconviction motion civil litigant has the same right to self-representation. 1
A postconviction relief hearing is a civil proceeding governed by the rules of civil procedure whenever applicable.
State v. Basile,
942 S.W.2d 342, 362 (Mo. banc 1997) (citation omitted); Rule 29.15(a). There is no constitutional right to counsel
Mr. Bittick claims that his right to proceed pro se at the postconviction hearing is guaranteed by state law and the Sixth Amendment. He cites, however, no state law to support such a proposition. No state law guaranteeing a defendant’s right to proceed pro se at a postconviction hearing exists. Likewise, the Sixth Amendment does not guarantee such a right. By its wording, the Sixth Amendment applies to criminal actions only. State ex rel O’Brien v. Ely, 718 S.W.2d 177, 182 (Mo.App. W.D.1986) (noting that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel does not apply to civil cases). A posteon-viction relief hearing is, however, civil in nature. The Sixth Amendment does not apply to civil actions. Id.
Mr. Bittick also relies on case law to support his contention that a postconviction applicant has a right to reject counsel appointed under 29.15(e) and proceed pro se. He claims that Johns v. State, 741 S.W.2d 771, 778 (Mo.App. E.D.1987) governs the outcome in this case. 2 In Johns, a defendant convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death filed a pro se Rule 27.26 motion. Id. at 773. Although counsel was appointed, the court allowed the defendant to proceed pro se at the eviden-tiary hearing. Id. at 777. The hearing court subsequently revoked the defendant’s ability to proceed pro se because he failed to comply with repeated requests to refrain from asking questions redundant of testimony developed at trial. Id. at 777-78. The defendant appealed claiming that the hearing court abused its discretion in revoking his ability to proceed pro se. On appeal, the court held that a Rule 27.26 proceeding for postconviction relief was “an independent civil proceeding, and is governed by law applicable to civil cases.” Id. at 778. “A litigant in a civil action has the right to proceed pro se but is bound by the same rules and procedures as those admitted to practice law and [is] entitled to no indulgence [he or she] would not have received if represented by counsel.” Id. The appellate court held that because the defendant failed to heed the hearing court’s admonitions and “[c]ontrol of the proceedings is within the sound discretion of the hearing court[,]” the hearing court did not abuse its discretion by revoking the defendant’s ability to proceed pro se and ordering the defendant’s standby counsel to step in and finish the hearing. Id.
The State asserts that Mr. Bittick is not entitled to dismiss his appointed counsel and proceed pro se at a Rule 29.15 hearing because none of Rule 29.15’s provisions provide that he can do so. The only two provisions addressing appointed counsel are Rule 29.15(e) and (f). Rule 29.15(e) mandates the motion court to appoint counsel for an indigent movant that files a pro se motion. Rule 29.15(f) allows appointed counsel to withdraw. Because Rule 29.15 does not address whether an indigent defendant may disqualify counsel and proceed pro se, the State claims that an indigent defendant does not have a right to do so. The State argues that the Supreme Court could have included a provision similar to Rule 29.16(a) if it intended to allow indigent defendants to proceed pro se. 3 The State contends that the fact that Rule 29.15 does not include such a provision establishes that the Supreme Court did not intend for indigent defendants to disqualify appointed counsel and proceed pro se in a Rule 29.15 postconviction hearing. Nothing in Rule 29.15 supports such an interpretation, nor does the State refer to any cases to support this contention.
In interpreting Rule 29.15, “the same standards as those used in the construction of statutes” is used.
Rohwer v. State,
791 S.W.2d 741, 743 (Mo.App. W.D.1990). The appellate court’s role is “to ascertain the intent of the framers of the
Compulsory acceptance of appointed counsel is not normative. Historically, litigants exercised a choice of self-representation or attorney representation. Faretta, 422 U.S. at 824, 95 S.Ct. 2525 (describing our country’s long history of allowing litigants to represent themselves). To find that Rule 29.15(e) compels an indigent defendant to accept counsel when he or she desires to proceed pro se is a radical departure from routine civil and criminal practice. Had the Missouri Supreme Court intended to alter historical precedent and eliminate self-representation in 29.15 proceedings, the Supreme Court Rules would expressly say it. They do not. The absence of authority in the rule precluding one from representing him or herself coupled with the history of civil litigants exercising the choice whether to represent themselves supports the conclusion that indigent defendants are not required to accept appointed counsel under Rule 29.15(e) and may proceed pro se in a Rule 29.15 postconviction hearing. Thus, Mr. Bittick had a right to represent himself and proceed pro se at his Rule 29.15 hearing. 4
Although an incarcerated indigent may represent himself, one choosing to do so accepts certain disadvantages. Inherent problems attend an indigent incarcerated defendant proceeding pro se in a 29.15 motion. Because a Rule 29.15 motion is a civil proceeding, an indigent incarcerated defendant has no right to be present at the hearing under either the rule or the constitution. Basile, 942 S.W.2d at 362 (citing Leisure v. State, 828 S.W.2d 872, 878 (Mo. banc 1992); cert. denied, 506 U.S. 923, 113 S.Ct. 343, 121 L.Ed.2d 259 (1992)). An indigent defendant proceeding pro se cannot, therefore, compel the motion court to allow him to be present during the hearing. Rule 29.15(i) provides in pertinent part:
At any hearing ordered by the court the movant need not be present. The court may order that testimony of the movant shall be received by deposition.
A
pro se
litigant who is not present at a Rule 29.15 hearing obviously can not address the court or cross-examine witnesses. The inability of a
pro se
litigant to cross-examine a witness in a Rule 29.15 hearing does not violate the confrontation clause. “The confrontation clause does not apply to a postconviction relief hearing.”
Leisure,
828 S.W.2d at 878 (citing
Cain v. State,
780 S.W.2d 66, 67 (Mo.App. E.D.1989)). A
pro se
litigant is, moreover, “held to the same standards as [a] licensed
For the reasons stated in the opinion, the judgment of the motion court is reversed, and the case is remanded with directions to the motion court to allow Mr. Bittick to proceed pro se on his Rule 29.15 motion.
All concur.
Notes
. Although the Supreme Court has not addressed the issue, some states have addressed the issue. For those states allowing a defendant to proceed pro se at a postconviction hearing, see: State v. Parmar, 263 Neb. 213, 639 N.W.2d 105, 112 (2002) (noting that there is “no absolute requirement of appointment of counsel in postconviction cases, and the defendant has the right of self-representation”); Owens v. State, 578 N.W.2d 542, 548 (N.D.1998) (recognizing that a postconviction relief “applicant [has a] right to proceed pro se in a post-conviction relief proceeding if the applicant knowingly and intelligently elects to do so”); Cole v. State, 798 S.W.2d 261, 263 (Tenn.Crim.App.1990) (holding that a post-conviction applicant has a common law right to self-representation even though the applicant does not have a constitutional nor a statutory right to self-representation in a post-conviction proceeding); Medlock v. State, 547 N.E.2d 884, 887 (Ind.Ct.App.1989) (allowing a defendant to proceed pro se at a postconviction hearing but denying his request for standby counsel); and McCracken v. State, 518 P.2d 85, 91-92 (Alaska 1974) (holding that a postconviction relief applicant has a right to self-representation as long as: (1) the trial court determines that a defendant is “capable of presenting his allegations in a rational and coherent manner”; (2) the trial court determines that the defendant “understands precisely what he is giving up by declining the assistance of counsel”; and (3) the trial court should provide the “option of having legal counsel available for consultation”). For those states denying a defendant the right to proceed pro se, see: Leonard v. State, 461 N.W.2d 465, 468 (Iowa 1990) (holding that a trial court has the “discretion to deny a post-conviction relief applicant’s request to dispense with counsel”); and In re Chapman, 155 Vt. 163, 581 A.2d 1041, 1043-44 (1990) (holding that the right of self-representation does not apply in a postconviction relief proceeding).
. Mr. Bittick claims that State v. McMillin, 783 S.W.2d 82, 89-91 (Mo. banc 1990), implicitly stands for the same proposition. This case is inapposite and not addressed here.
. Rule 29.16(a) provides, in pertinent part:
If movant seeks to reject the appointment of counsel, the court shall find on the record, after a hearing if necessary, whether the movant is able to competently decide whether to accept or reject the appointment and whether the movant rejected the offer with the understanding of its legal consequences. Unless the movant is so competent and understands the legal consequences, movant shall not be permitted to reject the appointment of counsel.
. Because the motion court denied Mr. Bit-tick the right to represent himself and proceed pro se, he was denied meaningful access to the courts.