Bishop v. Brown
51 Vt. 330
Vt.
1879
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The opinion of the court was delivered by

Ross, J.

The County Court directed a verdict for the defendant, because in its estimation there was no testimony tending to show a sufficient demand before the commencement of the suit. In this the plaintiff claims, the County Court erred. The plaintiff’s testimony tended to show that in a trade with the defendant he had by mistake overpaid him $1,000; that he had also purchased a note against him: and that, on the day of the service of the writ, h¿ went with the officer to see the defendant, found him at Jericho Centre, told him he had purchased the note, and of the mistake by which he had overpaid him $1,000, and asked him to go home and secure him ; that the defendant admitted the note, said he could not say whether there had been an overpayment of $1,000, that he had business another way, and that the plaintiff could attach property if he had a mind to. This is the substance of the plaintiff’s testimony bearing upon the question of á demand for the repayment of the $1,000 before the commencement of the suit.

In Brainard v. Champlain Transportation Co. 29 Vt. 154, it is said by Redfield, C. J., “ Money paid by mistake, or overpaid on a certain claim, may ordinarily be recovered back, and sometimes, but not ordinarily, without demand first made ; and'in no such case should interest be recoverable, unless it was the fault of the party to whom the payment was made that the overpayment occurred,” citing Stoddard v. Chapin, 15 Vt. 443. In the latter case, the sum overpaid was fifty cents, and it first came to the knowledge of the plaintiff at the trial before the auditor. He had given the defendant no notice of the overpayment before the commencement of the suit. He was not allowed to recover the same. Williams, C. J., giving the opinion of the court, says, “ The plaintiff through mistake overpaid that sum on the note which he gave the defendant, and this mistake was not discovered by either *333until after the commencement of this suit, nor* previous to the trial before the justice of the peace. It is not found that it was through the mistake of the defendant, or under any uncertainty of the facts, or by miscast, induced by the defendant. The plaintiff had the knowledge of, or the means of knowing, the exact amount due on the note ; and if he overpaid it through his own mistake, it cannot be said that he could immediately, and without giving any previous notice to the defendant, have commenced an action therefor. It partakes so much' of the character of a voluntary payment, that we think the plaintiff could not maintain any action therefor until he had pointed out to the defendant the mistake, and given him notice that he should call on him for the payment of the same.” We think, the foregoing a correct statement of the law of notice or demand relative to the recovery back of money overpaid by mistake. If the mistake was induced by the fraud of the party receiving the same, and he had knowledge of the overpayment at the time, or if he had subsequently discovered the mistake, the duty was then cast upon him to rectify the mistake and repay the money. Thereafter^ he knowingly has the money of the other party to the transaction in his hands, which he holds against equity and good conscience, and there is no apparent reason for any demand for the repayment of the money before suit. But where the overpayment arises from the mistake or negligence of the party , making it, and without the fault or knowledge of the party receiving it, it is reasonable that the party so receiving the overpayment should not be subject to a suit until he has been notified of the overpayment and called upon, and had a reasonable opportunity, to rectify the mistake. We do not think the law requires the use of any particular language, or any formal demand, before a suit can be brought. Whatever language gives him notice of the overpayment, and calls upon him to rectify the mistake, is sufficient. He does not hold the money by any contract, or right created by the party making the overpayment, which he must first terminate before a right of action accrues. The money all the time is the property of the party making the overpayment, but having come into the possession of the other party without his fault or knowledge, he is entitled to be notified *334of the fact that he has the money in his possession, and to be called upon to rectify the mistake before he is subject to a suit for its recovery. If the testimony of the plaintiff should gain credence with the jury, it tended, at least, to show that the defendant was notified of the overpayment, and called upon to rectify the mistake. His telling the plaintiff that he could not attend to the matter that day, and he might attach property if he had a mind to, tended to show that the defendant did not ask for further time to consider the matter, and that he considered he had been furnished a reasonable opportunity to rectify the mistake. We think the County Court erred in withdrawing the case from the jury, but should have submitted it with proper instructions. The judgment of the County Court is reversed, a new trial granted, and the cause remanded.