B.I.N.G.O. (Bingo is Necessary for Grassroots Organization) and Bingo Coalition for Charity — Not Politics both filed complaints seeking writs of mandamus from this Court. The cases were consolidated and the matter proceeded to a full hearing pursuant to MCR 7.206(D)(3).
The issue to be determined is whether signatures gathered for a referendum petition must be collected within a single election cycle or whether signatures collected before a gubernatorial election may be counted with those collected after the election. The petition in question seeks a referendum with respect to
Const 1963, art 2, § 9 reserves to voters of the state the power of referendum to approve or reject a newly enacted law:
The people reserve to themselves the power to propose laws and to enact and reject laws, called the initiative, and the power to approve or reject laws enacted by the legislature, called the referendum. The power of initiative extends only to laws which the legislature may enact under this consti *408 tution. The power of referendum does not extend to acts making appropriations for state institutions or to meet deficiencies in state funds and must be invoked in the manner prescribed by law within 90 days following the final adjournment of the legislative session at which the law was enacted. To invoke the initiative or referendum, petitions signed by a number of registered electors, not less than eight percent for initiative and five percent for referendum of the total vote cast for all candidates for governor at the last preceding general election at which a governor was elected shall be required.
On May 12, 1994, Governor Engler signed
B.I.N.G.O. began collecting signatures in August 1994. On November 8, 1994, the date of the general gubernatorial election, B.I.N.G.O. had collected approximately 85,000 signatures. Following the election, B.I.N.G.O. continued collecting signatures and on January 31, 1995, submitted its referendum petition to the Secretary of State.
Bingo Coalition for Charity requested a declaratory ruling from the Secretary of State stating the signatures collected before the election could not be counted. The Secretary of State issued a declaratory ruling, holding all signatures on a referendum petition must be collected within a single election cycle and, therefore, the 85,523 signatures collected before the last election held on November 8, 1994, could not be counted.
After the November 1994 election, the required *409 number of valid signatures for a successful referendum petition, i.e., five percent of the total vote cast in the election, was 154,454. After the 85,523 signatures obtained before the November election were discounted, the petition contained 154,758 "potentially valid signatures,” 304 signatures more than required. However, after the Bureau of Elections sampled the signatures and obtained a projection that 1.2 percent of the potentially valid signatures would be invalid, the valid number of signatures fell below those required. Thus, the referendum petition will fail if the 85,523 signatures obtained before the election are excluded. Following the Secretary of State’s declaratory ruling, the Board of State Canvassers addressed the validity of the petition. Two members voted to follow the Secretary of State’s declaratory ruling and exclude signatures collected before the election, while two members voted to count those signatures along with signatures obtained after the election.
Thereafter B.I.N.G.O. and Bingo Coalition for Charity filed the complaints for mandamus now before this Court.
We find a writ should issue requiring the Board of State Canvassers to include all signatures collected from the date
Determination of this matter requires interpretation of Const 1963, art 2, § 9. When interpreting the constitution, the primary duty of the judiciary is to "ascertain as best the Court may the general understanding and therefore the uppermost or dominant purpose of the people when they approved the provision or provisions.”
Michigan Farm Bureau v Secretary of State,
In addition to the general rules for interpretation of the constitution, "constitutional provisions by which the people reserve to themselves a direct legislative voice ought to be liberally construed.”
Kuhn v Dep’t of Treasury,
No case decided under the 1963 constitution has addressed the effect of an intervening general election with respect to the validity of initiative or referendum petition signatures where signatures were collected before an election but the petition was filed after the election. However, Bingo Coalition for Charity argues
Hamilton v Secretary of State,
We do not believe the holding in Hamilton is applicable to this case that is subject to Const 1963, art 2, § 9. Hamilton interpreted the 1908 *411 constitution’s provision for constitutional amendment by initiative, which read in part:
The total number of votes cast for Governor at the regular election last preceding the fíling of any petition proposing an amendment to the constitution, shall be the basis upon which the number of legal voters necessary to sign such a petition shall be computed. [Const 1908, art 17, §2 (emphasis added).]
In November 1922, after the general election, the plaintiff filed with the Secretary of State a petition for constitutional amendment. Hamilton, supra, p 543. Nearly all the signatures on the petition were obtained before the November 1922 election. However, because the voter turnout in November 1922 was approximately one-half of that in 1920, the number of signatures, insufficient if governed by the voter turnout of the 1920 election, became sufficient if governed by the voter turnout of the 1922 election. The Supreme Court refused to interpret the 1908 constitution to allow such a windfall and concluded an initiative petition "must be circulated after one election for governor and filed at least four months before another election for governor.” Id., p 546. In reaching this conclusion, the Supreme Court emphasized that Const 1908, art 17, § 2 stated the votes cast for governor in the "election last preceding the filing shall be the basis upon which the number of legal voters necessary to sign such a petition shall be computed.” Hamilton, supra, p 547. The Court held "to sign” meant the required signature base must be determined before anyone signed the petition; thus, signatures obtained before the 1922 election could not be valid if the petition relied on the voter turnout of the 1922 election — "the regular election last prer *412 ceding the filing” — to determine the number of required signatures. Id., p 545.
Thus, the Court’s decision in
Hamilton,
was based on the precise text of Const 1908, art 17, § 2. Although Const 1963, art 2, § 9 contains language similar to the 1908 provision addressed in
Hamilton,
it does not include the "to sign” language specifically relied on by the Court or the language specifying that the election be the "last preceding the filing.” We therefore find
Hamilton
inapplicable. We also find that the silence of the delegates of the constitutional convention that considered the 1963 Convention does not support Bingo Coalition for Charity’s position regarding this issue. The drafters of the constitution are presumed to have known the existing law and to have drafted the constitutional provision in light of that knowledge,
Syntex Laboratories Inc v Dep’t of Treasury,
Bingo Coalition for Charity has failed to present any other evidence that the delegates intended referendum petitions filed in election years to be treated differently from those filed every other year. The interpretation suggested by the coalition would lead to such a result. The text of Const 1963, art 2, § 9 therefore stands on its own and must be read in accordance with "common understanding.” There is no suggestion in Const 1963, art 2, §9 that referendum petitions circulated in an election year are subject to a special condition that all signatures must be collected either before or after the election. Rather, the language indicates a specific period within which the petitions must be filed — "within ninety days following the *413 final adjournment of the legislative session at which the law was enacted” — as well as a method of determining how many signatures are required —not less than "five percent for referendum of the total vote cast for all candidates for governor at the last preceding general election at which a governor was elected.”
In the present case, both B.I.N.G.O. and Bingo Coalition for Charity seek a writ of mandamus from this Court. Although they disagree concerning the desired result, both parties agree that the Board of State Canvassers has a clear legal duty to break its deadlock and either certify or refuse to certify the referendum petition.
The issuance of a writ of mandamus is discretionary with this Court.
Herp v Lansing City Clerk,
Issuance of a writ of mandamus is proper where (1) the plaintiff has a clear legal right to performance of the specific duty sought to be compelled, (2) the defendant has the clear legal duty to perform such act, and (3) the act is ministerial, involving no exercise of discretion or judgment.
The writ of mandamus has been used before to address questions of the interpretation of Const 1963, art 2, § 9. See
Wolverine Golf Club v Secretary of State,
*414 The Board of State Canvassers has a clear legal duty to act in accordance with Const 1963, art 2, §9. Because Const 1963, art 2, §9 does not prohibit the gathering of signatures for a referendum petition both before and after a general election, the board has a clear legal duty to count the signatures gathered between May 12, 1994, and November 8, 1994, in the same manner as the signatures gathered after November 8, 1994, the date of the last preceding general gubernatorial election. B.I.N.G.O., as the proponent of the petition, is a proper plaintiff to request the writ of mandamus. We therefore order the board to recount the petition signatures and vote again with regard to the certification of the referendum petition.
Finally, suspension of
A writ of mandamus ordering the Board of State Canvassers to recount the petition signatures and vote again with regard to the certification of the referendum petition is granted. The signatures gathered between May 12, 1994, and November 8, 1994, must be counted in the same manner as the signatures gathered after November 8, 1994.