On Sunday morning, February 7, 1965, about 9:00 a. m., Patricia Bichsel drove into Deepwater, Missouri, a town of about 750 population in Henry County, to use the laundromat. Her child, Jodie, an alert, normal, five year old boy, accompanied her. Jodie played inside the laundromat until about 9:30 a. m. when he went outside. About 9:40 a. m., Mrs. Bichsel took some clothes out to the car and saw Jodie playing with some kittens on the steps of the nearby old telephone building owned by Mr. and Mrs. Oscar Blumhost and their son, Laney. Ten minutes later she came back out and could not find Jodie. A search was commenced in which many people participated and about 11:00 a. m. Jodie’s body was found in a well located on a vacant lot, also owned by the Blumhosts, situated between the laundromat and the old telephone building. The cause of death was drowning. No one saw the boy between 9:40 a. m. and the time of the recovery of the body from the well.
This vacant lot, generally level, was twenty-five feet wide north and south and one hundred fifty feet deep east and west. There was a concrete sidewalk along the west side of the lot bordering Main Street and an alley at the east end. Across the alley to the east was a public park. The laundromat was on the lot immediately south of the vacant lot and the old telephone building on the lot immediately north of the vacant lot. The well was about fifty-five feet east of the sidewalk and in about the middle of the lot. It was about four feet in diameter, the level of the water, which was eighteen to twenty feet deep, was eight to ten feet below the ground level. Defendants never used the well and defendant Laney Blumhost, with the intention of eventually filling the well, had on two or three occasions put old glass into it. It was covered by a concrete slab six and one-half feet square and flush with the ground. The opening in the middle was eighteen inches square. This opening had in the past been covered with an opened trunk from an old model touring car. With the lid open and the trunk on its back it covered an area thirty inches by thirty inches. Estimates of the trunk’s weight ranged from fifteen to forty pounds.
Laney Blumhost testified that in the summer of 1964 he placed a sixteen by eighteen inch tile block weighing twenty-five to thirty pounds in each portion of the trunk, i. e. the lid and the back of the bottom. He also testified he saw these tile in place a few days before the tragedy. However, the trunk was sitting upright five or six inches from the well with no tile in it or around it when the body was discovered. Either the well was uncovered and the boy fell in, or the boy moved the covering and then fell in. Sometime later Laney Blumhost located one tile on the north side of the telephone building and the other under some junk near the well. Glenn Briggs, owner of the laundromat, testified he drew water from the well in the summer and fall of 1964 and the tile were not in the trunk at that time.
There were scattered about the vacant lot four “junker” automobiles with the doors off, also numerous fenders, grills and bumpers. A combine was parked near the west end of the lot. Laney Blumhost operated an automobile paint and repair shop on the lower floor of the old telephone building. There was a side door on the south side of the building. A well-beaten dirt path ran through the lot from the sidewalk to this south door and then on back to the alley. This path passed within three feet of the well. Small children were known by Laney Blumhost to play on the front part of the lot. People in general used the lot to go from the sidewalk to the park. Other witnesses had seen children playing all over the lot at different times. Laney Blumhost did not object to children playing on this lot.
Patricia Bichsel and her husband William, parents of Jodie, brought suit against the Blumhosts in Henry County for the *303 wrongful death of their son. Plaintiffs recovered a verdict from the jury in the amount of Ten Thousand Dollars ($10,-000.00). Defendants filed a motion to set aside the verdict and enter judgment in their favor because plaintiffs failed to make a submissible case. This motion was denied and defendants appealed. Plaintiffs went to the jury solely on Instruction No. 2 which required the jury to believe, among other things, that “Defendants maintained an open well without a permanently attached cover over the opening and as a result said well was a pitfall and a trap and was not reasonably safe”, and, further, that “Defendants failed to use ordinary care to attach a covering over the opening in the well”. There is little, if any, dispute about the facts. Because of defendants’ knowledge that small children habitually played on this lot with no objection on their part, it is agreed by the parties that deceased was present on defendants’ premises with the implied consent of defendants and that his status was that of a bare licensee.
The basic rule in these cases is that the possessor of land owes no duty to a licensee as to maintenance, but that the licensee takes the premises as he finds them. Defendants’ contention that plaintiffs failed to make a submissible case is based upon the premise that since the child was no more than a licensee, the defendants owed no duty to him. Absent a duty there is no liability. However, plaintiffs contend that there is an exception to this rule in that if the possessor of land maintains a trap or pitfall on the land and a licensee is injured therein, the possessor is liable; and, further, that the well in this case was a trap or pitfall. Our question then is whether the maintenance of a trap or pitfall is an exception to the rule that a licensee takes the premises as he finds them, and if so, was the well in this case such a trap or pitfall?
There are, of course, exceptions to the general rule. The landowner is liable for affirmative negligent acts. Another exception, “usually stated as part of the rule, is that the landowner may not willfully or wantonly injure the trespasser or licensee.” Boyer v. Guidicy Marble, Terrazzo & Tile Co., Mo.,
There were no cases cited by the parties, and the court on independent research could find only one in Missouri, dealing with the drowning of a child in a well. In Leeright v. Ahrens,
In Gilliland v. Bondurant,
“In the case of a licensee liability for an injury may be predicated on negligence in leaving something in the nature of a trap or pitfall at a place where his presence might have been anticipated, although there was no intention to cause any injury, for there is a duty to a licensee not to set traps for him.”
65 C.J.S. Negligence § 63(39), p. 712, repeats in substance the foregoing statement from Corpus Juris and adds:
“* * * The duty of the owner or occupant not to injure a licensee willfully or wantonly includes the obligation not to lay for him or permit to exist pitfalls or mantraps in which it may be reasonably anticipated he will become ensnared. The owner or occupant must not create an entrapment to the danger of a licensee unless he discloses its existence or warns against its hazards.
“A 'trap’ has been defined as a danger which a person who does not know the premises could not avoid by reasonable care and skill, a hidden danger lurking on the premises which may be avoided if known. The word ‘trap’ as now used generally means any kind of a hidden dangerous condition. * * *”
See also 38 Am.Jur., Negligence, Section 118, pp. 781, 782.
There are other cases in Missouri stating that the possessor of land owes no duty to a licensee to make the premises safe or warn him of dangerous conditions. These cases seem to stem from the case of Glaser v. Rothschild,
Other cases cited by defendants and following this rule or statement concerning hidden dangers, are Porchey v. Kelling,
Glaser v. Rothschild and Kelly v. Benas, supra, do say arguendo that the owner would not be liable for injuries caused by falling into a well or pit, however, this was dictum. The cases did not pertain to wells, or even ultrahazardous conditions or hidden peril. Neither did any of the other cases cited by defendants which followed the rule as announced in Glaser v. Rothschild, supra.
It is equally true that Gilliland v. Bondurant; Anderson v. Cinnamon; Wolfson v. Chelist; and Ziegler v. Elms, supra, are not cases concerning wells or cisterns. *306 With the exception of the Gilliland case, they do discuss hidden dangers and ultra-hazardous conditions. The court in the three latter cases said that there was liability to a licensee for injury caused by negligence in connection with unusual hazards or ultrahazardous conditions, or traps and pitfalls, but that such hazard was not in these cases.
It may be noted that all the exceptions mentioned above, i. e. the “hard-by” rule, the explosive cases, the railroad cases and the attractive nuisance doctrine, pertain either to hazardous conditions or dangerous instrumentalities in places where one should reasonably expect people to be, whether trespassers or licensees. The failure to use ordinary care to prevent injury to a person reasonably expected to be within range of a dangerous activity or hidden peril, has been held to be equivalent to willful and wanton conduct. 65 C.J.S. Negligence § 63(38), p. 710; Everett v. St. Louis & S. F. R. Co., supra; Cole v. Metropolitan St. R. Co.,
Thus from the cases of Leeright v. Ahrens; Gilliland v. Bondurant; Anderson v. Cinnamon; Wolfson v. Chelist; and Ziegler v. Elms, supra, we deduce the law in Missouri to be that the maintenance of a trap or pitfall of which the owner has knowledge but the licensee has not, is an exception to the rule that a licensee takes the premises as he finds them,
provided
the trap or pitfall is an ultrahazardous hidden peril. Although none of the cases define ultrahazardous, the term should be considered as including “highly dangerous to life and limb.” See Wolfson v. Chelist, supra. It probably is synonymous with the term “inherently dangerous” as used in the attractive nuisance cases, i. e., “* * * danger inheres in the instrumentality or condition itself, at all times, so as to require special precautions to be taken with regard to it to prevent injury; * * *” Hull v. Gillioz,
We are of the opinion that a jury could reasonably find that the well in this case was such a trap or pitfall. The well was located among old junker cars and body parts, with an old car trunk either covering it or close by. Such covering was easily moved either by this child or one of the other children who often played there. We can think of nothing more hazardous to a child than an open well with water in it. One can fall into a fairly deep pit and survive. One can fall into a pond, even without the ability to swim, and have some chance of survival — a chance to cry for help and perhaps be rescued. But unless someone should see a person in the act of falling into a well with water in it, there would be almost no chance of survival. This well with twenty feet of water in it, with old glass at the bottom, was almost certain death to any child that might fall into it. Further, the danger of such well, while apparent to an adult, or even a teenager, would certainly not be apparent to a five year old child. The water level was ten feet below the ground and the hole in the top of the well only eighteen inches square. One looking down into such well may see nothing, or a reflection, depending *307 upon the light. Thus the danger or peril was hidden as far as this child was concerned. We are not saying that every open pit and hole is an ultrahazardous condition, but an open or inadequately covered well or cistern, with water in it, is almost certain death to any child that might tumble into it. Further, it might not be amiss to remark that at the turn of the century, the time of the Kelly and Glaser cases, wells were common and in general use, a common hazard of life, (although surely not maintained in the same condition as this well) whereas, today a well is an uncommon hazard.
Whether the application of this exception is or should be limited as it is in the attractive nuisance cases (see Hull v. Gillioz, supra) to cases where the utility to the possessor of maintaining the condition is slight compared to the risk of injury to a child involved therein, is not a determinate to a decision in this case. For such is the case here. This well was all but abandoned. Further, it could have been made secure at little expense and no inconvenience to the owner.
Respondent argues that deceased must have moved the car trunk, and in the process inadvertently fell into the well. Appellant points out there was no evidence that such occurred and that such a theory is speculation. There is no way of determining whether the well was uncovered by someone else and the boy fell in, or whether the boy uncovered it himself and fell in. In our view of the case it makes no difference. The maintenance of this well with an old trunk for a cover, in a place where children play, was an inherently dangerous, ultrahazardous condition, the peril of which was hidden to a five year old boy, and was thereby a trap or pitfall, whether or not the opening in the well was covered with the trunk at the time of the tragedy. Exactly how the child fell into the well is not important if there was sufficient evidence for the jury to infer that the child fell in as a result of defendants’ failure to provide an adequate cover. Leeright v. Ahrens, supra. We find that there was.
Judgment for plaintiffs is affirmed.