169 Mo. App. 519 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1913
-The plaintiff sues for personal injuries occasioned by falling from one of defendant’s flat cars while he was assisting in loading some bridge timbers on the same. He was one of a crew engaged in building and repairing bridges along the defendant railroad. The crew was supplied with cars, tools,
The plaintiff alleges that his spine was fractured, that he was injured internally and became a nervous wreck. “That said injuries were permanent in their nature and extent and plaintiff will be a cripple the balance of his life and will suffer great pain and anguish of mind and body as long as he lives. That on account of said injuries his life expectancy has been shortened, and he has totally lost all of his earnings since the date of said injuries.” The jury awarded plaintiff five thousand dollars for these injuries, which verdict was approved by the trial court and judgment entered accordingly.
Three assignments of error .are made and relied on by defendant in this court: (1) The instruction given for plaintiff on the measure of damages; (2)
The instruction on the measure of damages is assailed because of not following the petition in limiting the amount of. damages to be allowed for loss of time and earnings. On this point the petition alleges: “That prior to said injuries plaintiff was an able-bodied man, strong and vigorous and healthy; that he was earning about $700 per annum, and was in line of promotion for higher wages; that all of said earnings had been lost to plaintiff and on account of the permanent nature of said injuries plaintiff will be a cripple the balance of his life and will lose all of his earnings in the future, as his earning capacity has been' totally destroyed.” The instruction complained of, after specifying other elements of damages to be considered by the jury, says: “You should further take into consideration all loss of wages, if any, which you may find from the evidence that plaintiff has already sustained by reason of such injuries, if any, and you should take into account all loss of earnings, if any, that you may find from the evidence plaintiff will sustain in the future as a direct result of said injuries, if any. ’ ’
We think this instruction is not erroneous under the pleadings and facts in this ease. It will be conceded, we think, that where the petition does not limit the loss of time to a definite amount, then the instructions need not do so, where the petition states generally that the plaintiff has lost his time and earnings and will continue to do so by reason of the injuries, without fixing or limiting the value and amount of such loss, then the instructions may also leave such amount unlimited and merely tell the jury to take such loss of time and earnings into consideration in arriving at the total damage. An approved instruction along this, line will be found in Reynolds v. Transit Co., 189 Mo. 408, 419, 88 S. W. 50. [See also Dean v. Wabash Railroad Co., 229 Mo. 425, 455, 129 S. W. 953.]
In Lindsay v. Kansas City, 195 Mo. 166, 180, 93 S. W. 273, the petition alleges that plaintiff has lost one month’s time, amounting to $30, and in the instructions given the amount was not so limited but permitted the jury to find damages in addition to the $30, which the plaintiff had already suffered. The court approved the instructions on the ground that, ‘ ‘ The allegations of the petition referred to the loss of her means of livelihood from the time of bringing the action, in addition to that which she had already lost. . . . The court properly submitted to the jury the damages she had suffered up to the time of the trial as well as those which she would suffer on account of her injuries in the future. We do not think the instruction broadens the recovery beyond that which was prayed for in the petition.”
The fact that the plaintiff in his petition states the character of his business or employment and his earning capacity therein in connection with the allegations as to loss of time and future earnings, as was done in the case of Dean v. Wabash Railroad Co., 229 Mo.
That was a proper distinction between the case then under consideration and the cases there referred to, but it is not to be inferred that the rule that the instructions must follow the petition in limiting damages for lost time or earnings does not apply in any case where the loss of time is not completed at the time of filing the petition — that is in cases of permanent injury. Damages for loss of time or earnings accruing after the petition is filed, and after trial even, may be so limited by the petition that the instructions must likewise limit the amount of recovery. Thus in Radtke v. Basket & Box Co., 229 Mo. 1, 21, 129 S. W. 508, the court said: “In the case at bar, the loss by injury to earning capacity was not only fixed from the date of the injury to the date of filing the petition at nine dollars per week, but it was fixed at such sum for the future.” It was accordingly held that the instruc
Loss of time or earnings is only one element of damages arising from personal injuries. The petition may signal out and make such element a distinct item of damages with a positive and definite limitation as to the amount, or it may state' such element as one of the component parts of the total damages with or without an allegation as to the earning capacity of the plaintiff by way of inducement. In the one case the instructions must contain the same limitations as the petition: In the other case there is no such definite limitations in the petition and there need not be in the instructions. In the instant case the only allegations claimed by the defendant tending to fix the limitations of the amount claimed for loss of time is, “that he was earning about $700 per annum, and was in line of promotion for higher wages.” This cannot properly be construed as so definitely fixing and limiting the value of the time and earnings lost and to be lost as to require the instruction to contain a limitation of the amount to be awarded for this particular element of damages. The court was not broadening the issues made by the pleadings in giving the instruction, as it did, telling the jury to take into consideration the loss of time and earnings without limiting the amount to be awarded for that element of damages to a definite amount.
The second contention' is that the court should have sustained a demurrer to the evidence in that no negligence of the master was shown and that whatever defects and dangers there were in the rope and its use in loading these bridge timbers were known to and assumed by plaintiff. In this connection the evidence is sufficient to support these facts and they must be taken as true on this' appeal (Phelan v. Construction Co., 227 Mo. l. c. 666, 704, 127 S. W. 318; Holloway v. Kansas City, 184 Mo. 19, 82 S. W. 89): That the rope in
Under these facts would it do to say that the condition of the rope was equally open to the observation of the defendant’s foreman and this plaintiff, and that each is presumed to be equally careful and observant of conditions and dangers? If so, what is negligence in one is negligence in the other. If the plaintiff did not observe, apprehend and avoid the danger, then de-. fendant is not liable for failure to do the same thing. Such is defendant’s contention here. If this be the law, then truly the master has at last found the way (to escape liability) he long has sought and mourned because he found it not.
What are the respective duties of the master and servant with reference to the use of ropes, tools or other appliances furnished by the master for the servant’s use? They are these: The master must use ordinary care to provide reasonably safe appliances for'the servant’s use. This is a continuing duty and
As will be seen from these and other cases too numerous to mention the duty of the master in this respect is a' positive, active and continuous one. In Gutridge v. Railroad, 105 Mo. 520, 528, 16 S. W. 943, the court quotes with approval from Baker v. Railroad, 95 Penn. St. 211, as follows: “But there was evidence in this case, sufficient certainly to make a question for the jury, that such a rope after having been used for a year or more, and exposed during that time as the one in question seems to have been, was no longer a safe rope, even though it did not outwardly exhibit any signs of decay. The master is bound to know that a rope under such circumstances will only last a limited time. It will not do for him to furnish a sound rope and then fold his arms until by actually breaking it is demonstrated to be insecure. It will not do to say the servant is bound to know this as well as the master, and to warn him that after such a time to procure a new rope.”
In Ogan v. Railroad, 142 Mo. App. 428, 252, 126 S. W. 191, the court, quoting from Houston v. Brush, 66 Vt. 331, said, “It will not do to say that having furnished suitable and proper machinery and appliances, the master can thereafter remain passive, so long as they work well and seem safe. The duty of inspection is affirmative and must be continually fulfilled and positively performed. Anything short of this would not be ordinary care.”
In Gibson v. Bridge Co., supra, the court said: “It is the duty of the servant to serve and obey. It is not supposed when given a task to perform that he will on his own motion consume his master’s time in making comprehensive inspections to detect dangers. All that is required of him is that he use his senses in the position assigned him; and as to dangers not to him apparent, and not inherent to the employment, he has the right to rely upon his master’s judgment and humanity for the safety of his position.”
As illustrating the difference between the duty of the master and that of the servant in detecting and avoiding dangers in the use of tools and appliances, it is held that the master is required to- be vigilant, and to make inspections, and to use tests whenever reasonably necessary in order to. discover defects, weakness and dangers; and this is especially true in respect to instrumentalities whose natural tendencies are to weaken and deteriorate by use and age. [1 Labatt Master and Servant, sec. 159; Houston v. Brush, 66 Vt. 331, 29 Atl. 380; Ogan v. Railroad, 142 Mo. App. 248, 252, 126 S. W. 191; Gutridge v. Railroad, 105 Mo. 520, 528, 16 S. W. 943; Tateman v. Railroad, 96 Mo. App. 448, 454, 70 S. W. 514.]
It is also the well established doctrine, of this State at least, that the servant never assumes the dangers arising from the negligence of the master, for the reason that he is not required to anticipate that the master will be negligent. [Curtis v. McNair, 173 Mo. 270, 73 S. W. 167; Briscoe v. Railroad, 130 Mo. App. 513, 109 S. W. 96; Brady v. Railroad, 206 Mo. 509, 528, 102 S. W. 978; 105 S. W. 1195; Holman v. Iron Co., 152 Mo. App. 672, 685, 133 S. W. 379; Wiley v. GaCo., 132 Mo. App. 380, 111 S. W. 1185; George v. Railroad, 225 Mo. 364, 125 S. W. 196.]
There is a constant effort on the part of masters to have the courts place them and their servants on the same footing with reference to discovering and avoiding dangers arising from the use of defective tools, machinery and appliances. It is sought, on the one hand, to argue that a given state of facts does not prove want of ordinary care on the part of the master because the servant did not discover the defect from the same facts, and the servant’s failure to detect same is urged as positive proof that the defects are so latent that the master could not reasonably be required to anticipate or find the same; and, on the other.hand, it is argued that if the defects are so open and such that the master is held negligent for not discovering the same, this is proof positive that they were equally open and apparent to the servant and he must be held to be negligent also or to have assumed and waived the dangers arising from such apparent and open defects. In this manner the servant is sought to be ground between the upper millstone of nondiscoverable defects on the 'part of the master and the nether millstone of contributory negligence or assumption of risks of discoverable and open defects on the part of the servant.
In this case we think the facts are such, considering the positive duty of the master to be vigilant in discovering defects, to warrant the, jury in finding, as it did under proper instructions, that defendant was negligent in failing to furnish plaintiff with reasonably safe appliances with which to work; and it was likewise warranted, considering plaintiff’s duty only required him to refrain from using appliances so obviously defective as to deter a reasonably prudent man from so doing, in finding that plaintiff was not guilty of contributory negligence.
On the third assignment of error as to the verdict of $5000 being excessive, it is sufficient to say that while defendant’s evidence tends strongly to show that plaintiff’s injuries are not serious or permanent and are largely feigned, yet, if plaintiff and his witnesses are believed, and that was for the jury, then plaintiff is a nervous and physical wreck beyond hope of recovery and totally disabled from making a living.
It therefore results that the judgment must be affirmed.