21 Me. 314 | Me. | 1842
Lead Opinion
— This action against the defendant is for a nonfeasance as a deputy sheriff, in not attaching sufficient property as ordered on mesne process in favor of the plaintiff, and against John Lane and Jabez Leadbetter, to satisfy the judgment afterwards recovered thereon. The writ was served, in 1829. This action was commenced in June, i 840; and within six years of the rendition of the judgment in that case. The statute of limitations is relied opon in defence. The plaintiff insists, that his right of action against the defendant did not accrue till after the rendition of judgment against Lane and Leadbetter. The defendant contends that it accrued, if ever, at the time of the attachment returned on the writ against them. At the trial, the plaintiff consented to become nonsuit, reserving leave to move to have it taken off, and the action reinstated for trial, in case the Court should be of opinion, that the defence, under the statute of limitations, could not be sustained.
To determine when the right of action accrued, is not without its difficulties. It is very clear that the, particular act of nonfeasance occurred when the writ was returned by the defendant, without having complied with the order of the plaintiff; and the plaintiff’s writ must necessarily so allege it. But it is insisted, though the act of nonfeasance did then take place,, that the injury did not • arise till after the rendition of judgment ; nor until it was ascertained, by a levy, that the property attached was insufficient to satisfy the execution thereon issued. The question would seem to be, was the omission a wrong done to the plaintiff, from which the supposed injury accrued ? or was it an innocent act of the defendant, from which consequential injury alone arose to the plaintiff? If the former, then the act complained of was the subject matter of the grievance; and the statute should begin to run from the time' it took place. If the latter, then it should begin to run only from the time of the happening of the injury. If a man erects a dam on his own land, causing a reflux of a
The case at bar has been supposed to bear a similitude to the case of Roberts v. Read, 16 East, 215, in which it appeared that the defendant, a surveyor of highways, had so excavated adjoining the plaintiff’s wall, that some months after-wards it fell. The cause of action was considered as accruing when the wall fell. It was a special action on the case for consequential damage. Till the wall fell, there was no trespass upon the plaintiff’s rights. It did not appear but that the surveyor had done what he innocently might do. The case was decided upon the same principle, as in any other case of an injury merely consequential. Lord Ellenborough remarked, “ it is sufficient that the action was brought within three months after the wall fell, for that is the gravamen ; the consequential damage is the cause of action in this case.” And that, “ being an action on the case for consequential damage, it could not have been brought till the specific wrong had been suffered.”
The same was the case in Gillon v. Boddington, 1 C. & P. 541, which has been supposed also to bear a similitude to the case at bar. But in that case, the reporter, in his marginal abstract, notices, that “ the act itself was not tortious or injurious, except from those consequences, which occurred sometime after.” In the case at bar, the act of returning the writ without attaching sufficient property, was the actual wrong-done, which occasioned the injury, and is the substantive cause of action. It was a wrong for which an action might instantly have been brought. Whether it could have been sustained oi* not, might still have depended on whether the plaintiff’s
It is undoubtedly very true, that no man has a right of action against a wrongdoer, unless he is personally injured. But, in the case of every violation of the rights of a particular individual, the law implies damage. It may be but nominal. But still a right of action accrues for it. A sheriff might neglect to arrest and commit a worthless debtor to jail; and it might even happen that it would be productive of a pecuniary loss to the creditor, that he should do so ; still, if the creditor had a right to have him committed, a right of action would exist in his behalf, for the nonfeasance, and nominal damages would be recoverable. In the case at bar, whether the defendant, by not attaching more property, did the plaintiff a wrong, depended on the amount of his debt. That amount did not depend on any subsequent proceeding. Tt was the same, at the time he commenced his suit for it, that it was at the rendition of judgment; with the exception of the damage for the detention of the debt. The wrong done to the plaintiff, therefore, occurred when the nonfeasance took place, and not when it came to be ascertained, by subsequent events, what the precise amount of the injury turned out to be.
It is believed, that there is no substantial distinction between actions for torts, where assumpsit might also have been sustained, and official acts of misfeasance or nonfeasance, if there be any such, in which assumpsit could not have been sustained. If a tort bo relied upon, it is not perceived how there can be any such distinction. There is certainly no direct authority in
This authority is, furthermore, directly in point, to show that the injury arising from a wrong done, takes its date from the time of doing the act occasioning the injury. An attorney, in that'case, was guilty of a misfeasance, or nonfeasance, attended with a consequent injury to the plaintiff. It was held, that the damage, subsequently arising, did not constitute a substantive cause of action, of itself; and that the statute of limitations began to run from the time that the cause producing the injury took place.
In Godin v. Ferris, 2 H. Bl. 14, it was holden, that the misfeasance of a custom-house officer, in wrongfully seizing goods, not liable by law to be seized, took place at the time of the seizure; and that the statute of limitations began to run from that time, and was not dependent upon the event of proceedings at law against the goods. Similar cases have repeatedly arisen since, and have been similarly decided in the English courts. The case of Fetter v. Beale, 1 Salk. 11, is to the same effect in principle. The Court held, that an action depending upon consequential injury to a person, arising from an assault and battery, committed so long anterior as to be barred by the statute of limitations, was also barred, though occurring afterwards.
In Miller v. Adams, 16 Mass. R, 456, in the case of the misfeasance of an officer, in not duly serving a writ, whereby
If not attaching goods, when ordered to do so, give an instant right of action, and it would seem that the whole court
As to the argument arising from any inability to prove the amount of the actual damage till after judgment and execution, it is difficult to perceive how that should have any legitimate bearing upon the question. If a man be sued for the breach of his covenant of warranty, in his deed of real estate, he cannot tell what the amount of the damages to be recovered against him may be, till judgment recovered; still it will not affect the time of the accruing of his right of action against his warrantor. In the case at bar, if the nonfeasance had been the non-arrest of the debtors, whereby they had been enabled to flee the country, with property enough to pay the debt, the amount of damage would have been uncertain till judgment against them. The same difficulty would have existed, if the attachment had been merely nominal. It must be that the right of action exists, whenever the officer fails to do his duty; and that the ascertainment of the actual damage'
In Wilcox & al. v. the Executors of Plummer, 4 Peters, 172, this whole subject seems elaborately to have been considered ; and the learning, in reference to it, to have been exhausted. The arguments of counsel were by Mr. Wirt, then Attorney General of the United States, for the plaintiff, and Mr. Webster, for the defendant. The defendant’s intestate, an attorney, had received an indorsed note for collection. He first sued the maker, and obtained judgment against him ; which proved fruitless, by reason of his insolvency. The indorser was not sued till long after a reasonable time had elapsed, after judgment against the principal; and, when sued, the action was framed in such an unskilful manner that it abated ; before which the statute of limitations had intervened, and barred the plaintiff’s right to recover. This action for the default of the intestate, come into the Supreme Court upon a disagreement of opinion, certified from the Circuit Court. The Supreme Court certified their opinion to the Circuit Court, on the first count, which was for negligently omitting to sue the indorser in a reasonable time, to be, “ that the cause of action arose at the time, when the attorney ought to have sued the indorser, which was within a reasonable time after the note was received for collection; or, at all events, after the failure to collect the money of the maker.” Mr. Justice Johnson, in delivering the opinion of the Court, remarked, that, in such case, no more than nominal damages might have been proved or recovered ; but that proof of actual damage may extend to facts that occur and grow out of the injury, even up to the day of the verdict.” The other count in the writ, was grounded upon the negligence in framing an insufficient writ against the indorser; and suffering the statute of limitations to become a bar; in reference to which the Court, held, that the injury complained of in that count must take its date from the time of making the insufficient writ; and not fiom the time when
In the case at bar, it seems to a majority of the Court, that it results from principle, and from the authorities cited, that an action had accrued to the plaintiff, if at all, on the return of the writ; and that no substantive cause of action can be considered as having arisen afterwards. The plaintiff had, for years after all the damage complained of had been fully ascertained, ample opportunity to have instituted his suit. Not having done so till after six years had elapsed from the time when his cause of action arose, he is barred; and judgment must be entered on the nonsuit.
The following reasons for his dissent were given by
Dissenting Opinion
— It will be admitted, that the statute of limitations commences to run from the time, when the right of action accrues. The only difficulty consists in determining that question. The general rule is believed to be, that in actions founded on contract, express or implied, the right of action accrues upon the breach of it; and in actions founded on tort, it accrues when the party is injured. A mere violation or neglect of duty enjoined by law, or otherwise imposed without contract, unless accompanied or followed by an injury to some person, cannot be the foundation of an action at common law. The law does not allow an individual to maintain a suit to redress moral wrongs, from which he has suffered no injury. The state or sovereign power only can interpose in such cases. And to decide whether the omission to comply with an order to attach property was a wrong or an innocent act, can afford little aid in forming a conclusion, token the right of action
With these principles there will be little difficulty in this case in arriving at a satisfactory conclusion.
The plaintiff sued out a writ against John Lane and Jabez Leadbetter. The ad damnum was two thousand dollars. The defendant, being a deputy of the sheriff, received the writ with written instructions to attach all their real estate. On the 12th
There does not appear to be any case brought to the consideration of the Court, opposed to these positions. The case of Fetter v. Beale, 1 Salk. 11, was an action for assault, battery, and maim. It appeared, that the plaintiff in a former action of assault and battery had recovered damages for the injury, and that since that time a piece of his skull had come out, for which this action was brought. The decision was, that the former recovery was a bar, because the whole injury, as well that, which was prospective and contingent, as that, which was existing and apparent, could have been proved and recovered for in the first action. The case of Goden v. Terris, 2 H. Bl. 14, was an action against an officer of the customs, for illegally seizing goods as forfeited. It was objected, that the action was not commenced within three months next after the matter or thing done, as the statute required. The decision was, that the statute commenced to run from the seizure. The action was trespass, which implies damage from the illegal act, and there was a present damage also by removing the goods, and the whole proceedings were at that time, either lawful or unlawful.
The case of Howell v. Young, was a special action on the case, founded, as before stated, on a breach of an implied contract, for which assumpsit might have been brought. And there was also a present' defect of title, capable of being clear-, ly and certainly established by proof, as soon as the neglect of duty occurred. And this present defect of title is the foundation of the remark of Mr. Justice Bayley, where he says, “if the allegation of special damage had been wholly omitted, the plaintiff would have been entitled to a verdict of nominal damages.” The ground, upon which he would have been entitled immediately to that or a greater measure of damages, is also explained by Mr. Justice Holroyd, where he says, “so here, if the action had been brought immediately after the insufficient security had been taken, the jury would have been bound to give damages for the probable loss, which the plaintiff was
The following cases tend to establish, confirm, or elucidate, the positions before stated.- The case of Roberts v. Read, 16 East, 215, was a special action on the case against surveyors of highways for digging so near the plaintiff’s wall as to undermine it, and cause it to fall. The act was done in May, 1810. The wall fell the following January. Lord Ellenborough says, “ it is sufficient, that the action was brought within three months after the wall fell, for that is the gravamen; the consequential damage is the cause of action in this case“ it Gould not have been brought till the specific wrong had been suffered.” And Mr. Justice Bayley significantly asked, “how Was the damage to be estimated, before it actually happened.” The case of Gillon v. Boddington, 1 C. & P. 541, was an action on the case for an injury occasioned to -the wall of a wharf, by making excavations to prepare a dock. These were made in the year 1822, and the wall fell in 1824. The decision was, that the statute did ■ not commence to run until after the wall had fallen. Rice v. Hosmer, 12 Mass. R. 127, was an action on the case for official neglect of duty in omitting to take sufficient bail. And in the opinion of the Court it is said, “ had the plaintiffs brought their action at any time, before they obtained judgment in the 'suit against Carlton, - they could have shewn no actual damage. It was then uncertain, whether they would prevail in their suit; and if they did, the principal might satisfy the judgment, or be surrendered by the bail.” There do not appear to have been greater difficulties in that case, than in the present, in maintaining an action before judgment. In that case it is also said, that “ there is no doubt, that an action upon the case for the neglect or misconduct of an officer, may lie in some cases immediately or before judgment in the suit; as for suffering an escape, neglecting to arrest a debtor, or to attach his goods, or to return the writ.” And Mr. Justice Dewey very correctly says, “ but those cases are different from the'present, and depend on different principles.” The reason of the difference in principle is
The case of Ravenscroft v. Egles, 2 Wilson, 294, was an action on the case against the warden of the Fleet prison for a voluntary escape. The prisoner returned to prison on the day of the escape, and the plaintiff proceeded to judgment against him. The decision was, that the action could be maintained. In the opinion it is said, “ though the plaintiff might lawfully proceed to judgment against him, yet he could not charge him in execution.” And if an escape be voluntary in the jailer, “ nothing afterwards will purge it.” Here therefore was a present injury, which could be proved. The case of Alexander v. Macauley, 4 T. R. 611, was an action on the case against the sheriffs for an escape. The plaintiff could not prove any debt against the person who escaped ; and the question was raised, whether he could recover nominal damages, and it was decided, that he could not. The case put by Mr. Justice Dewey, of neglecting “ to attach his goods,” is that of a neglect to make any attachment, when directed to do so ; and between such a case, and that of neglecting to attach sufficient, there is this important distinction: in the former case, the plaintiff is deprived of the security, to which he is entitled by law ; and that is a present injury capable of present proof; and it lays the foundation of an action upon' the case on the principle before stated, that the right of action accrues, when the injury is suffered. In the latter case, there is no violation of the right to have security. And when there is a. substantial, and not a nominal and deceptive compliance with the order to attach, it must remain uncertain, whether any loss will arise from the neglect, until after judgment, if not until after an ap
Mather v. Green, 17 Mass. N. 60, was an action on the case against a deputy of the sheriff for taking insufficient bail. One person only was taken as bail. A judgment on scire facias had been obtained against him, and the execution issued thereon had been returned with an indorsement, that neither body nor property could be found. For the plaintiff it was contended, that the right of action did not accrue until after this return. The decision was, that it accrued on the return of non est inventus on the execution against the principal, as the plaintiff then might have inquired, and “ would have ascertained the fault of the defendant in that he had taken but one surety.” At that time he had suffered an injury, and could have proved, that he had been deprived of the security, to which he was by law entitled, and that such security had become highly important. Bailey v. Hall, 4 Shepl. 408, was an action on the case against the sheriff with a count in trover. The plaintiff alleged, that a deputy of the defendant had attached his goods on a writ in favor of Howard, and had wasted them before the judgment. The goods were not applied to satisfy the execution issued on the judgment recovered by-Howard against the plaintiff. The decision was, that the right of action did not accrue until the attachment was dissolved. The case of Harriman v. Wilkins, 2 App. 93, was an action on the case against the sheriff for the neglect of a deputy in taking a replevin bond with insufficient sureties. The decision was, that the right of action did not accrue until after judgment for a return and a failure to procure the property. It will be perceived, that the cases are all reconcilable and consistent with the principles before stated; and this would seem to be sufficient to test their accuracy.