292 F.3d 1004 | 9th Cir. | 2002
Lead Opinion
OPINION
This appeal requires us to decide whether yield spread premiums, which are fees paid by mortgage lenders to mortgage brokers that are based on the difference between- the interest rate at which the broker- originates the loan and the par, or market rate offered by the lender, are lawful under the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA), 12 U.S.C. § 2601 et seq. (West 2001). RESPA prohibits the giving or receiving of fees for referral as part of a real estate settlement service but permits fees that are paid for
Bettina J. Scheutz obtained a federally related mortgage loan from Banc One Mortgage Corporation through a mortgage broker, Home Mortgage Financial Corporation. She paid Home Mortgage direct fees and Banc One paid it a yield spread premium. She brought a class action challenging the yield spread premium payment as contrary to § 8(a).
We do not write on a clean slate in deciding whether the yield spread premium was a referral, because the Department of Housing and Urban Development ' (HUD), which is charged with enforcing RE SPA, has prescribed a test for determining the propriety of a yield spread premium payment. It asks whether services were actually performed for the total compensation paid to the mortgage broker, and whether that compensation is reasonably related to the services provided. The district court deferred to this test, correctly we believe, and declined to certify a class of borrowers for lack of a common question of fact. It then granted summary judgment in favor of Banc One on Scheutz’s claim that its payment of the yield spread ■ premium was really for a referral of business by Home Mortgage. The court concluded that the broker performed services that contributed to the transaction, and that Home Mortgage’s total compensation (of which the yield spread premium was a part) was reasonably related to the services provided. We agree with these rulings.
As we have jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
I
When Schuetz found a house that she wanted to buy in the Sun Lakes Country Club development in Sun Lakes, Arizona, she hired Home Mortgage Financial Corporation, a mortgage broker, to arrange a loan. Mortgage brokers are intermediaries who bring borrower and lender together. Borrowers typically approach the mortgage settlement process with a variety of individual characteristics and needs, including their credit rating, income, sensitivity to interest rate variations, and preference for paying charges up front or spreading them out in the form of a higher interest rate. Brokers furnish numerous services to consumers;
A broker selects a loan product from among the various loans offered by the lending institutions with which it maintains a relationship. According to Home Mortgage, loans are selected based on the lender’s service, turnaround time, ability to make the required funds available, reputation in the community, level of professionalism, reputation with the banking department, competitive rates, underwriting flexibility, and the availability of products.
Home Mortgage obtained Schuetz a 30-year loan in the principal amount of $68,000 with a 7.5% interest rate from Banc One, which is a wholesale lender. This was above Banc One’s par rate. “Par rate” refers to the rate at which the lender will fund 100% of a loan with no premiums or discounts to the broker. For each loan product, Bane One estimates the secondary market value of a model loan and derives a “par” price (taking into account its own costs and return requirements) that it uses in developing rate sheets for brokers. If the interest rate on a particular loan exceeds the rate assumed by Banc One’s par price model, Banc One will pay the broker a “yield spread premium” equal to the value of the additional interest.
A yield spread premium, or “YSP,” is a lump sum paid by a lender to a broker at closing when the loan originated by the broker bears an above-par interest rate. As HUD has explained it:
Payments to brokers by lenders, characterized as yield spread premiums, are based on the interest rate and points of the loan entered into as compared to the par rate offered by the lender to the mortgage broker for that particular loan (e.g., a loan of 8% and no points where the par rate is 7.50% will command a greater premium for the broker than a loan with a par rate of 7.75% and no points). In determining the price of a loan, mortgage brokers rely on rate quotes issued by lenders, sometimes several times a day. When a lender agrees to purchase a loan from a broker, the broker receives the then applicable pricing for the loan based on the difference between the rate reflected in the rate quote and the rate of the loan entered into by the borrower....
Lender payments to mortgage brokers may reduce the up-front costs to consumers. This allows consumers to obtain loans without paying direct fees themselves. Where a broker is not compensated by the consumer through a direct fee, or is partially compensated through a direct fee, the interest rate of the loan is increased to compensate the broker or the fee is added to principal.*1008 In any of the compensation methods described, all costs are ultimately paid by the consumer, whether through direct fees or through the interest rate.
1999 Statement of Policy, 64 Fed.Reg. at 10081 (footnotes omitted).
In this case, Schuetz paid her broker direct fees of $1,661.00, consisting of $688.00 for loan origination, $688.00 for loan discount, and $285.00 for processing. Banc One also paid Home Mortgage a yield spread premium of $516.00. This payment was identified on Schuetz’s HUD-1 Settlement Statement as “Mortgage Broker fee to Home Mortgage from BANC ONE.”
Scheutz sued Banc One on behalf of a class of borrowers whose loan settlements included a yield spread premium payment, claiming that the YSP violates RESPA because it is a kickback for referral of a federally related mortgage loan.
Cross-motions for summary judgment resulted in judgment for Banc One. The district court held that HÚD’s 1999 Statement of Policy guided the outcome because Congress authorized HUD to promulgate rules and regulations to implement RES-PA, and to interpret the statute. Applying HUD’s test for legality of yield spread premium payments, the court found it undisputed that compensable services were performed by Home Mortgage and that they were worth what the broker was paid. Accordingly, the court concluded that no RESPA violation occurred.
Schuetz appeals both orders.
II
In a nutshell, Schuetz contends that the direct fees which she paid fully compensated Home Mortgage for the services it performed and that the yield spread premium paid by Banc One,-which was not tied to— or in exchange for — any particular services, is necessarily a fee for referral. In her view, HUD and the district court got the liability test wrong, and the Eleventh Circuit got it right in Culpepper v. Irwin Mortgage Corp., 253 F.3d 1324 (11th Cir. 2001). Banc One counters that HUD’s test is binding and that courts must defer to it.
The backdrop is cumbersome but important.
A
Congress enacted RESPA in 1974 to protect home buyers from.inflated prices in the home purchasing process. It sought to increase the supply of information available to mortgage consumers about the cost of home loans in advance of settlement, and to eliminate abusive practices such as kickbacks, referral fees, and unearned fees. To accomplish the first purpose, the Act requires lenders to provide borrowers with a statement identifying all settlement charges on a standardized form, commonly known as a “HUD-1,” 12 U.S.C. § 2603 (West 2001), and with an information booklet prepared by HUD that counsels bor
Sections 8(a) and 8(c)(2) are the provisions primarily at issue in this case. Section 8(a) prohibits fees for referrals. It provides: ■ “No person shall give and no person shall accept any fee, kickback, or thing of value pursuant to any agreement or understanding, oral or otherwise, that business incident to or a part of a real estate settlement service involving a federally related mortgage loan shall be referred to any person.” 12 U.S.C. § 2607(a). Section 8(c)(2) provides: “Nothing in this section shall be construed as prohibiting ... the payment to any person of a bona fide salary or compensation or other payment for goods or facilities actually furnished or for services actually performed ....” Id. § 2607(c)(2).
HUD is the administrative agency charged with enforcing RESPA. It is authorized by statute to prescribe rules and regulations, and to make interpretations of RESPA. 12 U.S.C. § 2617(a). HUD has issued regulations pursuant to this authority. See “Regulation X,” 24 C.F.R. § 3500.1 et seq. Section 3500.14 pertains to kickbacks and unearned fees that are prohibited by § 8 of the statute. This regulation proscribes referral fees, 24 C.F.R. § 3500.14(b),
Sections 8(a) and (c)(2) of RESPA generated a considerable amount of litigation. In light of the legal uncertainty about lender payments to mortgage brokers for services performed, Congress directed HUD.to address the issue within 90.days of October 21, 1998 (the date on which the Department’s 1999 appropriations bill was enacted). See Conference Report on the Departments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999, H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 105-769 (1998), reprinted in U.S.C.C.A.N. 539, 568.
Meanwhile, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals rendered its first opinion in the Culpepper litigation. Culpepper v. Inland
HUD issued a Statement of • Policy March 1, 1999 after consulting industry groups, federal agencies, consumer groups and other interested parties. 1999 Statements Policy, 64 Fed.Reg. at 10084. The heart of HUD’s position is that lender payments to mortgage brokers are not illegal per se; yield spread premium payments may be legal (or illegal) in individual cases or classes of transactions. Id. Accordingly, the Policy Statement prescribes the following test:
. In determining whether a payment from a lender to a mortgage broker is permissible under Section 8 of RESPA, the first question is whether goods or facilities were actually furnished or services were actually performed for the compensation paid. The fact that goods or facilities have been actually furnished or that services have been actually performed by the mortgage broker does not by itself make the payment legal. The second question is whether the payments are reasonably related to. the value of the goods or facilities that were actually furnished or services that were actually performed.
In applying this test, HUD believes that total compensation should be scrutinized to assure that it is reasonably related to goods, facilities, or services furnished or performed to determine whether it is legal under RESPA. Total compensation to a broker includes direct origination and other fees paid by the borrower, indirect fees, including those that are derived from the interest rate paid by the borrower, or a combination of some or all. The Department considers that higher interest rates alone cannot justify higher total fees to mortgage brokers. All fees will be scrutinized as part of total compensation to determine that total compensation is reasonably related to the goods or facilities actually furnished or services actually performed. HUD believes that total compensation should be carefully considered in relation to price structures and practices in similar transactions and in similar markets.
Id. •
After HUD’s 1999 Policy Statement was issued, Inland (by then known as Irwin) appealed certification of a class of borrowers on whose loans it had paid a yield spread premium to the mortgage broker. Culpepper v. Irwin Mortgage Corp. (Culpepper III), 253 F.3d 1324 (11th Cir.2001). Irwin argued that the Policy Statement overruled Culpepper I’s interpretation of § 8(a). The court rejected that argument, as well as the lender’s contention that the legality of a YSP payment could only be determined loan transaction by loan transaction. It held that the test for § 8 liability is not whether the broker performed some services, but whether the YSP is payment for those services. Otherwise,
HUD then issued another Statement of Policy “to eliminate any ambiguity concerning the Department’s position with respect to those lender payments to mortgage brokers characterized as yield spread premiums ... as a result of questions raised by ... Culpepper v. Irwin Mortgage Corp.” Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act Statement of Policy 2001-1: Clarification of Statement of Policy 1999-1 Regarding Lender Payments to Mortgage Brokers, and Guidance Concerning Unearned Fees Under Section 8(b), 66 Fed. Reg. 58052 (October 18, 2001). The 2001 Statement explicitly rejects Culpepper’s interpretation, and reiterates the position taken in the 1999 Statement — that yield spread premiums are not per se legal or illegal and that this turns on meeting the requirements of its two-prong test.
The 2001 Statement indicates that under the first prong, “it is necessary to look at each transaction individually, including examining all of the goods or facilities provided or services performed by the broker in the transaction, whether the goods, facilities or services are paid for by the borrower, the lender, or partly by both.” Id. at 53055. It further states that a yield spread premium may not be presumed to be a referral fee based solely on the fact that the lender makes such a payment to a broker. Id. The 2001 Statement notes that yield spread premiums are by definition derived from the interest rate. and that this, by itself, does not indicate whether a particular YSP is a payment for facilities actually furnished or services, actually performed. Id. HUD also makes clear that the first part of its test does not contemplate identifying or allocating which facilities, goods or services are performed for the lender or for the borrower as all of them inure to the benefit of both. Id. In addition, the 2001 Statement advises that the list of services provided in the 1999 Statement, while not exhaustive, is still accurate, and that compensation for them may be paid either by the borrower or the lender or partly by both. However, “[c]ompensable services for the first part of the test do not include referrals or no, nominal, or duplicative work.” Id.
The 2001 Statement essentially repeats the considerations that HUD set out in the 1999 Statement for resolving the second, or reasonableness, part of the test. In suih, the pivotal question is whether a mortgage broker’s total compensation is reasonable. Total compensation includes fees paid "by a borrower and any yield spread premium paid by a lender, not simply the yield spread premium alone. Id. Total compensation to the broker must be reasonably related to the total value of goods or facilities provided or services performed; “simply delivering a loan with a higher interest rate is not a compensable service.” Id. And payments must be commensurate with the amount normally charged for similar services in similar transactions in similar markets. Id.
Finally, by way of background, the district court in this case rejected Culpepper’s interpretation and granted Chevron-style deference to HUD’s 1999 Policy Statement. The 2001 clarification was not issued until after briefing had begun on appeal. However, we have heard from both parties on its impact and turn now to their arguments.
B
Schuetz urges us not to defer for a number of reasons. As she sees it, HUD’s
We are not persuaded. First, Chevron deference is due even though HUD’s Policy Statements are not the result of formal rulemaking or adjudication. “[T]he fact that the Agency previously reached its interpretation through means less formal than ‘notice and comment’ rule-making does not automatically deprive that interpretation of the judicial deference otherwise its due.” Barnhart v. Walton, — U.S. -, 122 S.Ct. 1265, 1271-72, 152 L.Ed.2d 330 (2002); United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 121 S.Ct. 2164, 2173, 150 L.Ed.2d 292 (2001) (“[T]he want of that [notice-and-comment] procedure ... does not decide the case, for we have sometimes found reasons for Chevron deference even when no such administrative formality was required and none was afforded.”). Here, RESPA authorizes HUD to interpret the statute, 12 U.S.C. § 2617(a), and HUD’s regulations indicate that a “statement of policy” published in the Federal Register constitutes “a rule, regulation or interpretation” for purposes of RESPA. 24 C.F.R. § 3500.4(a)(1)®. Both policy statements are published in the Federal Register. Nothing suggests that the more formal process of notice and comment was short-circuited for any reason other than Congress’s directive to issue the 1999 Statement of Policy within 90 days. Indeed, both policy statements comport with Congressional intent to provide a safe harbor for good faith compliance with HUD rules, regulations, and interpretations. 12 U.S.C. § 2617(a), (b). Schuetz relies on Christensen v. Harris County, 529 U.S. 576, 587, 120 S.Ct. 1655, 146 L.Ed.2d 621 (2000), in which an informal opinion letter failed to pass muster, but HUD’s policy statements are different because Congress authorized the Department to interpret RESPA, HUD has responsibility for enforcing the statute, and it has expertise • in the home mortgage lending industry. See Barnhart, — U.S. -, at-, 122 S.Ct. 1265, 1271-72, 152 L.Ed.2d 330, -.
We must first determine whether the language of § 8(c)(2) “unambiguously forbids [HUD’s] interpretation.” Barnhart, — U.S. -, at -, 122 S.Ct. 1265, 1269-70, 152 L.Ed.2d 330. It does not. Schuetz’s argument is premised on the assumption that “payment for” can only be interpreted as protecting pay
The HUD test focuses on whether compensable services of the sort identified in the 1999 Statement are provided, and if they are, then on whether the total compensation (without regard to whether it comes from the borrower, the lender, or both) is reasonably related to the services provided. This is consistent with the general intent of Congress in enacting RES-PA, which *is to foster home ownership. By allowing lenders to pay mortgage brokers yield spread premiums, prospective homeowners with a dearth of cash at the time of settlement can front less money and pay for some of their mortgage broker’s services over time. Nor is HUD’s test inconsistent with the prohibition on fees for referral; § 8 can reasonably be construed as only prohibiting payments that are for nothing else than the referral of. business. HUD’s test prevents this, too, for the first prong requires actual performance of compensable services. By the same token, the second prong requires that the total compensation, including the YSP if it is a component, be in the ball park. If it isn’t, then regardless of whether there is a YSP or the YSP is high or low, an illegal referral may be inferred.
Neither is the 2001 Statement inconsistent with HUD’s prior communications. It carries forward the same principles articulated in the 1999 Statement, and we do not read the 2001 Statement as backing off the 1999 position that services must still actually have been performed for the compensation paid. Likewise, we do not see any conflict between the regulations and- the Policy Statement. Schuetz contends that § 3500.14(e), which describes how an “agreement or understanding” for referral of business can be proved, adopts a different test for proving liability, but we do not agree. That section pertains to one element of § 8(a) but does not say anything about § 8(c)(2) or its intersection 'with § 8(a). Similarly, no fatal inconsistency exists on account of two" informal letters that HUD’s general counsel sent to members of Congress; regardless of how their language may be construed, they are not binding (nor may they be relied upon) in any event. See 24 C.F.R. § 3500.4(a)(1); Smiley v. Citibank, 517 U.S. 735, 743, 116 S.Ct. 1730, 135 L.Ed.2d 25 (1996).
Finally, HUD has not exceeded its area of expertise. Congress asked for its policy on the legality of yield spread premium payments. The 1999 Policy Statement and its clarification in 2001 respond to that query, concern administration of real estate settlement that is clearly within HUD’s province, and interpret a complex statute that HUD enforces.
For these reasons, we agree with the district court that deference is due the HUD policy statements.
C
Having resolved that the two-prong test contained in HUD’s 2001 Statement of Policy provides the appropriate standard of liability for yield spread premiums under RESPA, we apply that test to Schuetz’s. case. With respect to the first prong, there is substantial evidence that Schuetz’s mortgage broker provided her a host of compensable goods, facilities, and services. There is no evidence to the contrary. Under the second prong, the record demonstrates that Home Financial offered Schuetz the best interest rate it could based upon her situation, the rates available at the time, and its need to be compensated. It would not have originated her loan only for the direct fees that she personally paid up front. The evidence shows that the broker’s total compensation, including direct as well as indirect fees, was consistent with local practice and reasonably related to the value that Home Financial contributed to Schuetz’s transaction. Schuetz offered no evidence to the contrary, and none to show that her broker’s services weren’t worth what it was paid. In these circumstances, the district court correctly concluded that payment of the yield spread premium did not violate § 8.
Ill
It follows that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying class certification. Yield spread premiums are not illegal per se, so whether they amount to a prohibited referral in any particular case depends upon the services provided by the broker and the total compensation paid for those services. This necessarily means that individual issues predominate, and that a class action is not superior.
AFFIRMED.
. These services were first catalogued in a HUD letter to the Independent Bankers Association of America, dated February 14, 1995, and were listed again in HUD’s Statement of Policy 1999-1. They include:
(a) Taking information from the borrower and filling out the application;
(b) Analyzing the prospective borrower's income and debt and pre-qualifying the prospective borrower to determine the maximum mortgage that the prospective borrower can afford;
(c) Educating the prospective borrower in the home buying and financing process, advising the borrower about the different types of loan products available, and demonstrating how closing costs and monthly payments could vary under each product;
(d) Collecting financial information (tax returns, bank statements) and other related documents that are part of the application process;
(e) Initiating/ordering VOEs (verifications of employment) and VODs (verifications of deposit);
(f) Initiating/ordering requests for mortgage and other loan verifications;
(g) Initiating/ordering appraisals;
(h) Initiating/ordering inspections or engineering reports;
(i) Providing disclosures (truth in lending, good faith estimate, others) to the borrower;
(j) Assisting the borrower in understanding and clearing credit problems;
(k) Maintaining regular contact with the borrower, realtors, lender, between application and closing ... and gather any additional needed information ...;
(l) Ordering legal documents;
*1007 (m) Determining whether the property wag located in a flood zone ...; and
(n) Participating in the loan closing.
Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RES-PA) Statement of Policy 1999-1 Regarding Lender Payments to Mortgage Brokers, 64 Fed.Reg. 10080, 10085 (March 1, 1999) (footnotes omitted).
. A HUD-l Settlement Statement is a form that lenders must provide to borrowers to identify all settlement (or closing) costs on a federally related mortgage loan. 12 U.S.C. § 2603 (West 2001).
. Other claims for violating federal and state law were dismissed and no appeal is taken as to them. Other parties, both plaintiff and defendant, were also dismissed.
. Section 3500.14(b) provides:
No person shall give and no person shall accept any fee, kickback or other thing of value pursuant to any agreement or understanding, oral or otherwise, that business incident to or part of a settlement service involving a federally related mortgage loan shall be referred to any person. Any referral of a settlement service is not a compen-sable service, except as ' set forth in § 3500.14(g)(1). A business entity (whether or not in an affiliate relationship) may not pay any other business entity or the employees of any other business entity for the referral of settlement service business.
24 C.F.R. §-3500.14(b). Subsection (e) further provides:
An agreement or understanding for the referral of business incident to or part of a settlement service need not be written or verbalized but may be established by a practice, pattern or course of conduct. When a thing of value is received, repeatedly and is connected in any way with the volume or value of the business referred, the receipt of the thing of value is evidence that it is made pursuant to an agreement or understanding for the referral of business.
Id. at § 3500.14(e). ,
. The court denied Inland's petition for rehearing in a published opinion. Culpepper v. Inland Mortgage Corp. (Culpepper II), 144 F.3d 717 (11th Cir.1998).
. As the court explained:
HUD’s two-part test is fully consistent with RESPA. Reviewing services performed and their value on a case-by-case basis does not run afoul of the proscription stated in Section 8(a) prohibiting payments for referrals. Nor does it mean that you retroactively purify unlawful referral fees by offsetting their existence against the performance of legitimate settlement services. Indeed, the [plaintiffs'] course effectively writes Section 8(c) out of RESPA. As noted, Section 8(c) clearly anticipates payments to individuals for goods or facilities actually furnished or for services actually performed, and specifically excludes these payments from the. Section 8(a) proscription. 12 . U.S.C. § 2607(c)(2).. Nothing in RESPA prohibits such payments in the mode of a YSP, or in any other particular form, and HUD’s test simply helps determine whether the YSP, by its existence,'use and amount, falls within or without the permissive boundaries of Section 8(c).
Glover, 283 F.3d 953, 2002 WL 432992, *9.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
There’s no avoiding a circuit split.
The problem with treating the “yield spread premium” as payment for services rendered to the borrower, to be evaluated for reasonableness in each individual case, is that the relationship between the amount of the premium and the value of the services is entirely fortuitous. Be
RESPA prohibits “kickbacks” by lenders to mortgage brokers. I see the phrase “yield spread premium” as an obfuscatory way of avoiding calling a kickback a kickback. A kickback is “a usually secret rebate of part of a purchase price ... to the one who directed or influenced the purchaser to buy from such seller.”
Conceivably, the yield spread premium could be good policy to promote home ownership, as HUD
• There are several problems with vindicating the yield spread premium on this theory that thé yield- spread premium is a means of, in practical economic effect, .financing closing costs. One is that Congress didn’t enact it. It-prohibited kickbacks whether they work out as good economics or not.
Third, Congress may have been right to reject kickbacks as a matter of economics. The yield spread premium doesn’t necessarily roll over the amount of the broker’s reasonable fee into the loan and capitalize that portion of the fee as the yield spread premium fee paid by the lender to the broker. The HUD test merely requires that the resulting closing costs be “reasonably related to the value of the goods or facilities that were actually furnished or services that were actually performed,”
It is tempting to defer to HUD anyway because of its expertise, but I do not think we can properly defer to HUD’s interpretation. First, the yield spread premium is a kickback, and kickbacks are expressly prohibited by the statute, which says that “[n]o person shall give and no person shall accept any ... kickback.”
Congress did give the HUD Secretary the power to exempt:
such other payments or classes of payments or other transfers as are specified in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, after consultation with the Attorney General, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and the Secretary of Agriculture.11
Thus, when a conference committee
(a) The Secretary is authorized to prescribe such rules and regulations, to make such interpretations, and to grant such reasonable exemptions for class'es of transactions, as may be necessary to achieve the purposes of this Act.
(b) No provision of this Act ... shall apply to any act done or omitted in good faith in conformity with any rule, regulation, or interpretation thereof by the Secretary or the Attorney General13
Where a defendant relied on HUD’s rule, regulation, or interpretation of RESPA, he or she would not be liable. There is no rule or regulation at issue here. Assuming HUD’s 1999 and 2001 interpretations could provide safe harbors for subsequent yield spread premium charges, they could not here, because Schuetz closed on her mortgage and Banc One received its kickback in 1997. Because Banc One could not have relied on the then-nonexistent interpretations, it cannot claim a safe harbor under the statute.
The majority relies on Barnhart v. Walton
. Compare Glover v. Standard Federal Bank, 283 F.3d 953 (8th Cir.2002) with Culpepper v. Irwin Mortgage Corp. (Culpepper III), 253 F.3d 1324 (2001).
. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (1981).
. Restatement (Second) of Agency § 391 (1984).
. See Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act Statement of Policy 2001-1: Clarification of Statement of Policy 1999-1 Regarding Lender Payments to Mortgage Brokers, and Guidance Concerning Unearned Fees under Section 8(b), 66 Fed.Reg. 53052 (Oct. 18, 2001).
. See Majority at 1013.
. See Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45, 75, 25 S.Ct. 539, 49 L.Ed. 937 (1905) (Holmes, J„ dissenting).
. 12 U.S.C. § 2607(a)("[n]o person shall give and no person shall accept any ... kickback”).
. Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act Statement of Policy 1999-1 Regarding Lender Payments to Mortgage Brokers, 64 Fed.Reg. 10080, 10084 (March 1, 1999).
. 12 U.S.C. § 2607(a).
. 12 U.S.C. § 2607(c).
. Id.
. See Conference Report on the Departments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Appropriations Act, 1999, H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 105-769, 105th Cong., 2d Sess. 260 (1998). Where the Majority Opinion says "Congress” told HUD to do this, it refers to this conference committee report, not an act of Congress. See Majority at 1009-10.
. 12 U.S.C. § 2617.
. - U.S. -, 122 S.Ct. 1265, 152 L.Ed.2d 330 (2002).
. 533 U.S. 218, 121 S.Ct. 2164, 2173, 150 L.Ed.2d 292 (2001).
. Barnhart, - U.S. at -, 122 S.Ct. at 1271.
. 12 U.S.C. § 2607(a).
. Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842-43, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984); see also Barnhart, - U.S. at -, 122 S.Ct. at 1269.
