OPINION
INTRODUCTION
This аction is before the court on remand from the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in
Bestfoods (formerly known
as
CPC International. Inc.) v. United States,
Briefly, in
Bestfoods,
the appellate court ruled,
inter alia,
that the North American Free Trade Agreement (“NAFTA”) “tariff shift” rules, 19 C.F.R. § 102.20, and Customs Regulation 19 C.F.R. § 134.35(a) and (b), are valid, and remanded the case to this court “to permit Bestfoods to pursue any other arguments it may have as to why it should not be required to mark its product [‘Skippy’ brand peanut butter] under the applicable regulations.”
There is no dispute in the current proceedings that Canadian peanut slurry does not undergo a change in tariff classification (“tariff shift”) under the specific Marking Rule under Part 102 of the Customs Regulations (see section 102.20) applicable to peanut butter. Bestfoods, however, contends that to the extent it will be able to demonstrate that Canadian peanut slurry used in making peanut butter at its U.S. facilities is present in de minimis amounts, as defined under 19 C.F.R. § 102.13(a), it should not be required to mark its finished product as a product of Canada (or other equivalent country of origin marking designation) pursuant to the NATA Marking Rules and the Marking Statute, 19 U.S.C. § 1304(a).
Specifically, Bestfoods contests the validity of 19 C.F.R. § 102.13(b), which excludes most agriculturаl products, including peanut slurry, from the de minimis exception to the tariff shift rules, as arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and otherwise contrary to law. As discussed infra, Customs seeks to justify the reasonableness of the exclusion of most agricultural products from de minimis treatment under section 102.13(b) on the basis of health and food safety concerns.
The Customs regulation in issue, Section 102.13 (19 C.F.R. § 102.13), so far as relevant, provides as follows:
(a) Except as otherwise provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, foreign materials that do not undergo the applicable change in tariff classification set out in Sec. 102.20 or satisfy the other applicable requirements of that section when incorporated into a good shall be disregarded in determining country of origin of the good if the value of those materials is no more than 7 percent of the value of the good or 10 percent of the value of the good of Chapter 22, Harmonized System.
(b) Paragraph (a) of this section does not apply to a foreign material incorporated in a good provided for in Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 15, 17, or 20 of the Harmonized System.
PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS
Bestfoods has no quarrel with the application of the de minimis exception to the tariff shift rules undеr section 102.13(a), and argues that to the extent that it can demonstrate that its finished peanut butter qualifies for such de minimis treatment, plaintiff should not be required to mark its finished peanut butter as a product of Canada. 1 Plaintiff further contends that Customs’ exclusion from de minimis treatment of certain Chapters of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule covering mostly *967 agricultural products, pursuant to section 102.13(b), should be declared by the court to be null and void as arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and not otherwise in accordance with law within the purview of the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 553, 706(2).
Defendant contends, first, that the Federal Cirсuit remanded this case for the limited purpose of affording Bestfoods an opportunity to challenge only the application of the Marking Rules, but not to challenge the validity of any Rule. Hence, defendant argues, plaintiffs challenge to the validity of section 102.13(b) is outside the scope of the Federal Circuit’s remand order. Second, defendant contends that in any case, the NAFTA Marking Rules were correctly applied by Customs in its Headquarters Ruling and that section 102.13(b) is within Customs’ discretionary authority.
ISSUES PRESENTED
Whether Bestfoods’ challenge to the validity of section 102.13(b) of the Customs Regulations is within the scope of the Federal Circuit’s remand order; and if so, whether the exclusion of peanut butter and most other agricultural products from the de minimis exception to the tariff shift rules under 19 C.F.R. § 102.13(b) was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law, as claimed by Bestfoods.
After careful review of the post-remand submissions of the parties, and for the reasons set forth hereinafter, the court sustains Bestfoods’ arguments.
DISCUSSION
1.
Defendant’s Contention that Plaintiff’s Arguments Exceed the Scope of the Remand
In
Bestfoods,
the Federal Circuit rejected plaintiffs challenges to the validity of the NAFTA Marking Rules’ tariff-shift methodology, reversed in part, vacated in part, and remanded the case broadly permitting Bestfoods to pursue “any other arguments it may have as to why it should not be required to mark its product under the applicable regulations.”
Contrary to defendant’s narrow reading of the remand order of the Federal Circuit, the court broadly permitted Bestfoods to pursue any other arguments in may have as to why it should not be required to mark its product under the applicable regulations, which remand order plainly does not preclude further arguments challenging the validity of a particular NAFTA Marking Rule. The specific issue now raised by plaintiff as to thе validity of the exclusion of agricultural products under section 102.13(b) was not before the appellate court prior to remand.
2.
The Challenged Exclusions Under Section 102.13(b)
Section 102.13 of the Customs Regulations is a so-called
“de minimis”
rule. The principle of
de minimis non curat lex,
often shortened to
de minimis,
is long established in law generally, including cus
*968
toms and international trade law, and is a bedrock principle of statutory construction.
See Alcan Aluminum, Corp. v. United States,
In response to commenters that expressed concern that the de minimis rule set forth in section 102.13 was made inapplicable to certain agricultural products, Customs explained, inter alia, that due to the nature of the products and because of health and food safety concerns, Customs exercised its discretion not to allow a de minimis standard to apply to country of origin determinations of most agricultural products. Continuing, Customs posited that the exclusion of most agricultural products from de minimis treatment for purposes of country of origin determinations was consistent with Customs’ “past practice with rеgard to country of origin determinations of agricultural products.” See 61 Fed.Reg. at 28,937.
Customs’ articulated rationale is somewhat scanty, and the agency did not state that prior to section 102.13(b) there had been a past practice of withholding de minimis treatment from tariff shift rules, or explain how the exclusion of the de minimis exception from the tariff shift rules with respect to agricultural products furthers the purpose of the Marking Statute or NAFTA Marking Rules, or indeed, even explain how the requirement of a stringent application of the tariff shift rules for NAFTA agricultural products addresses Customs’ health and food sаfety concerns.
Defendant’s post-remand submissions do not satisfactorily respond to the critical issues raised by Bestfoods going the reasonableness of a regulation, but defendant merely insists that Customs exercised its discretion and followed past practice. The court is not persuaded from defendant’s submissions that Customs had the authority or discretion alleged to jettison the de minimis exception to the tariff shift rules with respect to agricultural goods for reasons of health and food safety; or that the foregoing action was consistent with past practice; or that thе withholding of de minimis treatment furthers the purpose of the Marking Statute and Marking Rules; or even that excluding the de minimis exception from the tariff shift rules with respect to most agricultural products reasonably addresses Customs’ health and food safety concerns.
There is nothing in NAFTA Annex 311, the NAFTA Implementation Act, or the Marking Statute itself, to suggest that Customs has any discretion to address health and food safety concerns with respect to most agricultural products under the Marking Rules, and certainly not by withholding
de minimis
treatment from the tariff shift rules for determining country of origin.
2
The Congressional intent
*969
and purpose of country of origin marking under sеction 304(a) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, is straightforward and largely self-evident from the plain language of the statute, which requires that articles of foreign origin imported into the United States, or their containers, be permanently marked so
as to indicate to an ultimate purchaser in the United States the English name of the article’s country of origin.
While the identity of the “ultimate purchaser” of a good may be a matter of dispute, there can be no dispute that the purpose of the statute is limited to informing an “ultimate purchaser” of an article in the United States оf the foreign articles’ country of origin lest that knowledge influence his or her decision to purchase the article.
See United States v. Friedlaender & Co.,
Contrary to defendant’s assertion, the withholding of de minimis treatment from the NAFTA tariff shift methodology with respect to most agricultural goods grounded on health and food safety concerns does not further the clear, but limited, purpose of either the Marking Statute or the NAFTA Marking Rules. Other statutory provisions and regulations administered by Customs jointly with the Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, and the Department of Agriculture specifically address and regulate health and safety of food and agricultural products, and health and food safety concerns do not fall within thе purview of regulation by Customs under the rubric of the Marking Statute or an exclusion of de minimis treatment from the NAFTA tariff shift rules with respect to most agricultural products. 3
Congress implemented NAFTA through the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, Pub.L. 103-122, 107 Stat.2057 (1993) (“NAFTA Implementation Act”). That Act, and its accompanying Statement of Administrative Action, H.R. Doc. No. 103-159, vol. 1, 103d Cong., (1st Sess.1993) (“SAA”), authorize the promulgation of such regulations “as necessary or appropriate to implement immediately applicable U.S. obligations under the NAFTA, ” and those “necessary or appropriate to carry out the actions рroposed in the statement of administrative action.” *970 19 U.S.C. § 3314(b) (emphasis added). The foregoing “obligations” and “actions proposed” did not address health or food safety concerns related to agricultural products. Moreover, even if the NAFTA Implementation Act or SAA had anything to suggest that the NAFTA Marking Rules should address health and food safety concerns with respect to NAFTA agricultural products, it would seem most unreasonable for Customs to seek to address such concerns by withholding de minimis treatment under the NAFTA tariff shift methodology for determining country of origin.
NAFTA Annex 311 entitled “Country of Origin Marking,” spеcifically authorized the Parties to “establish by January 1, 1994, rules
for determining whether a good is a good of a Party
(‘Marking Rules’) for purposes of this Annex, Annex 300-B and Annex 302.2, and
for such other purposes as the Parties may agree." See
NAFTA Annex 311, ¶¶ 1, 2 (emphasis added). Following the enactment of the NAFTA Implementation Act, Customs promulgated regulations containing the NAFTA Marking Rules, which rules are codified at 19 C.F.R. Part 102 and 19 C.F.R. § 134.35(b). Those regulations correctly employ the “tariff shift” methodology for determining whether goods have undergone “substantial transformation” following their importation, and therefore, do not need to be marked to indicate their foreign origin,
4
See
Bestfoods,
Section 102.13 of the NAFTA Marking Rules augments the tariff shift rules under section 102.20 by a de minimis exception. The salutary purpose of the de minimis rule was addressed supra. Nоnetheless, under section 102.13(b) Customs excluded from the de minimis exception to the tariff shift rules certain Chapters of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule, including Chapter 20, into which plaintiffs peanut slurry and peanut butter fall. There is no dispute that the excluded Chapters under section 102.13(b) cover mostly agricultural products, including peanut slurry.
Citing T.D. 91-7 concerning “Tariff Treatment and Country of Origin Marking of Sets, Mixtures and Composite Goods,” and T.D. 89-66 concerning “Country of Origin Marking of Imported Fruit Juice Concentrate,” defendant posits that in promulgating the NAFTA Marking Rules, specifically section 102.13, Customs formally codified Customs’ pаst practice, which allegedly did not provide for
de minimis
treatment of most agricultural products for the reasons Customs explained in
Plaintiff, however, maintains that “the unique and bizarre de minimis provisions of the NAFTA Marking’ Rules [with respect to agricultural products] are not the *971 continuation of any longstanding administrative practice. Indeed they appear to be contrary to past Customs’ practicе.” Thus, plaintiff points up Customs Headquarters Ruling 735085 of June 4, 1993, which states: “To the extent such foreign [vegetable] materials are insignificant, or would have no influence on the purchasing decision, Customs applies a ‘common sense’ approach to require marking only of those articles which are more than de min-imis significance.”. Pltfs Mem. at 9-10.
Without discussing the specific issues addressed in T.D. 91-7 and 89-66, it suffices to state that the rulings relied on by defendant do not demonstrate the alleged past practice of excluding most agricultural products from de minimis treatment for reasons of health or food safety. However, irrеspective of Customs’ past practice, nothing has been called to the court’s attention that remotely suggests that Customs’ exclusion of de minimis treatment under the tariff shift Marking Rules with respect to agricultural products for reasons of health or food safety were in response to any authority or discretion granted in NAFTA Annex 311, the NAFTA Implementation Act, or that the exclusion of de minimis treatment from the tariff shift rules for reasons of health and food safety under section 102.13(b) in any way furthers the purpose of the Marking Statute or Marking Rules.
Demonstrating that Customs’ denial of
de minimis
treatment at odds with the purposes of the statute being implemented is unreasonable and unlawful, plaintiff calls attention to the rationale of the Federal Circuit in
Alcan Aluminum Corp. v. United States,
Alcan argued that the tariff shift methodology must be applied in light of the de minimis princiрle. In other words, because only a small amount of the imported goods did not perform the required tariff shift, Alcan asked that the court hold that under the de minimis rule, the goods met the tariff shift requirements. Defendant insisted that the de minimis principle was irrelevant.
Citing
Wisconsin Dept. of Revenue v. William Wrigley, Jr., Co.,
Moreover, stressing the purpose of the governing statute in
Alcan
(preserve preferential trading treatment for Canadian goods), the resulting harsh consequences of imposing a
de facto
trade barrier, and the odd or absurd results of Customs’ absolute refusal to apply the
de minimis
rule, the Federal Circuit held that Customs’ refusal was “unreasonable and contrary to law.”
Id.
at 903-04. Interestingly, even the dissenting opinion by Chief Judge Mayer
agreed
with the majority view recognizing the importance of the statute’s purpose when applying the
de minimis
principle, citing
Wisconsin Dept. of Revenue, supra, Alcan,
There can be no doubt that absent an explicit expression of legislative intent to the contrary, as a matter of fundamental fairness and reasonable statutory interpretation, there is an implied recognition of the de minimis principle under the governing statute; indeed, absent explicit expression of legislative intent to the contrary, a very heavy burden falls on a рarty which insists that the purpose of the underlying statute compels abandonment of the de minimis rule.
Defendant seeks to distinguish Alcan on the basis that the appellate court construed a different governing statute, which leaves open the “possibility” that the rule may not need to be applied in the current case. Deft’s Mem. at 11. While in Alcan the Federal Circuit applied the de minim-is principle in the context of a statute creating a trade preference, the decision emphasizes that the rule has a very broad and fundamental application in a variety of contexts, that it is the normal rule for statutory interpretation, and that in any event, the rule may not lawfully be cast aside by Customs when to do so thwarts the purpose of the underlying statute.
While Alcan involved Customs’ refusal to apply the de minimis rule in the context of preferential treatment of Canadian goods, the rationale in applying de minim-is in Alcan is equally compelling here in the context of effectuating the purpose of the Marking Statute and Marking Rules. As indicated above, the purpose of the Marking Statute and Marking Rules is fulfilled by informing the ultimate consumer of a good of the country of origin; any health or food safety concerns of Customs related to agricultural products, while they may be relevant to other statutes and regulations administered by Customs cooperatively with other agencies, 5 fall outside the purpose of country of origin marking under the Marking Statute and NAFTA Marking Rules. Accordingly, the court agrees with Bestfoods that Customs’ health and food safety concerns related to agricultural products could not lawfully or *973 reasonably be addressed by withholding application of the de minimis principle from the tariff shift methodology.
Defendant further posits that the exclusion of agricultural products from the de minimis exception to the tariff shift rules under section 102.13(b), is “essentially commensurate” with NAFTA Chapter 4 Preference Rules, specifically Annex 405, which expressly excludes certain agricultural products from de minimis treatment under the Chapter 4 Preference Rules of Origin. See 19 U.S.C. § 3332(e)(5)(1996). Defendant’s attempt to bootstrap section 102.13(b) of the Marking Rules implementing NAFTA Annex 311 into the Preference Rules of Origin is unavailing. As aptly pointed out by plaintiff, the NAFTA Preference Rules of Origin and NAFTA Marking Rules speak to different purposes: the Chapter 4 Preference Rules of Origin were adopted to determine when goods shall be considered as “originating” products of the country of exportation eligible for preferential treatment, and under the terms of the Agreement the Parties to NAFTA expressly elected to adopt a stringent rule of origin for preferential treatment оn a discriminatory basis. The de minimis rule for purposes of the Preference Rules or Origin is, therefore, totally irrelevant to Customs exclusion of de minimis treatment under the tariff shift Marking Rules. With respect to determining when goods are the goods of party for purposes of Marking Rules, NAFTA Annex 311 authorizes the tariff shift methodology, and does not expressly withhold de minimis treatment under the tariff shift rules.
Significantly, too, as pointed out by plaintiff, had the NAFTA Parties intended that the de minimis rule of Annex 405 be also applied to Annex 311, they could have easily so provided, in which event Customs’ health and food safety rationale for excluding the de minimis exception frоm the tariff shift rules would be irrelevant. On the contrary, while NAFTA Annex 311 does not specifically address de minimis treatment under the tariff shift methodology, it does express an intent that NAFTA parties shall “in adopting, maintaining and applying any measure relating to country of origin marking, minimize the difficulties, costs and inconveniences that the measure may cause to the commerce and industry of the other parties.” See NAFTA Annex 311(4). Customs’ exclusion from the de minimis exception to the tariff shift rules of most agricultural products pursuant to section 102.13(b), ostensibly for health and food safety reasons, was palpably inconsistent with the express objectives of Annex 311 and the Marking Rules and an unreasonable approach for addressing Customs’ health and food safety concerns.
The NAFTA Marking Rules are conceded by plaintiff to be “interpretive” in nature. Defendant urges, correctly, that judicial deference is owed to reasonable interpretive agency regulations. Fundamentally, an agency’s
reasonable
interpretive regulations are entitled to deference by the court.
U.S. v. Haggar Apparel Co.,
However, judicial deference to interpretive regulations (and certain rulings) doеs not absolve the court from determining the reasonableness of agency interpretation.
See
this court’s recent decision in
Genesco Inc. v. United States,
Defendant has failed to persuade this court that exclusion of most agricultural products from the de minimis exception to the tariff shift rules for health and food safety reasons is consistent with, or furthers the purpose of, either the Marking *974 statute or the NAFTA Marking Rules, or that excluding de minimis treatment from the tariff shift rules reasonably addresses Customs’ health and food safety concerns related to NAFTA agricultural products. There being no other justification by defendant for excluding most agricultural products from the de minimis exception to the tariff shift rules (other than the cryptic references to “the nature of’ the goods excluded and an alleged “past practice” of not applying de minimis treatment to agricultural products), the court is constrained to agree with Bestfoods argument that section 102.13(b) is arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and otherwise contrary to law. Accordingly, plaintiff should be given the opportunity to demonstrate thаt when its finished peanut butter contains Canadian peanut slurry whether or not the finished product qualifies for de minimis treatment under 19 C.F.R. § 102.13(a) and should not be subject to marking under 19 U.S.C. § 1304(a) to show a foreign country of origin.
CONCLUSION
This action was remanded to permit plaintiff to pursue any additional arguments as to why it should not be required to mark its finished peanut butter under the applicable regulations. Contrary to defendant’s contention, plaintiffs additional arguments are within the scope of the remand.
This court has concluded that Customs’ health and food safety concerns in connection with most NAFTA agricultural products, while they may be relevant to and addressed by other statutes and regulations cooperatively enforced by the Customs Service and other agencies, Customs overstepped its authority in addressing health and food safety concerns by excluding de minimis treatment from the tariff shift rules with respect to most agricultural products under section 102.13(b). For all the other reasons stated above, plaintiffs argument on remand that 19 C.F.R. § 102.13(b) is arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and otherwise contrary to law is sustained 6
Notes
. Bestfoods notes that the administrative record in this case (in connection with the contested preimporlation ruling) represented to Customs that by volume, the amount of Canadian peanut slurry that plaintiff intends to use in making its finished peanut butter will be as little as 10 percent of the total volume of peanut slurry in the finished product. Fur *967 ther, Bestfoods represented that all costs of value-added processing of the peanut butter are incurred in the United States. Thus, plaintiff now represents that "even though a particular lot of finished peanut butter may contain more than 7 percent of Canadian material by volume, the Canadian material will often account for less than 7 percent of the value of the [finished] peanut butter." Pltfs Mem. at 3, n. 4 (emphasis in original).
. Plaintiff further objects that denial of de minimis treatment to the application of the tariff shift rules leads to potential results for its finished peanut butter that are absurd and anomalous. For example, plaintiff posits that exclusion of de minimis treatment from the tariff shift rules under section 102.13(b) will result in requiring that plaintiff's finished pea *969 nut butter that may contain Canadian peanut slurry comprising only .000001 percent of the value of the finished peanut butter be marked as a product of Canada.
. It would appear to this court that Customs and the agencies having direct responsibility for health and food safety regarding imported agricultural products (Dept, of Agriculture and Food and Drug Administration) could effectively address any health and food safety concerns with respect to NAFTA agricultural imports without Customs' exclusion of de minimis treatment from the tariff shift rules under section 102.13(b). Essentially, that exclusion results only in the stringent application of the tariff shift rules to agricultural products for purposes of country of origin marking, and does not address health and food safety concerns. Simply requiring Best-foods to mark finished peanut butter containing de minimis Canadian peanut slurry as a product of Canada would not effectively address Customs' (or its cooperating agency's) health and food safety concerns, and clearly will not inform an ultimate consumer of the finished product concerning any health or food safety problems related to any de minim-is Canadian peanut slurry content of the finished product.
. An article imported from a NAFTA country will be considered to have undergone a "tariff shift” only if the processing or manufacturing steps in the United States are sufficient to change the article's tariff classification.
See Bestfoods,
. Defendant recognizes the cooperative enforcement of federal law by Customs may also involve certain concerns for which the Federal Trade Commission bears responsibility. Deft’s Mem. at 14, n. 12. While proper country of origin marking pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1304(a) and the NAFTA Marking Rules is, of course, the responsibility of Customs, cooperative agency efforts concerning health and food safety, are not properly regulated by Customs under the Marking Statute and NAFTA Marking Rules, but rather such concerns are within the purview of the statutes and regulations for which the Food and Drug Administration and Department of Agriculture bear prime responsibility. Consequently, notwithstanding that Customs cooperates with other agencies in addressing health and food safety concerns related to agricultural prod-
ucts, Customs overstepped its authority by seeking to address such concerns under the Marking Statute and NAFTA Marking Rules by excluding de minimis treatment from the tariff shift rules pursuant tо section 102.13(b).
However, even assuming arguendo that Customs has the authority to address health and food safety concerns under the Marking Statute or NAFTA Marking Rules, it is extremely dubious that denial of de minimis treatment under the tariff shift rules for purposes of determining when a good is a "good of a party” pursuant to NAFTA Annex 311 or a "good of the United States under the NAFTA Marking Rules,” 19 C.F.R. § 134.35(b), see also 19 C.F.R. §§ 102.11(3) and 102.20, is a reasonable approach to addressing health and food safety concerns given the purpose of the Marking Statute and Marking Rules.
. The court observes that the issue of “sever-ability,”
see Schnitzer Steel Products Co. v. United States,