BEST LOCK CORPORATION, Aрpellant, v. SCHLAGE LOCK COMPANY, Appellee.
Patent Appeal No. 8154.
United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals.
Aug. 14, 1969.
Rehearing Denied Oct. 23, 1969.
1195 | 56 CCPA
We decline to substitute speculation as to the inclusion of any statutory section other than
Accordingly, the case is remanded for clarification and further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Remanded.
WORLEY, C. J., concurs in the result.
Leo A. Rosetta, Washington, D. C., Marcus Lothrop, Lothrop & West, San Francisco, Cal., for appellee.
Before RICH, Acting Chief Judge, COLLINS and NEESE, Judges, sitting by designation, and ALMOND and BALDWIN, Judges.
RICH, Acting Chief Judge.
This appeal is from a decision1 of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board granting opposer‘s motion for summary judgment in an opposition involving appellant‘s application serial No. 195,501, filed June 12, 1964, for registration on the Principal Registеr of a design mark thus described in the application:
The mark consists of the numeral 8 formed by the line of division between the lock core and housing visible on the face of applicant‘s lock.
The amended application drawing is as follows:2
BACKGROUND
Appellant‘s locks include a housing (such as, for example, a door knob or padlock body) and a lock core mounted within an opening in the housing and having one of its ends flush with a face of the housing. The opening in the hous
The record includes a copy of
The patent describes both the hole 6 and countеrbore 7 in housing 5 and the lock core 11 as being of figure 8 shape. It describes the lock face as “a flat plate of figure 8 shape arranged to fit snugly within the counterbored portion 7 * * *” This is shown at 13, 14. As to advantages of the shape, the patent states:
The face being of figure 8 shape is reduced to the minimum size and requires only the minimum amount of metal in its construction.
PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE PATENT OFFICE
A summary of the events preceding the board decision on appeal is as follows. In the ex parte prosecution, the examiner, after initially refusing registration on the ground that the mark proposed was “merely a decorаtive contour” which did not function as a distinctive mark of origin, later decided that “The mark * * * appears to be entitled to registration.” The mark was duly published
Subsequent to appellant‘s Answer to the Notice of Opposition, appellee filed a motion for summary judgment on the ground that “the subject matter of the opposed application is not а trademark subject to registration,” relying on our decision in In re Application of Deister Concentrator Co., 289 F.2d 496, 48 CCPA 952 (1961). The board denied the motion for the reason that:
It seems clear from the foregoing that genuine issues of fact exist, first as to whether or not the configuration or design sought to be registered is “merely functional” or “in essence utilitarian“, and if not, whether or not it has been used on appliсant‘s goods in such manner and to such extent as to have acquired a secondary significance. * * *
Since the summary judgment procedure is applicable only where there is no genuine issue as to a material fact, opposer‘s motion is denied.
Appellee‘s petition for reconsideration was denied by the board.
Shortly afterwards our decision in In re Application of Shenango Ceramics, Inc., 362 F.2d 287, 53 CCPA 1268 (1966), was handed down and appellee thereupon filed a renewed motion for summary judgment, pointing out that appellant‘s figure 8 configuration is disclosed as a functional feature in the expired Best utility patent. Appellee argued that the сase was therefore controlled by Shenango in which the alleged trademark was a functional, circular strengthening rib on the underside of a plate, and likewise the subject of an expired utility patent, which we held not to be registrable as a trademark. The board again denied the motion, taking the рosition for the first time, apparently on its own initiative, that appellee Schlage lacked standing to oppose as it had not shown that it would be damaged by the registration. On request for reconsideration, appellee satisfactorily traversed the board‘s objections as tо appellee‘s standing. The board then finally granted summary judgment, stating:
The Court of Customs and Patent Appeals held, however, in the Shenango case that a feature which is the subject of a utility patent and has gone into the public domain after the expiration of the patent cannot function as а trademark to distinguish the goods of an applicant from those of it[s] competitors. That is to say, the functional or utilitarian shape is inherently incapable of acquiring a legally recognizable secondary significance for the reason that, in the absence of patent protection, the public has the unrestricted right to use the subject matter of the patent. In this regard, the court emphasized that since the Mogen David case4 involved the design or non-functional configuration of a container, the decision in the case cannot stand as a precedent in respect to the question of the registrability of a configuration which is the subject matter of an expired utility patent.
In view of the foregoing and since it is concluded that what applicant is seeking to register consists essentially of a functional feature of the subject matter of an expired utility patent which has gone into the public domain, opposer‘s motion for summary judgment is granted.
The board adhered to the decision on further reconsideration. The question here is whether, at long last, the board reached the right conclusion.
OPINION
Our problem is to decide whether summary judgment is approрriate here in
It is settled law thаt a configuration of an article cannot be registered as a trademark if the purpose of the configuration is to contribute functional advantages to the article in which it is embodied or if the configuration results from functional considerations.5 As we said in Shenango:
We think that the 1946 Act is premised on the idеa that only non-functional configurations may be registrable thereunder.
This statement is not inconsistent with what we characterized in Shenango as “truism (4)” from our opinion in Deister which states:
A feature dictated solely by “functional” (utilitarian) considerations may not be protected as a trademark; but mere possession of a function (utility) is not sufficient rеason to deny protection.
That truism in Deister, in its exception, merely reflects the obvious fact that some articles, made in a purely arbitrary configuration (e. g., the wine bottle considered in Mogen David) may perform a function, holding wine, which could equally well be served by containers of many other shapes, and in such circumstances the incidental function should not by itself preclude trademark registrability if the other conditions precedent are present. That is a quite different situation from a configuration whose purpose is to provide a functional advantage. Where such a functionаl purpose exists, the rule is that of Shenango, namely, that the configuration is not registrable as a trademark. The reason is clear. If a configuration is functional in that sense, then everyone has the right to use the configuration for its functional purpose, subject only to such exclusive right for a limited time аs may exist under the patent laws.
That being the law, it follows that if appellant‘s figure 8 lock configuration is functional then it is not registrable as a trademark. It is not a trademark.
Though in some situations a full trial proceeding, according to inter partes Patent Office trademark practice, wоuld be necessary to provide the evidence essential to a decision as to whether the configuration is or is not functional, the Best patent, issued to appellant‘s predecessor-in-interest, disclosing the primary functional significance of appellant‘s figure 8 lock cоnfiguration here suffices. Summary judgment is a procedure designed to avoid useless trials where there is no genuine issue as to any material fact.6 Following the rationale of our decision in Shenango, it is clear to us that the Best patent incontrovertably establishes primary functionality. Summary judgment was therefore correctly granted. In Shenango we indicated thаt a utility patent is only “some evidence” as to functionality, recognizing that a patent may not be evidence of functionality in regard to things of a “purely arbitrary” or “mere design” nature which happen to be disclosed in the patent but which are not attributed any functional significance therein. However, as to the Shenango under-rim configuration specifically disclosed in the patent as serving a functional purpose, we stated:
It is our view that the expired utility patent is adequate evidence that the under-rim configuration here sought to be registered is indeed functional.
* * * evidencе, here conclusive, that the involved under-rim configuration is indeed functional. [Emphasis added.]
Following that reasoning, we hold that the Best patent, explicitly disclosing the functional advantages to be derived from the figure 8 lock configuration, establishes the proposed mark as being primarily functional as conclusively as did the corresponding statements of functional purpose in the patent involved in Shenango. There is not, therefore, a genuine issue of material fact here, and the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board acted correctly in granting appellee‘s motion for summary judgment. The fact that Shenango was not a summary judgment case is beside the point.
The decision of the board is affirmed.
Affirmed.
BALDWIN, Judge (dissenting).
A motion for summary judgment may be granted if and only if there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, that is, if the moving party is entitled to prevail strictly as a matter of substantive law. On a motion for summary judgment, the tribunal cannot try issues of fact; it cannot pre-judge the facts by making conclusions based on part of the evidence; it can only determine whether there are any substantial issues of material fact to be tried.
The burden is on the moving party to establish that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that he is. entitled to judgment solely as a matter of substantive law. And the moving party is not entitled to the benefit of favorable factual inferences which may be drawn from his pleadings or moving papers; instead, the matters presented must be construed most favorably to the party opposing the motion. That it may be surmised that the non-moving party is unlikely to prevail after a full trial is not sufficient to authorize summary judgment against him.
Thus, I feel that summary judgment was erroneously granted since I agree with appellant that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to the functionality of the figure 8 configuration, at least to the extent that the functionality is of such nаture as to preclude registration, and that appellant is entitled to introduce its evidence relevant to the issue of functionality. The mere magnitude of appellant‘s burden, which may indeed be quite formidable, to prevail on the merits of this case should not as a matter of law deny аppellant his day in court.
I have no quarrel with the majority‘s characterization of the substantive law as to trademark registration of “functional” configurations. What troubles me is the majority‘s acceptance of a single piece of evidence, the Best patent, as conclusively establishing funсtionality of such nature as to preclude registration. This, I feel, is error. Perhaps if the only evidence as to functionality were the utility patent after appellant had submitted all of its evidence, as was the case in Shenango, supra, then the utility patent might be “some,” “adequate,” and “conclusive” evidence of functionality of such nature as to preclude registration. However, Shenango is no precedent for holding that the evidentiary value of a patent is so great as to foreclose a party‘s efforts to introduce evidence contradictory to the specification of the patent. Since the Best patent is mеrely one piece of evidence of functionality insofar as this case is concerned, appellant should be given the opportunity to rebut that evidence.
I would reverse.