93 Va. 791 | Va. | 1895
delivered the opinion of the court.
It is assigned as error that, whilst the declaration avers that the defendant’s intestate was required by the plaintiff in error to work near by a fire where dynamite was being thawed, and which place of work was improper, unsafe, and dangerous on account of its proximity to the dynamite, the proof shows that the intestate was not at his place of work, but had gone from it to a fire where the dynamite was being thawed from fifteen to fifty feet distant, and received the injuries which caused his death at the fire and not at his place of work, and that therefore there was a variance between the pleading and proof for which the judgment of the court should be reversed and the verdict of the jury set aside. If there was such a variance as that complained of, the objection ought to have been made in the trial court either by objecting to the evidence when offered, or by a motion to exclude after the evidence had been received. Section 3384 of the Code was enacted to obviate the difficulties which frequently arise after a trial has been commenced, when it appears that there is a variance between the evidence, and allegations in the pleadings,- by allowing the pleadings to be amended upon such terms as to continuance and costs as the court may deem reasonable, or by directing the jury to find the facts, and after such finding, if the court be of opinion that the variance was such as could not have prejudiced the opposite party, it gives judgment according-to the right , of the case.
The objection now made for the first time should have been made in the court below, so that the plaintiff in that court might have had an opportunity to have moved the court to have adopted the one or the other of the courses provided by the statute. Having failed to do this, we do
The assignment of error as to the notice for taking the depositions of witness Walke in this cause and in two other eauses by different plaintiffs against the same defendant, was waived in the oral argument.
Errors are assigned as to the action of the court in allowing certain questions to be asked and answered by certain witnesses introduced by the defendant in error as experts, as shown-'by bills of exceptions Nos. 4, 5, 6, and 7. We see no error in the court’s action in allowing such evidence to go to the jury, and those assignments of error must be overruled.
Nor do we see that the court erred in its rulings referred to in bills of exceptions numbered from 8 to 19 inclusive in allowing certain questions to be asked and answered, and in refusing to allow certain other questions to be asked. The assignments of error based upon these hills of exceptions must also be overruled.
The defendant in error moved the court upon the trial of the cause to give five instructions, embodying the law of the case as he contended for it. The plaintiff in error objected to- the giving of these instructions, but the court overruled its objection and gave the instructions as asked. The plaintiff in error moved the court to give seven instructions embodying its view of the law of the case. To the giving of these instructions the defendant in error objected, and the court sustained his objections to all of the instructions except No. 1, which was given. After the court had refused to give the instructions of the plaintiff in error numbered from two to seven inclusive, the court gave four instructions of its own, which are called in the record the “ court’s instructions,” ánd numbered 2, 3, 4, and 5. To the giving of the instructions of the defendant in error, by the court, to its refusal to give the instructions of the plaintiff in error except the first,
We see no error in the court’s action in giving instructions Nos. 1. 2, and 3 of the defendant in error. They correctly state the law upon the points upon which they were given.
Instruction No. 4, offered by the plaintiff in error, does not clearly and plainly state the law, whilst the instruction given by the court upon that point does so state it. We think the action of the court in rejecting that instruction, and in giving its own in lieu of it, was correct.
Instruction No. 5, offered by the plaintiff in error, was properly rejected by the court. The intestate of the defendant may have left his work and gone to the fire where the dynamite was being thawed without either being requested or ordered to do so, and yet not have been there improperly. There is evidence in the cause which tends to show that the fire was built for the purpose of allowingtthe hands to warm by, as well as for the purpose of thawing the dynamite, and that the hands, the intestate of the defendant in errpr among them, had gone there several times on the morning of the accident with the knowledge of, and without objection by, the foreman or boss in charge of that squad of hands.
Instruction No. 3 of the court, upon the same point, correctly states the law, and was properly given.
That portion of the instruction of the court numbered 5, which defines the duty of a servant when he enters into a dangerous employment, and declares that he “ assumes such risks as are ordinarily incident to the employment from causes open and obvious to the servant, the dangerous character of which he had an opportunity to ascertain, and that he must exercise reasonable care and caution for his own safety while engaged in the master’s service,” is a clear and
The instruction given on this point, declares it to be the master’s duty to provide not reasonably safe, sound, and suitable appliances and instrumentalities for the use of the servant, but it implies that they must be absolutely safe, sound, and suitable, and he is required not to exercise ordinary care in providing generally for the safety of the servant in the course of the employment, but he must do so absolutely. The duty thus imposed by the instruction upon the master for the safety of his servant is a higher degree of duty than is imposed upon the servant for his own protection, and is contrary to reason, as well as to law, for no master can be required to do more for his servant’s safety than the servant is required to do for his own safety.
Instruction No. 2, offered by the plaintiff in error, correctly states the law and ought to have been given, and the refusal of the court to give it was error, and reversible error,
The' instruction of the court numbered 2 given in lieu thereof, was substantially the same instruction except the addition that the reasonable care required of the master was such as was commensurate with the danger which might reasonably be apprehended from the use of dynamite. If the court had added further, and such ordinary care as reasonable and prudent persons under like circumstances use in thawing dynamite, there would be no objection to the instruction given by the court; but the addition that was made by the court was calculated to mislead the jury, and to make the impression upon them that something more than ordinary care was necessary on the part of the master in providing and adopting methods and appliances for thawing dynamite.
According to the rule in this State, and generally (though in some jurisdictions there seems to be required a higher degree of care), the master is not required to exercise more than ordinary care for the safety of his servant no matter how hazardous the business may be in which the servant is engaged. But whilst the rule of duty upon the master in providing for the safety of his servant is always and invariably the exercise of ordinary care, it is not to be understood that the ordinary care required is the same in all undertakings and under all circumstances. “ Ordinary care depends upon the circumstances of the particular case, and
If the court in any other instruction .given had instructed the jury that the ordinary care required of the master in providing safe appliances and methods in thawing dynamite, was such care as reasonable and prudent men exercise under like circumstances when using dynamite, it would, perhaps, have cured the defect in the court’s instruction. But no such instruction was given, although the plaintiff in error in his instructions numbered 3, 6, and 7 attempted to have the jury instructed upon that point, and whilst the language used in each of those instructions upon that point was objectionable, and they could not have been given as offered, the court ought to have amended them, or if it rejected them, as it did, it was error to give its own in lieu of them without instructing upon that point, which was a vital one in the ease. Scientific experts of the highest character and reputation had testified in the case that the thawing of dynamite before an open fire in the open air was very dangerous, and that there were cheap appliances for thawing it which greatly decreased the danger. Practical experts, railroad builders, of character and wide experience, who had been engaged in using dynamite for many years in the building of railroads and other works requiring the use of powerful explosives, testified that the usual and common method of thawing dynamite was before an open fire in the open air, and that they regarded that method as safe and the most practicable, and had known very few instances in which injuries had resulted from dynamite being thawed in that manner.
If the view of the scientific experts were to prevail with the jury, the thawing of dynamite before an open fire in the
The degree of care required in such cases, under our law, must be ascertained by the general usages of the business.. The reason for such a rule is clearly and forcibly stated in the case of Titus v. Railroad Co., 136 Penn. St. 618, 626. In that case it was said: “All the cases agree that the master is not bound to -use the newest and best appliances. ' He performs his duty when he furnishes those of ordinary character and reasonable safety, and the former is a test of the latter; for in regard to the style of the implement or nature of the mode of performance of any work, ‘ reasonably safe,’ means safe according to the usages, habits, and ordinary risks of the business. Absolute safety is unattainable, and employers are not insurers. They are liable for the consequences, not of danger, but of negligence; and the unbending test of negligence in methods, machinery, and appliances is the ordinary usage of the business. No man is held by law to a higher degree of skill than the fair average of his profession or trade, and the standard of due care is the conduct of the average prudent man. The test of negligence in the employers is .the same, and however strongly they may be convinced that there is a better or less, dangerous way, no jury can be permitted to say .that the. usual and ordinary way, commonly adopted by those in the. same business, is a negligent way for which. liability shall be imposed. Juries must necessarily determine the respond sibility of individual conduct, but they cannot be. allowed, to set a standard which shall, in effect, dictate the-customs or
Instruction No. 4 given for the defendant in error was misleading, and under the facts of the case erroneous. It informs the jury, among other things, that it was the master’s duty “ to adopt such reasonably safe methods and use such well known and practical appliances to avoid or lessen accidents as are reasonably safe and well adapted to promote safety and give protection to the servant.” The evidence in this case showed that the method of the defendant in error in thawing dynamite was before an open fire in the open air, and that he had no appliance for the purpose. It also tended to show that there were practical appliances in use for the purpose of thawing dynamite reasonably safe. There was no charge in the declaration and no evidence in the case that the plaintiff in error was negligent in providing appliances of any kind except as to the thawing of dynamite. The portion of the instruction quoted above could, therefore, have no relevancy to the case unless it referred to the appliances to be used in thawing dynamite. If it did refer to that, it was clearly misleading. The plaintiff in error, as above stated, had no appliances whatever for thawing dynamite, and the very question in issue was whether or not its failure to provide such appliances was negligence. This instruction does not say that it was its duty to adopt reasonably safe methods, or use well known and practical appliances, but it says it was his duty to do both, thus in effect taking from the jury the right to determine whether its method- of thawing dynamite before an open fire without such appliances, was reasonably safe. As a general proposition the instruction is correct, but when 'applied to the facts of this case it was clearly misleading and ought not to have been given.
Without discussing further the instructions given and rejected, we have said enough to show what principles of law should govern upon the next trial of the case if the evidence be Substantially the same as it was upon the last trial.
The question of allowing the introduction of evidence after the parties have announced that they are through, or after the case has been submitted to the jury, rests in the sound discretion of the court, and its action will not be held ■erroneous unless it appears that in the exercise of that discretion it has plainly erred. The evidence allowed to be introduced in this case was expert evidence, and not evidence •of any fact affecting the issue in the case. Expert witnesses can ordinarily be had without much difficulty, and the parties are therefore not dependent upon any particular witness by which to make out their case, and should not be allowed to introduce expert evidence after both sides have announced that they are through with their evidence, and further steps have been taken in the case, except under very extraordinary circumstances and for good cause. But as this case has to be reversed upon other grounds, it is unnecessary to say more upon this point, as such a question is not likely to arise upon the next trial.
The judgment in this case must be reversed, and a new trial had in accordance with the views expressed in this opinion.
Reversed..