Berryman v. Cox

73 Mo. App. 67 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1898

Smith, P. J.

This is a suit by the plaintiff against the defendant to recover damages for an alleged assault and wounding of the former by the latter.

The petition alleges that the defendant, without just cause or provocation, willfully, wrongfully, violently and wantonly assaulted and wounded the plaintiff. In the original petition filed punitive damages were sought to be recovered.' It contained an allegation stating separately the amount of such damages it was sought to recover. At the inception of the trial this allegation, as appears by the record, was withdrawn, leaving only the claim for compensatory damages remaining to be investigated and determined by the court. .

During the progress of the trial the plaintiff, over the objections of the defendant, was permitted to adduce evidence -at great length tending to prove the pecuniary circumstances of the defendant. In all actions of tort, where there are circumstances of oppression, malice or negligence, punitory damages are recoverable, _ * not only to compensate the sufferer, but to punish the offender. In the class of actions just referred to, the jury are not restricted to the mere corporal injury which the plaintiff has sustained, but they are at liberty to take into consideration the malice of the defendant, the insulting character of his conduct, the-rank in life of the several parties, and all the circumstances of the outrage, and thereupon award such punitory damages as the circumstances in their judgment require. 2 Greenleaf’s Ev., sec. 89.

In Bulkly v. Knapp, 48 Mo. 152, it was said that; “In all cases where vindictive damages are allowed, it is upon the theory that the defendant’s conduct has been such that he deserves to be punished, and that they are given with a view of measuring out punishment to him as well as awarding compensation to plaintiff. When we arrive at this. conclusion it seems to me that it logically follows that the inquiry as to the pecuniary resources of the defendant becomes pertinent and material, for what would be a severe punishment to a very poor man would be of no consequence to a rich one.” And similar rulings have been made in other cases. Beck v. Dowell, 40 Mo. App. 71; s. c., 111 Mo. 506; Fulkerson v. Murdock, 53 Mo. App. 151; Clements v. Maloney, 55 Mo. 352.

It is thus seen that the pecuniary circumstances of the defendant is a matter for the consideration of the jury only in those actions for tort where it is sought to recover both compensatory and punitory or vindictive damages: The pecuniary circumstances of a defendant are clearly not a matter for the'consideration of the jury where the plaintiff seeks to recover compensatory damages alone for the wrong and injury. Where the law requires one to make a just recompense for a wrong inflicted, it does not vary such recompense according to the pecuniary circumstances of the wrongdoer. The measure of his obligation is the same, whether he be rich or poor. There is no such distinction recognized by the law. But it is otherwise where both compensatory and punitory damages are sought to be recovered for the wrong. There can be no doubt that prior to the adoption of the act of March 18, 1895 (Sess. Acts 1895, p. 168), the petition in this case would have been sufficient to authorize a recovery for both compensatory and punitory damages, but that act introduced a new rule of pleading into our code by requiring that: “In all actions where exemplary or punitive damages are recoverable, the petition shall state separately the amount of such damages sought to be recovered.” The petition, as has already been stated, did not conform to the above statutory requirement, and therefore the damages sought to be recovered were compensatory only. The plaintiff’s voluntary withdrawal from his petition of the allegation required by the statute where punitive damages are sought to be recovered, was in effect a disclaimer of the right to recover such damages. After this disclaimer of the plaintiff went upon the record, the issue as to punitory damages was entirely eliminated from the case.

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The action of the court fin the admission of evidence tending to prove the pecuniary circumstances of the defendant was therefore manifestly erroneous and prejudicial. And this error was subsequently accentuated by the giving of the plaintiff’s sixth instruction, which told the jury that if they awarded him compensatory damages, to say and fix in their verdict the amount separately from the punitory damages. The jury were thus impliedly told that they were authorized, if they found for the plaintiff, to allow both compensatory and punitory damages. This instruction would have been well enough had the case proceeded to trial on the petition as it was originally framed, but under the amended petition on which the trial was had, such an instruction was erroneous and grossly misleading.

But it is contended that the foregoing errors were cured by the action of the court in giving the defendant’s sixth instruction, which told the jury , . 7 that if the plaintiff was entitled to recover “he could only recover for the actual damages he has sustained by reason of being cut by defendant in the manner alleged in his petition.” This expression of the law was substantially correct, but it is wholly inconsistent with that of the plaintiff, and therefore it did not cure the vice of the latter. The rule is well settled in this state that an erroneous instruction is not remedied by the giving of a correct instruction which is inconsistent and irreconcilable therewith. State v. Tatlow, 136 Mo. 678; State v. Cable, 117 Mo. 380; State v. Herrell, 97 Mo. 105; State v. McNally, 87 Mo. 644.

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But before noticing the other instructions of which complaint is made, we must again recur to the evidence for the purpose of determining whether or’ not the objection of the defendant to the action of the court in rejecting his offer to prove the general character for truth and veracity of the witness Yaughn is well taken. It appears from the abstract of the record that the defendant called the said Yaughn as a witness in his behalf, who testified that he was an eyewitness to the difficulty between plaintiff and defendant, and that the plaintiff struck the defendant twice before the latter struck the former. The witness was asked if he had not previously had a conversation with one Ladies,' in which he stated that he had not seen the plaintiff strike defendant at all, and his answer was that he had not so stated. Ladies testified that Yaughn had told him that he had seen defendant strike plaintiff two or three times and “the knife and blood,” and then he “dropped right iu the cellar.”

The defendant then offered to prove by a witness who had known said Yaughn twelve or thirteen years that the character of the latter for truth and veracity in the neighborhood in which he lived was good. This offer the court rejected, and the question is whether this action was error. In Walker v. Ins. Co., 62 Mo. App. loc. cit. 220, we quoted with approval an extract from the-opinion of Judge Redbield in Paine v. Tilden, 20 Yt. 554, to the effect “that whenever the character of a witness for truth is attacked in any way, it is competent for the party calling him to give general evidence in support of the good character of the witness. And we do not think it important whether the character of the witness is attacked by showing contradictory accounts of the matter out of court and different from that sworn to or by cross-examination, or by general evidence of want of character for truth.” And it may be added that to the like effect are Miller v. R’y, 5 Mo. App. 471; State v. Row, 12 Vt. 93, and Isler v. Dicving, 71 N. C. 14. As the plaintiff attacked the character of the witness Vaughn for truth by showing that he had given contradictory statements of the matter out of court different from that he had testified to in court, it was competent for the defendant, who had called him, to give general evidence in support of his good character, and therefore the action of the court in rejecting the defendant’s offer was error.

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The defendant further contends that the court erred in rejecting his further offer of evidence to show the motive which prompted him to visit the plaintiff on the occasion of the difficulty which resulted in the injuries of which he complains. The ruling of the court in that regard was entirely proper. As only compensatory damages were claimed by plaintiff in his petition, the motive of the defendant was wholly immaterial and could have no bearing on the quantum of recovery. Joice v. Branson, 73 Mo. 28.

The defendant further objects that the court erred in giving the plaintiff’s first instruction which declared that if the defendant went to the plaintiff’s place of business and there voluntarily, by words and acts, brought on the difficulty, and there struck plaintiff with his hand, and after which plaintiff used insulting language toward defendant, stating that he could whip defendant, and for such language defendant struck and cut plaintiff, such striking and cutting was unlawful, and the defendant was liable therefor. It is the well established law of this state that insulting epithets or opprobrious words will not justify an assault. State v. Griffin, 87 Mo. 608. The instruction went no further than to declare that after the defendant had voluntarily brought on the difficulty, and had assaulted and beaten the plaintiff with his fists, the mere fact that the plaintiff, after such assault and beating, used insulting and opprobrious language toward defendant, that this did not justify the latter in striking and cutting the former.. And this, we think, was not an erroneous declaration of the law as applicable to the case.

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At the conclusion of the argument of counsel to the jury, the court, on its own motion, gave an instruction which told the jury to disregard allusion made by counsel to a former difficulty between plaintiff and defendant, and that there was no evidence to warrant the conclusion that there was such previous difficulty. This instruction was not timely given. R. S., sec. 2188. It does not appear from the instruction itself, nor does it elsewhere appear from the record, whether the counsel for the plaintiff or defendant in his argument made the allusion referred to in the instruction, but whether it was made by the one or the other, it would have been a better practice for the court to have admonished the counsel making the allusion to keep within the record, and that no evidence had been adduced tending to prove a prior difficulty between plaintiff and defendant. If such allusion was made by counsel on one side, and no objection was taken thereto by counsel on the other side, and no notice was taken thereof by the court at the time, we think it would have been a far better practice to have let the matter pass altogether than for the court to have undertaken to exclude the same from the consideration of the jury by an instruction after the conclusion of the argument of counsel.

As already stated, it does not appear from the record whether the allusion referred to in the instruction was made by the counsel of plaintiff or defendant, nor what language was employed in making such allusion, so that we are unable to determine whether or not the action of the court was an error that was harmful to defendant or was one of which he could complain.

It results that for the errors hereinbefore referred to, the judgment of the circuit court will be reversed and the cause remanded.

All concur.