This bankruptcy case involves a dispute over attorneys’ fees. Resolving this dispute requires us to address a question of first impression at the appellate level concerning the propriety of so-called “fee-only” plans in Chapter 13 bankruptcy cases. This is an issue that has divided the bankruptcy courts.
Compare In re Paley,
The matter has now been appealed to this court. We have had the benefit of *80 briefing (including the helpful submission of an amicus) and oral argument. After careful consideration, we hold that fee-only plans are not per se in bad faith. Consequently, we reverse the order appealed from and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
The background facts are easily stated. The debtor, Wayne Eric Puffer, had amassed unsecured liabilities totaling almost $15,000. His anticipated disposable income amounted to approximately $100 per month. He concluded that he could never satisfy his increasingly impatient creditors and decided to consider the advisability of bankruptcy protection. With this in mind, he visited the appellant, L. Jed Berliner, an attorney specializing in bankruptcy matters, in January of 2007.
After some discussion, the appellant presented the debtor with two options. First, he could file for straight bankruptcy under Chapter 7, which is the conventional course when an individual has debts that dwarf his income and assets. See 11 U.S.C. §§ 701-784. Chapter 7 proceedings are straightforward; they usually can be concluded within a matter of months. A successful Chapter 7 application discharges virtually all debts, including any unpaid legal fees. See id. § 727.
The second option that the appellant presented to the debtor was somewhat less conventional. He suggested that the debt- or could file for Chapter 13 protection. See id. §§ 1301-1330. Chapter 13 proceedings must be kept open for a minimum of 36 months unless all affected debts are to be fully satisfied within a shorter period of time. See id. § 1325(b)(4). If successful, a Chapter 13 proceeding allows a debt- or to discharge his debts over time, provided that he submits a plan, which must be approved by the bankruptcy court, for sat-plying some of his creditors. See id. §§ 1321-1322,1328.
The appellant stated in substance that he would not represent the debtor in a Chapter 7 proceeding unless and until the debtor paid him, up front, the whole of his anticipated legal fees (which he estimated to be around $2,300). If, however, the debtor chose the Chapter 13 alternative, he would not have to pay all of his legal fees immediately but, rather, could pay them over time as part of the Chapter 13 plan. The appellant estimated that the fees associated with a Chapter 13 proceeding would total $4,100.
At that moment, the debtor did not have sufficient funds on hand to pay the legal fees requested for a Chapter 7 filing. Faced with the appellant’s unwillingness to handle a Chapter 7 matter, the debtor opted to seek Chapter 13 protection, engaged the appellant as his counsel for this purpose, and paid him $500 on account.
The debtor, counseled by the appellant, prepared the necessary paperwork. As part of that paperwork, he submitted a Chapter 13 plan to the bankruptcy court. See id. §§ 1321-1322. The plan called for the debtor to pay into the bankruptcy estate $100 per month for 36 months (a total of $3,600). Of that amount, only about $300 (or about 2% of the roughly $15,000 owed by the debtor) would be available for distribution to general creditors. 1 Conversely, the appellant would receive through the plan more than $2,900 for legal services. The remainder of the bankruptcy estate (about $400) would cover the fees of the standing trustee. See id. § 1326(b)(2). A Chapter 13 plan of this genre is colloquially known as a “fee-only” plan because it pays the debtor’s lawyer and the trustee their professional fees but *81 leaves the general creditors holding an empty (or nearly empty) bag.
The bankruptcy court rejected the proposed Chapter 13 plan on the grounds that neither the debtor’s Chapter 13 petition nor the plan itself was submitted in good faith.
See id.
§ 1325(a)(3), (7).
2
In reaching this conclusion, the court cited
In re Buck,
After rejecting the Chapter 13 plan, the bankruptcy court gave the debtor three options: he could (i) amend his Chapter 13 plan; (ii) convert his bankruptcy case to Chapter 7; or (iii) dismiss the case entirely. The debtor elected the second option and converted his case to Chapter 7. He ultimately received a discharge under that chapter.
Meanwhile, the appellant moved the bankruptcy court to award him $2,872 in fees and expenses arising from his representation of the debtor in the Chapter 13 proceedings.
See
11 U.S.C. § 330(a)(4)(B). The appellant anticipated that this emolument would be paid out of the Chapter 13 estate, which the debtor had endowed monthly from the filing of the Chapter 13 plan until the date of the conversion to Chapter 7. The bankruptcy court awarded the appellant only $299 (the amount that it cost to file the debtor’s converted Chapter 7 petition). Because the appellant had already collected a $500 retainer in advance of the filing of the Chapter 13 petition, this order effectively required him to disgorge more than $200. The court grounded its order on the proposition that an attorney is not entitled to professional fees for time spent preparing a Chapter 13 plan that he knows or has reason to know is submitted in bad faith.
See In re Buck,
The appellant sought review of the fee order in the district court. See 28 U.S.C. § 158(a). The trustee opposed the appeal, and the district court affirmed the disputed order. This timely second-level appeal followed.
We review a bankruptcy court’s order directly without reference to an intermediate affirmance by the district court.
See City Sanitation, LLC v. Allied Waste Servs. of Mass., LLC (In re Am. Cartage, Inc.),
This is a rifle-shot appeal. It raises only a single issue: the propriety vel non of the bankruptcy court’s award of fees to the appellant. But the bankruptcy court hinged that award on its preludial ruling that fee-only Chapter 13 plans are per se in bad faith. Consequently, we must start by considering whether the bankruptcy court erred as a matter of law when it adopted that per se rule.
The requirement that Chapter 13 plans be filed in good faith springs directly from the Bankruptcy Code.
See
11 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(3). The term “good faith” is not specially defined, and the legislative history provides little insight into its meaning.
See In re Schaitz,
In
Marrama I,
we measured good faith by applying a totality of the circumstances test.
Id.
This test considered, among other things, the veracity of the debtor’s representations to the court and an assessment of whether the debtor was abusing the bankruptcy process.
See id.; cf. Barbosa v. Solomon,
We believe that the totality of the circumstances approach to adjudicating good faith should apply equally to inquiries under section 1325. This belief is fortified by the fact that other courts interpreting section 1325’s “good faith” element have performed a comparably holistic balancing of relevant factors.
See, e.g., Robinson v. Tenantry (In re
Robinson),
The totality of the circumstances test cannot be reduced to a mechanical checklist, and we do not endeavor here to canvass the field and catalogue the factors that must be weighed when determining whether a debtor has submitted a Chapter 13 plan in good faith.
Cf. Marrama II,
In all events, good faith is a concept, not a construct. Importantly, it is a concept that derives from equity.
See Fields Station LLC v. Capitol Food Corp. of Fields Corner (In re Capitol Food Corp. of Fields Corner),
Against this backdrop, we reject the bankruptcy court’s holding that fee-only Chapter 13 plans are per se in bad faith. This is not to say, however, that we disregard the bankruptcy court’s concerns. The fundamental purpose undergirding Chapter 13 is to allow a debtor to pay his creditors over time,
Thompson v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp.,
Notwithstanding these shortcomings, endorsing a blanket rule that fee-only Chapter 18 plans are per se submitted in bad faith would be to throw out the baby with the bathwater. While fee-only plans should not be used as a matter of course, there may be special circumstances, albeit relatively rare, in which this type of odd arrangement is justified. Given this possibility, prudence dictates that we hew to the overarching principle that the presence or absence of good faith should be ascertained case by case.
See, e.g., Marrama I,
Let us be perfectly clear. This opinion should by no means be read as a paean to fee-only Chapter 13 plans. The dangers of such plans are manifest, and a debtor who submits such a plan carries a heavy burden of demonstrating special circumstances that justify its submission.
Cf. Hardin v. Caldwell (In re Caldwell),
On the record before us, we cannot tell whether or not special circumstances sufficient to justify a fee-only Chapter 13 plan existed here. The appellant argues that such circumstances did exist, but we are chary about his explanation. The appellant suggests that the debtor filed a fee-only Chapter 13 plan because that was the only means of securing the appellant’s representation. There is no showing, however, that the debtor had a pressing need for the appellant’s services, that he could not secure adequate representation that he could afford without resorting to a fee-only plan, or that it was infeasible to proceed pro se. 3 Furthermore, the debtor himself asserted that he could have retained the appellant for representation in Chapter 7 — a course usually more in line with the interests of the debtor, the creditors, and the bankruptcy court — if he had waited three months longer; and the record contains no compelling reason why a three-month wait would have been intolerable.
This tees up the issue on appeal: the propriety of the bankruptcy court’s fee award. While bankruptcy courts have broad discretion in fashioning fee awards,
In re: I Don’t Trust,
In the case at hand, the bankruptcy court did not consider the totality of the circumstances when measuring whether the debtor’s Chapter 13 plan was presented in good faith. Instead, it mistakenly concluded that fee-only Chapter 13 plans are per se filed in bad faith and fashioned the fee award on that premise. Thus, the fee award rested on a legal error and must be vacated.
See, e.g., Aronov v. Napolitano,
What remains to be done is for the bankruptcy court to reconsider, under the proper legal regime, the question of the appellant’s entitlement to fees and to issue a new order in that regard. We take no *84 view as to the amount of fees, if any, that should be awarded.
We reverse the order appealed from and remand to the district court with instructions to vacate the bankruptcy court’s fee order and remand to that court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. All parties shall bear their own costs.
LIPEZ, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment.
I.
The issue of fee-only Chapter 13 petitions has emerged in recent years largely as a result of two events. The first was the Supreme Court’s decision in
Lamie v. U.S. Tr.,
As I understand it, the fee-only Chapter 13 petition can be a creative solution for the
“Lamie
problem.”
See, e.g., In re Buck,
Like my colleagues, I think that the totality of the circumstances test is the appropriate method to evaluate whether a particular fee-only Chapter 13 plan meets the good-faith requirements of the Bankruptcy Code. At this juncture, however, I would leave application of the test entirely to bankruptcy judges instead of prescribing a rule requiring “special circumstances” limited to “relatively rare” instances. As the majority notes, the bankruptcy courts have expressed mixed views on fee-only plans as their experience accumulates in the wake of Lamie and BAPCPA’s enactment. We should allow that process to continue so that we have an adequate basis for deciding whether there is a need to construct an appellate rule disfavoring such plans in every case. Presently, I do not think we have that basis.
II.
We have observed that the Bankruptcy Code’s purposes are two-fold: to give the deserving debtor a fresh start and to maximize the payment to creditors.
See In re Cunningham,
Bankruptcy judges evaluating a particular fee-only plan may properly take into account whether the plan “is consistent with the spirit and purpose of [Chapter 13] — rehabilitation through debt repayment,” In re
Molina,
I must emphasize that I agree with my colleagues’ view that a Chapter 13 plan calling for payment of the debtor’s attorney’s fee, but none (or virtually none) of the outstanding debts that triggered the need for bankruptcy, warrants close examination. The typical attorney’s fee for a Chapter 13 case is higher than the fee for a typical Chapter 7 case,
see, e.g., In re
*86
Elkins,
Nonetheless, we must keep in mind that a struggling debtor who lacks the resources to pay a Chapter 7 attorney’s fee up front has limited options. Although he theoretically could proceed pro se, I doubt that bankrupt individuals will ordinarily be able to navigate the complexities of the bankruptcy process on their own.
See, e.g., In re Beck,
A debtor could attempt to find cheaper, or free, legal services, but I have no reason to think that counsel fees vary widely or that competent bankruptcy legal advice is readily available for free.
See In re Beck,
The majority notes that the debtor in this case stated that he could have saved enough money in three months to pay
*87
Chapter 7 fees, and they suggest that he should simply have waited to file for relief. The debtor’s assertion of future ability to pay is certainly a factor to consider. For some debtors, however, the press of creditors, and the resulting stress, would likely make waiting intolerable.
See, e.g., In re Molina,
“Potential Chapter 13 debtors typically find a lawyer’s office when they are one step from financial Armageddon: There is a foreclosure sale of the debtor’s home the next day; the debtor’s only car was mysteriously repossessed in the dark of last night; a garnishment has reduced the debtor’s take home pay below the ordinary requirements of food and rent. Instantaneous relief is expected, if not necessary.”
Id. at 2476 (quoting K. Lundin & W. Brown, Chapter 13 Bankruptcy § 3.1[2] (4th ed.2009)); see also The Affordability Paradox, 52 Wm. & Mary L.Rev. at 1938 (“Every month a debtor spends saving up for an increasingly expensive bankruptcy lawyer is a month in which she has lost substantive bankruptcy rights for procedural reasons.”).
It may turn out that balanced assessments will, in fact, result in designating a relatively small number of fee-only plans as filed in good faith. Such plans may be flawed by circumstances beyond the fact that they propose payment of only attorney’s fees, or fees and a minimal amount of secured debt. In In re Buck, for example, the bankruptcy court expressed concern
about the unrealistic budgets underlying the plans.
In sum, in declining to fully join my colleagues’ approach, I do not question the need for caution in evaluating fee-only Chapter 13 plans. My concern is that a circumscribed totality of the circumstances analysis will unnecessarily, and perhaps unfairly, tilt the analysis against well meaning debtors. The experience thus far suggests that bankruptcy courts are able to draw distinctions between fee-only plans that comply with the Bankruptcy Code, including the good-faith requirement, and those that do not. Hence, unless further experience shows otherwise, I think we can be confident that the goals of Chapter 13 will be amply protected when the totali *88 ty of the circumstances test is thoughtfully applied, without threshold limitation, by bankruptcy judges.
Notes
. The record does not contain a reliable estimate of what the creditors would have received if a Chapter 7 proceeding had been initiated at this point.
. Although the courts below found both the petition and the plan to have been filed in bad faith, for simplicity’s sake we henceforth refer only to the plan. Our holding is, of course, equally applicable to the filing of the petition.
. We do not mean to imply that any of these factors are necessary to a finding of special circumstances. Rather, we enumerate them to illustrate why we are unready to accept the conclusory claim of special circumstances advanced by the appellant here.
. In The Affordability Paradox, Professor Lit-win stated that "the heart” of BAPCPA was "the means test that bars relatively well-off debtors from Chapter 7.” She went on to note, however, that
BAPCPA also subjected all fliers to increased paperwork, stricter deadlines, new prerequisites such as credit counseling, and mandatory dismissals for myriad procedural mistakes. These new technical requirements caused many commentators to worry that the statute’s real effect would be to increase costs and reduce the bankruptcy access of all debtors, especially the worst off.
52 Wm. & Mary L.Rev. at 1936 (footnotes omitted).