88 F. 860 | 1st Cir. | 1898
This is an action on the case by Albert Croteau against the Berlin Mills Company for personal injuries received through being crushed between two cars in the basement of the company’s sawmill. Three car tracks in this basement were used for removing lumber and waste to the yard. From 350 to 450-car loads were removed each day. When empty, the cars were drawn by horses to a point in the yard where the grade of the tracks began to descend. The horses were then detached, and the cars allowed to run down the descending grade into the basement. The
“ ‘You wait for me here. There is another man under lire mill who owes me some money, and he told me he would give me an order the other day, and I would go for him;’ and he said, ‘All right.’ ” r
Croteau then went to the mill, and walked down into the basement, upon the middle track. Although it appears from the evidence that Croteau knew that the tracks were in use, — to some extent, at least,— he notified no one in charge of the cars that he was going under the mill, hut walked on upon the middle track, into the basement, without looking behind him. The mill was running, and there was considerable noise from the machinery and saws. After going some 60 feet into the mill, he saw the man he sought, Valliere, working upon the further side of a car that stood on the track next to that on which Croteau had entered the mill. On the track where Croteau was, there were no cars. On the next track, at a distance of 4 or 5 feet from the car that was between Croteau and Valliere, stood a second car. Croteau, upon seeing Valliere, made a signal to him signifying, “Gome here.” At that moment four cars were coming down from the yard, — not upon the track where Croteau stood, but upon the next track, whereon stood the two cars, at a distance of 4 or 5 feet apart. Croteau’s description of his conduct is as follows:
“* * * At the same time I was making him a sign to come here, they hollered. ‘Look out, look out.’ Q. What did you do? A. I ran between them two ears. I didn’t think them cars was going to move out of there, because they was half loaded. I made a jump between those two cars there. I thought, because they hollered out, something was coming on the track where I was. If they didn’t holler, I would be all right there. * * * I supposed, when they said, .‘Look out,’ there was a train coming on the track where I was. Q. And, instead of looking to see, you jumped right between the cars in front of you? A. Yes, sir.”
The descending cars struck the first standing car, and forced it against the second car, crushing Croteau’s leg between the two cars so that amputation was necessary.
Although we are of the opinion that, upon the evidence of Croteau himself, he was guilty of such negligence as would preclude a recovery even had the company been negligent, we are also of the opinion that the company was guilty of no breach of duty to the plaintiff, and that the verdict holding the company liable was clearly unjustifiable. The errand which took Croteau under the mill was entirely his own, and had no connection with the business of the company. While his presence in the yard to procure clapboards was possibly connected with the business of the company, his going under the mill was merely to collect a debt from Valliere. This errand was no more the business of the company, than if he had gone under the mill to borrow
“Now, a reasonable man can be guided only by a reasonable estimate of probabilities. If men went about to guard themselves against every risk to themselves or others which might by ingenious conjecture be conceived as possible, human affairs could not be carried on at all,” etc.
It is well settled that the requirements of reasonable foresight and reasonable precaution are not to be so extended as to impose upon an owner a duty to keep his premises or work in a suitable condition for those who come thereon solely for their own purposes, without any enticement, allurement, inducement, or express or implied assurance of safety. Sweeny v. Railroad Co., 10 Allen, 368, 372, 373; Beehler v. Daniels, 18 R. I. 563, 29 Atl. 6; Bigelow, Cas. Torts, p. 705. That a stranger, on his own business, may find his way into private premises or workshops, where hazardous business is conducted, is always a possibility; but the duty of vigilance to guard against injury therefrom is not cast upon the owner, but upon the intruder, who is bound at his peril to keep away from places or machines whereof he is ignorant, and who is not entitled to demand that business operations shall be conducted with regard to his presence or safety. While there may exist circumstances of an exceptional character in which an appearance of safety tends to lead or entice a trespasser or licensee into peril, so that the premises become a “trap” giving rise to a duty to take precaution for the safety of mere licensees, and even of trespass- ' ers, the present case is obviously not of that character. The nature of the work carried on by the company, and its cars, known by Croteau to be running at intervals, afforded a warning, instead of an assurance of safety. Such perils as arise from the ordinary use of the premises are not a trap. Redigan v. Railroad Co., 155 Mass. 44, 28 N. E. 1133. It is contended, however, that the company was guilty of negligence in running its cars without brakemen. But whether or not it was negligent towards those persons rightfully on or about its tracks is a question entirely distinct from that of its duty to Cro-teau. In determining whether the defendant is negligent, in a given case, his duty to. the plaintiff at the time is to be considered, and not his general duty, or his duty to others. Fitzgerald v. Paper Co., 155 Mass. 155, 159, 29 N. E. 464. Employer and employed may consent to the adoption of methods which facilitate the work, though they increase the risk, and give rise to a necessity for extreme caution. These are matters to be regulated between master .and servant. An inexperienced intruder cannot limit the master’s right to use means that juay be hazardous to those not familiar with the premises and