6 Cl. Ct. 781 | Ct. Cl. | 1984
OPINION
This civilian pay case comes before the court on defendant’s motion for summary judgment and plaintiff’s opposition thereto. The questions at issue arise from the decision of the Federal Employee Appeals Authority (FEAA) affirming the decision of the Department of the Air Force, 302d Special Operations Squadron, Air Force Reserves, Luke Air Force Base, Arizona (AFRES) which removed plaintiff from his position as Flight Instructor (Helicopter) (Air Reserve Technician), effective November 16, 1977. The critical issue, as framed by the parties in this case, is whether plaintiff’s request for disqualification from aviation service was voluntary or the result of improper agency action. After due consideration of the briefs of the parties, and following oral argument, the court concludes that defendant’s motion for summary judgment should be granted.
I.
By letter of notification dated July 28, 1977, plaintiff was directed to appear before the Flying Evaluation Board (FEB) which was to convene the following month. The FEB was to consider evidence concerning plaintiff’s professional qualifications as a pilot, which had come under question. This notice advised plaintiff of his rights, including his right to counsel and his right, as per AFR 35-13, ¶ 2-116(3), to submit an application for voluntary disqualification from aviation service in lieu of FEB action. The notice also included a copy of AFR 35-13 for plaintiff’s information and use. It is undisputed that this notice complied with all procedural requirements. Prior to receipt of this notice, plaintiff had submitted a number of applications for employment elsewhere since he had been thinking about leaving his present position.
After receipt of this notice on August 1, 1977, plaintiff responded to the Recorder of the FEB, then Major (presently Lt. Colonel) Robert A. Miranda (Miranda) that he had received the notice and that he would appear before the FEB. He requested that the hearing be delayed one week until August 31, 1977, for preparation purposes. In his letter, plaintiff also requested Miranda to arrange for the appearance of ten listed witnesses. In addition, he also stated that he did not need the board’s assistance in acquiring military counsel and he informed the FEB that he did not intend to request voluntary disqualification in lieu of FEB action.
Sometime after receipt of the above-mentioned notification, plaintiff secured the services of Captain Charles R. Stubblefield (Stubblefield), Area Defense Counsel at Luke Air Force Base, as his legal counsel. Plaintiff and his counsel began to develop a defense to the action proposed by the July 28, 1977, notice. During the period leading up to the FEB hearing, plaintiff communicated or met with Miranda several times. In addition to being in charge of FEB administrative duties, Miranda was also charged with the responsibility of becoming familiar with all aspects of any proposed FEB action. See AFR 35-13, 11 3-45(a)(2) (1976).
During the period leading up to the FEB hearing, plaintiff was fully aware of his
Plaintiffs attorney was aware that Miranda had no authority to bind the Air Force to an obligation to find plaintiff a new position. However, plaintiffs counsel, based on his client’s dissatisfaction with his present job, and Miranda’s offer of assistance in locating another job, recommended that plaintiff submit a voluntary disqualification in lieu of FEB action. Plaintiff now seeks to impugn the competency of his counsel for recommending such a course of action. There is absolutely no basis in the record or elsewhere for the assertion by plaintiff that his counsel was inadequate.
f. Reasons for requesting disqualification are: I am submitting this application for voluntary disqualification for Aviation Service in lieu of Flying Evaluation Board action. I recognize that I have encountered difficulties during the last two and one-half years and that it would be in the best interests of the unit to submit this application. However, at no time have I ever knowingly violated any safety regulation. Family considerations and former health problems have influenced this decision. Attached are letters and statements referencing my rated career.
Plaintiff’s request for disqualification was reviewed by higher authority at Air Force headquarters located at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. Final approval was given to plaintiff’s request on September 27, 1977. Notice of plaintiff’s proposed removal from the flying instructor position dated October 14,1977, was thereafter sent to plaintiff. Removal was based on the fact that such a request for voluntary disqualification extinguishes aviation status which was a requirement for plaintiff’s flying instructor position. Plaintiff has never disputed the fact that loss of that qualification mandates removal from his position. Plaintiff’s removal was to be effective November 16, 1977.
On November 2, 1977, 35 days after plaintiff’s request for disqualification was approved, plaintiff timely filed his response to the October 14,1977, Notice of Proposed Action to remove him from his position. Plaintiff requested that his August 30, 1977, application be withdrawn on the grounds that his request for disqualification from aviation service had been made involuntarily and was the product of misrepresentation by AFRES.
In a letter dated November 11, 1977, Lt. Colonel Peter T. Pomonis (Pomonis) advised plaintiff, after consideration of the
Plaintiff filed an appeal of the November 16, 1977 removal action with the United States Civil Service Commission, Federal Employee Appeals Authority (FEAA). Plaintiff alleged that his application for voluntary disqualification from aviation service was submitted under duress and was not voluntary. Specifically, plaintiff alleged that then Major Miranda, in his capacity as FEB recorder, had guaranteed that another position would be located for him which would preserve his civil service status if he submitted a voluntary disqualification in lieu of FEB action. He maintained that no such efforts to find him another job were made and that he would not have signed the disqualification without the guarantee he felt Miranda had made.
The FEAA held a hearing on the issue and subsequently issued its decision affirming the removal of plaintiff. The FEAA concluded:
On review, we find the proximate cause of appellant’s removal was his failure to meet the requirements of that position [i.e., he voluntarily disqualified himself] and that such failure was a re-suit of appellant’s voluntary actions free from duress or coercion. {United States Civil Service Commission, Federal Employee Appeals Authority, Appeal of Richard E. Benton, Decision No. SF752B80344 at 5 (June 26, 1978).]
On May 13, 1983, plaintiff filed suit in this court contending that the decision of the FEAA affirming his removal as a Flight Instructor (Air Reserve Technician) was contrary to the evidence and the reasonable inferences that should be drawn from the evidence. Specifically, plaintiff claims that the finding of the FEAA that plaintiff’s submission of his disqualification request was voluntary and free from duress or coercion is contrary to the evidence of record. In his brief, plaintiff contends that the FEAA’s decision was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and not supported by substantial evidence.
II.
It is well settled that judicial review of administrative actions in the civilian pay area is limited. The court’s inquiry is whether the administrative action is “illegal because it violates applicable statutes or regulations, or is demonstrably in bad faith or malicious because it is arbitrary, capricious, or devoid of substantial evidence to support it.” Wathen v. United States, 208 Ct.Cl. 342, 351, 527 F.2d 1191, 1197 (1975), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 821, 97 S.Ct. 69, 50 L.Ed.2d 82 (1976). See also Howatt v. United States, 228 Ct.Cl. 511, 516, 657 F.2d 1204, 1208 (1981) (substantial evidence standard); Gaskins v. United States, 227 Ct.Cl. 563, 566 (1981) (review limited to determination of “prejudicial procedural error and whether the action was taken according to law and regulations, was supported by substantial evidence, had a rational basis and was in good faith”). The court does not sit in cases such as this
In reviewing an administrative action, the court generally bases its determination solely on review of the administrative record and will not consider evidence produced for the first time in a court proceeding when such evidence was available during administrative proceedings. See Brousseau v. United States, 226 Ct.Cl. 199, 210, 640 F.2d 1235, 1242 (1981); Leefer v. United States, 215 Ct.Cl. 1061, 1062, 578 F.2d 1388 (1978). See also Lizut v. Department of the Army, 717 F.2d 1391, 1396 (Fed.Cir.1983) (permitting new evidence, after the administrative record is completed, would undermine the integrity of the administrative process); Hayes v. Department of the Navy, 727 F.2d 1535 (Fed.Cir.1984). In this case plaintiff has submitted affidavits in support of his claims in this court, which contain matters which were not presented to the FEAA. The matters contained in these affidavits, deal with proposed evidence that was available to plaintiff during the administrative proceeding. The court refuses now to consider any matters not presented, as they should have been in the first instance, to the administrative body. Such action by the court has ample support in case law. See Brousseau v. United States, supra; Leefer v. United States, supra. See also Monroe Garment Co. v. United States, 203 Ct.Cl. 324, 343-44, 488 F.2d 989, 1000-01 (1973); Northbridge Electronics v. United States, 195 Ct.Cl. 453, 463, 444 F.2d 1124, 1130 (1971). Therefore, the court grants defendant’s concurrent motion to strike paragraphs 1 through 9 of plaintiff’s affidavit (paragraph 10 of said affidavit is directed at defendant’s laches defense which has been pretermitted by the court’s declination to base its decision on said defense) and to strike the entire affidavit of Charles R. Stubblefield, plaintiff’s attorney.
Given the above-stated standard of review and the evidentiary limitation discussed above, the court now considers plaintiff’s claim that the FEAA decision that his disqualification request was “free of coercion, duress, time pressure or intimidation” was arbitrary, capricious, and unsupported by the evidence. The FEAA affirmed the decision of the Air Force to remove plaintiff after a thorough review of the record which included the testimony of plaintiff, his counsel, and several other witnesses. Before the FEAA, plaintiff had the opportunity to call all the witnesses he felt would help his case. In this regard, it is important to note that the issue before
The court has thoroughly reviewed the Reconstructed Administrative Record submitted to the court.
Clearly, there is conflicting testimony in the record concerning what occurred at that August 30,1977 meeting. The general rule is that in reviewing a record in which there exists a conflict in testimony the court will defer to the finding of the hearing officer or board. See Burke v. United States, 230 Ct.Cl. 853, 856 (1982); Palmer v. United States, 229 Ct.Cl. 650, 652 (1981); Korman v. United States, 199 Ct.Cl. 78, 462 F.2d 1382 (1972). When dealing with conflicting testimony, the decision-maker must consider the credibility of the witnesses. The Court of Claims in the Burke case, supra, stated: “Where a board decision is based on the credibility of testifying witnesses, this court will not reverse unless the accepted testimony is inherently improbable or discredited by undisputed testimony.” Burke v. United States, supra, 230 Ct.Cl. at 856 (citing Highway Products, Inc. v. United States, 208 Ct.Cl. 926, 938, 530 F.2d 911, 918 (1976)). Such deference is based on the administrative decision-maker’s ability to observe witness demeanor. Burke v. United States, supra, 230 Ct.Cl. at 856-57; N.L.R.B. v. Walton Mfg. Co., 369 U.S. 404, 408, 82 S.Ct. 853, 855, 7 L.Ed.2d 829 (1962). Further, inferences such as plaintiff seeks in this case are more properly for the FEAA to draw, or determine, rather than plaintiff or the court. See Arundel Corp. v. United States, 207 Ct.Cl. 84, 93 n. 8, 515 F.2d 1116, 1121 n. 8 (1975).
Plaintiff has not demonstrated that the testimony on which the FEAA’s decision was based was “inherently improbable or discredited by undisputed evidence.” Nor has plaintiff shown that the testimony and evidentiary materials relied upon by
Plaintiff raises several other points upon which he believes the FEAA erred. The plaintiff claims that the FEAA erred in not finding an enforceable contract between the Air Force and plaintiff obligating the Air Force to find plaintiff another federal position. In addressing this argument it is clear that all parties were aware that the Air Force was under no obligation to find plaintiff another position. Additionally, plaintiffs counsel and Major Miranda were both aware that the Major did not have the authority to bind the Air Force to an obligation to find plaintiff a job. This fact combined with the rule that individuals who are damaged as the result of the unauthorized acts or representations of government agents may not recover from the government precludes plaintiff from asserting any type of contractual claim. See Thanet Corp. v. United States, 219 Ct.Cl. 75, 85, 591 F.2d 629, 635 (1979); Jackson v. United States, 216 Ct.Cl. 25, 41-42, 573 F.2d 1189, 1197 (1978); Federal Crop Ins. Corp. v. Merrill, 332 U.S. 380, 383-85; 68 S.Ct. 1, 2-3, 92 L.Ed. 10 (1947).
There is another ground upon which plaintiffs contractual claim can be denied. “[I]t is well established that the federal employment relationship is a statutory rather than contractual one.” Schuhl v. United States, 3 Cl.Ct. 207, 212 (1983). See also Connolly v. United States, 1 Cl.Ct. 312, 314, 554 F.Supp. 1250, 1253 (1982) aff'd in part and rev’d in part, 716 F.2d 882 (Fed.Cir.1983) cert. denied, — U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 1414, 79 L.Ed.2d 740 (1984); Kania v. United States, 227 Ct.Cl. 458, 464-65, 650 F.2d 264, 268, cert. denied, 454 U.S. 895, 102 S.Ct. 393, 70 L.Ed.2d 210 (1981). Therefore, the rights of federal civilian and military employees “do not turn on contract doctrines ‘even where compacts are made.’ ” Schuhl v. United States, supra, 3 Cl.Ct. at 212 (citing Kania v. United States, supra, 227 Ct.Cl. at 465, 650 F.2d at 268; Abel v. United States, 219 Ct.Cl. 574, 576 (1979)). Such conclusions negating any contractual claim also negate many of plaintiff’s other allegations of error which are premised on the existence of a contractual agreement between plaintiff and the Air Force.
One such claim of error based partially on the existence of an enforceable agreement between plaintiff and the Air Force is his claim that the AFRES engaged in time pressure causing plaintiff to submit his disqualification request hastily. There are several bases upon which to reject this claim. One, the record clearly indicates that plaintiff was made aware of the volun
The court will not consider plaintiffs claims based on fraud, deceit, and negligent misrepresentation. These claims are based on issues raised for the first time in this court and thus reflect plaintiffs failure to exhaust available administrative remedies applicable thereto. See Lizut v. Department of Defense, supra, 717 F.2d at 1396 (citing Haynes v. United States, 190 Ct.Cl. 9, 12-13, 418 F.2d 1380, 1383 (1969)). See also Grover v. United States, 200 Ct.Cl. 337, 343-47 (1973). Moreover, a close review of the record in this case reveals no indication of any factual basis supportive of such empty allegations. Finally, plaintiffs attacks on the good faith of various Air Force officials run afoul of the presumption that public officials properly perform their duties in good faith. Plaintiff has failed to rebut that presumption in this case. See Knotts v. United States, supra, 128 Ct.Cl. at 492, 121 F.Supp. at 631. In particular, plaintiffs counsel emphasized at oral argument that Major Miranda deceived plaintiff in that he did not inform plaintiff that no AFRES positions would be open to him. This allegation flies in the face of the above presumption of good faith. Miranda’s statement, dated September 27, 1977, indicates that he told plaintiff that AFRES channels would be closed to him. The court finds no evidence to the contrary in the record. The court also notes that this issue of misrepresentation was not raised before the FEAA.
It is not unreasonable to consider plaintiff’s request for disqualification as analogous to resignation notices by federal civilian employees. Whether or not plaintiff’s disqualification request was voluntary is a question of fact. See McGucken v. United States, 187 Ct.Cl. 284, 288, 407 F.2d 1349, 1351, cert. denied, 396 U.S. 894, 90 S.Ct. 190, 24 L.Ed.2d 170 (1969). The FEAA’s factual determination that plaintiff’s request for disqualification was voluntary is supported by substantial evidence. It is not the function of the court to substitute its judgment on this matter for that of the employing agency where the decision by the agency was reasonable and supported by substantial evidence. See McCormack v. United States, 209 Ct.Cl. 778, 779-80 (1976). Plaintiff had freedom of choice in submitting his disqualification request and he was not coerced into doing so. See Tilk v. United States, 225 Ct.Cl. 684, 686-87 (1980); Vitkus v. United States, 220 Ct.Cl. 623, 625-26, 618 F.2d 121 (1979); Long v. United States, 219 Ct.Cl. 687, 690, 618 F.2d 120 (1979). McGucken v. United States, supra, 187 Ct.Cl. at 289, 407 F.2d at 1351. Further, no mental illness is alleged or proven which would restrict plaintiff’s freedom of choice and thus render his disqualification request involuntary. Compare Manzi v. United States, 198 Ct.Cl. 489, 492-93 (1972). Plaintiff has failed to carry the heavy burden of establishing that his disqualification request was involuntarily extracted. See Leone v. United States, 204 Ct.Cl. 334, 339 (1974).
Employee resignations, which are deemed analogous to plaintiff’s disqualification request, are presumed to be voluntary. Plaintiff has failed to rebut this presumption in this case. Cases involving circumstances more favorable to employees challenging resignations than is present in this case have found courts upholding the voluntariness of said resignations. See Sampang v. United States, 227 Ct.Cl. 562,
It is noted, that there is case law which grants an individual the right to withdraw his or her resignation before its effective date. See Cunningham v. United States, 191 Ct.Cl. 471, 423 F.2d 1379 (1970); Goodman v. United States, 424 F.2d 914 (D.C.Cir.1970). In this ease, it is undisputed that plaintiff requested withdrawal of his resignation (voluntary disqualification) pri- or to the effective date of his removal. Based on Cunningham, defendant’s refusal to accept plaintiff’s request to withdraw his request might suggest that these facts provide a basis for awarding plaintiff the relief he is seeking. Neither party discussed this suggestion in their briefs.
However, the facts in this case are clearly distinguishable from Cunningham. In Cunningham, the plaintiff was denied any type of hearing on the voluntariness of her resignation. In this ease, plaintiff was given a hearing on that issue before the FEAA. Such an opportunity was fully explained in Lt. Col. Pomonis’ November 11, 1977, letter to plaintiff denying plaintiff’s request to withdraw his voluntary disqualification.
Additionally, the regulations involved in this case, differ from those present in Cunningham. The pertinent regulation in this case, AFR 35-13 Section C 112-ll(c) (1976) states:
c. Voluntary Termination of Aviation Career Status. A rated officer may request termination of aviation service career status. This paragraph establishes an officer’s prerogative to request voluntary disqualification for aviation service; however, it must be clearly understood that the request is approved only when such action serves the best interest of the Air Force, and that disqualification, once approved, is permanent. (Emphasis supplied).
This regulation indicates that once a request for voluntary disqualification is approved it is permanent. See Kestner v. United States, 229 Ct.Cl. 772, 774-75 (1982). In this case the voluntary disqualification was approved on September 27, 1977, making it permanent. Plaintiff’s only recourse at that time appears to be; one, a request for withdrawal of the request for voluntary dismissal, and two, if denied, an appeal to the Civil Service Commission. These procedural guidelines were complied with.
It should also be added that Cunningham is factually distinguishable from this case in another way. In Cunningham v. United States, supra, 191 Ct.Cl. at 473, 423 F.2d at 1380, the plaintiff resigned completely from her position at Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. In her resignation letter she dictated when its effective date would be. 191 Ct.Cl. at 473, 423 F.2d at 1380. She subsequently attempted to withdraw her resignation prior to the effective date when she would be completely removed from her position. In this case, plaintiff submitted a request for voluntary disqualification from aviation service. Such a request was an option presented to the plaintiff by the regulations and once it was approved he could no longer fly. The date of approval of this “resignation” from aviation service in this case is therefore equivalent to the effective date of the plaintiff’s resignation in Cunningham.
Finally, the court, had it been presented with a Cunningham type argument by plaintiff, would have an additional basis to reject such an argument based on defendant’s failure to accept plaintiff’s withdrawal of his request for voluntary disqualification. The only issue raised by the plaintiff at the FEAA proceeding and in this court focused on the voluntariness of his request for disqualification. The plaintiff at no time, either before the FEAA or this court, has raised the issue of this right to withdraw his resignation. Any attempt to raise such an issue, which could have been fully developed at the FEAA hearing, for the first time in this court would rightly be subject to rejection. See Lizut v. Department of the Army, supra, 717 F.2d at 1396; Grover v. United States, supra, 200 Ct.Cl. at 343-47.
III.
The court, based solely on a review of the administrative record, concludes that the FEAA decision was supported by substantial evidence and was not otherwise arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion. Thus the FEAA decision must stand.
. It should also be noted that plaintiff voluntarily chose his counsel. Thus he should not be heard to assert that the counsel’s actions did not reflect his desires. See Johnson v. Department of the Treasury, 721 F.2d 361, 365 (Fed.Cir.1983). Plaintiff testified before the FEAA that his counsel was not assigned to him. Instead, plaintiff sought out the counsel who represented him. This is corroborated by plaintiffs letter of July 28, 1977, responding to the letter of notification. In that letter, plaintiff stated that he did not desire the assistance of the board in obtaining military counsel. Based on the above rule and the lack of evidence regarding the inadequacy of plaintiff s counsel, the court rejects any claim for relief based on this theory. In any event, since this issue was not raised at the administrative level, it is not properly before the court at this time. See Lizut v. United States, 717 F.2d 1391, 1396 (Fed.Cir.1983).
. The FEAA found that efforts were in fact made to find plaintiff another position. The record contains a great deal of evidence supporting this finding. See the testimony and statement dated January 24, 1978 of Walter James Majcher of the Civilian Personnel Liaison Office, Bergstrom Air Force Base; letter dated November 2, 1977 from Lt. Colonel Peter T. Pomonis to plaintiff; testimony of Major Miranda and Frank Reid. Based on this evidence in the record, the court concludes that the above finding by the FEAA was supported by substantial evidence.
. It should be noted that after reviewing these affidavits, the court concludes that consideration of the evidence contained therein would not alter, in any event, the result in this case. The court recognizes the rule of Wyatt v. Madden, 32 F.2d 838, 389 (D.C.Cir.1929), as cited by plaintiff, relative to use of affidavits in summary judgment cases. The Wyatt case, however, is inapposite since it did not involve judicial review of an administrative decision where such review is generally restricted to the administrative record as discussed previously in the text of this opinion. Moreover, plaintiff s counsel conceded at oral argument that he did not need these affidavits to prove the position advanced in plaintiffs briefs.
Plaintiff implicitly argues that it is improper for the court to consider defendant's affidavits in support of its laches defense if the court rejects his affidavits. The court rejects this argument. Defendant’s affidavits were submitted in support of a legal defense which arose after the FEAA proceedings. This defense could not have been raised at the FEAA hearing and therefore, it would be proper for the court to consider defendant’s affidavits if it were necessary to do so. See Brousseau v. United States, 226 Ct.Cl. 199, 640 F.2d 1235 (1981).
. On January 17, 1984, defendant moved for leave to file a reconstructed administrative record and for an order waiving reproduction requirements with respect to the record. The original appeal file could not be located by the San Francisco Regional Office of the MSPB (the FEAA’s successor agency). The Air Force was also unable to find its appeal file. The Air Force advised that the file was destroyed in early 1983 pursuant to its policy of destroying files four years after a case is closed. Parenthetically, plaintiff's delay in filing suit in this court may have contributed to the fact that these records were destroyed.
Defendant’s motion to file the reconstructed record was not opposed by plaintiff. This motion was allowed by the court on February 15, 1984. The court, under such circumstances, has carefully scrutinized this record and finds it adequate for reviewing the FEAA’s decision on a substantial evidence basis. In addition to the completeness of the record, the court finds the fact that the parties worked together to reconstruct the record indicative of its adequacy. Included in these efforts was contact with plaintiff’s prior counsel and acquisition from him of the complete transcript of the FEAA hearing as well as other documentation associated with the FEAA hearing.
. Plaintiff, as stated earlier, testified that Major Miranda “never suggested that I sign a voluntary statement." (emphasis added). Plaintiff testified that Miranda did explain the pros and cons of the matter. (Id.) The court finds that such testimony clearly demonstrates that no coercion was utilized to force plaintiff to submit a voluntary disqualification. Plaintiff clearly had a choice in the matter.
The court finds that this point of error, i.e., use of coercion and duress, raised by the plaintiff is characteristic of most of those raised by him. Regarding all of the alleged errors in the FEAA’s findings raised by plaintiff, he has not shown the lack of substantial evidence necessary for this court to abandon its deference to the FEAA's findings. In fact, a thorough review of the record by the court exposes substantial evidence for all of the FEAA’s conclusions. This determination, combined with the court’s other bases for rejecting points of error cited by the plaintiff, infra, supports the court’s granting of defendant’s motion for summary judgment.
. Defendant persuasively argues that plaintiffs claim is barred by the equitable doctrine of laches in that plaintiff waited 4 years and 10 months after the FEAA decision before bringing his claim to this court. Plaintiffs efforts to explain away this period of delay are unpersuasive. Delays of a shorter period of time have been found sufficient to support application of the doctrine of laches. See Beeny v. United States, 218 Ct.Cl. 672, 590 F.2d 343 (1978) (delay of 4 years and 3 months); Smith v. United States, 209 Ct.Cl. 685, 686-88 (1976) (delay of 31 months). The requisite prejudice to defendant is made out by the fact that, if the defendant has to pay plaintiff his back wages in addition to the salary it paid his replacement, a double payment would result which has long been considered prejudice sufficient to invoke this doctrine of laches. See Brundage v. United States, 205 Ct.Cl. 502, 510, 504 F.2d 1382, 1386 (1974), cert. denied, 421 U.S. 998, 95 S.Ct. 2395, 44 L.Ed.2d 665 (1975); Grisham v. United States, 183 Ct.Cl. 657, 663, 392 F.2d 980, 983, cert. denied, 393 U.S. 843, 89 S.Ct. 125, 21 L.Ed.2d 114 (1968). However, the court need not, and does not, base its decision on this equitable defense because of its finding that the FEAA decision was supported by substantial evidence and otherwise legally correct.
