delivered the opinion of the court.
On March 2, 1903, Benepe-Owenhouse Company, a corporation, entered into a contract in writing with one Jacob Scheidegger, by the terms of which certain real estate and personal property were leased to Scheidegger for a term of five years. In January, 1905, this action was commenced by the company against Scheidegger. The complaint sets forth the contract at. length, and then alleges that at the time of the making of the contract there was a well-established custom and usage in Gallatin county among the farmers and dairymen that under an agreement such as the one mentioned above, settlements for moneys received from the sale of livestock, pork, dairy, and poultry products shall be made monthly at the end of each month, and for crops raised upon the ranch a division thereof shall be made within a reasonable time after such crops are harvested. It is then alleged that this contract was entered into in view of such custom and usage, and that, acting thereon, the defendant during the year 1903 settled with the plaintiff according to such custom and usage, and that such settlements
The complaint then alleges that at the time of the commencement of this action there was due to the plaintiff from the defendant $569.22, more or less, as the plaintiff’s share of the money derived from the sale of livestock, pork, dairy, and poultry products; that about November 1, 1904, the defendant repudiated the agreement, refused to pay over to the plaintiff its share of the income from the business carried on, and appropriated to his own use the entire proceeds from such business, and threatens to continue to do so, and threatens to sell or otherwise dispose of the hay raised upon the ranch during that year, and to appropriate the proceeds to his own use, and has ousted the plaintiff from any participation whatever in the business so conducted; that the plaintiff has demanded of defendant that he pay over to plaintiff the amount due it, and to divide the hay grown upon the ranch during 1904, but defendant has refused to comply with such demand, and unlawfully excludes the plaintiff from any further participation in the business. It is alleged that the defendant is continuing to carry on the dairy and poultry business and to sell the products thereof, and to sell the pork and pork products, and to appropriate the proceeds therefrom to his own use, and that, unless restrained by the court, he will continue so to do. It is then alleged that the defendant is insolvent, and wholly irresponsible, and cannot respond in damages, and without the interposition of the court the plaintiff’s share of the proceeds from such ■operations will be entirely lost.
The prayer of the complaint is for an accounting, for the appointment of a receiver to take charge of the business pending the litigation, that an injunction issue restraining the defendant from interfering in any manner with the property in
The bill of exceptions recites that the order appointing the receiver was made without notice to the defendant, and without any hearing of the cause upon its merits;' that no affidavit or oral testimony was offered or heard by the said judge in support of such application, and that the order was made solely, upon the complaint and the averments therein contained. On February 4, 1905, the defendant made a motion to have the order appointing the receiver vacated. The motion is based upon the ground that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, or to entitle the plaintiff to have a receiver appointed; that the facts stated are not sufficient to justify the court or judge in making an order appoint-, ing a receiver without notice; that the complaint is verified upon information and belief only, and not positively; and that-the complaint fails to allege particular facts, or any facts or-circumstances, showing the necessity for the appointment of a receiver without notice. Upon' the hearing this motion was overruled, and from the order overruling such motion the defendant appeals.
It is not seriously contended that upon this appeal this court should be called upon to pass upon the sufficiency of the com-' plaint to state a cause of action. This record does not show any appearance on the part of the defendant, other than his-motion to vacate the order appointing the receiver. As the appointment of a receiver or the issuing of an injunction is an-.
As recited in the bill of exceptions, there was no oral testimony taken on the hearing of the application for the order appointing the receiver, and no affidavits filed in support of such application. Section 951 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that the order appointing a receiver shall not be made without notice to the adverse party, unless it shall appear to the court that there is immediate danger that the property or fund will be removed from the jurisdiction of the court or lost, materially injured, destroyed, or unlawfully disposed of. But how shall these facts be made to appear to the court?
Section 3100 of the same Code provides that judicial evidence is the means sanctioned by law for ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a question of fact. Section 3104 provides that there are four kinds of evidence: First, the knowledge of the court; second, the testimony of witnesses; third, writings; and, fourth, other material objects presented to the senses. The recitals in the bill of exceptions in this instance exclude from consideration the first, third, and fourth kinds of evidence. Section 3320 provides that the testimony of a witness may be taken, first, by affidavit; second, by deposition; and, third, by oral examination. The bill of exceptions recites that there was no oral examination of witnesses, that no deposition was presented in support of the application for the order appointing the receiver, and we find that we are limited in our consideration to the one question: Was the application made upon an affidavit?
It may be considered settled beyond controversy that in an application of this character the complaint maybe and is consid
The decisions of courts as to the sufficiency of verifications-to pleadings as such, or the sufficiency of affidavits which may have been used in other proceedings, are of little assistance to-us in this instance.
If a verification to a pleading conforms substantially to statutory requirements, it is sufficient for that purpose and an affidavit might be sufficient for one purpose and not for another. . But the office of the complaint in this case was made to serve the double purpose of a pleading and proof of the allegations contained in it; and in this latter aspect it must be-considered from the standpoint of evidence and tested by the-rules of evidence, rather than those of pleading and practice. If the allegations are made positively, and sworn to as of the affiant’s own knowledge, there is no apparent reason why they may not have convinced the court or judge of their truth, and of the imminent danger in which the property was alleged to-be. If the allegations, however positively made, are sworn to only upon information furnished to the affiant by some third person, then they are merely hearsay, and ought not to have-been given any evidentiary value, for the evidence necessary to move the appointing power must be legal evidence.
If it be said that it does not appear that any particular allegations are made upon information and belief, it is sufficient to-say that it does not appear which, if any, of the allegations are-
It is contended that the verification is made according to the requirements of section 731 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and this is correct. The verification is sufficient for the purposes which the complaint serves as a pleading, but it does not aid the complaint when offered as proof of the existence of certain facts. If the facts stated in the complaint were known to the .personal knowledge of Mr. Benepe, there was nothing to' prevent him from embodying them in an affidavit in support of the application, and, if done, the absence of any statutory requirement that the verification must be in a particular form, as when made by a corporation to a pleading, would have permitted him as an individual to state them positively. We are not called upon to say whether or not a verification to a complaint in an action by a corporation may be made positively as of the affiant’s own knowledge. Upon this appeal we can consider only the alleged errors presented by the appellant, not those suggested by respondent.
The case of Christopher v. Condogeorge, 128 Cal. 581, 61 Pac. 174, is not in point. In that case the verification to the pleading was in statutory form: that affiant knows the contents thereof, and that the allegations are true of his own knowledge, except .as to the matters stated therein on information and belief. This, then, is a positive declaration that all the allegations are true to affiant’s own knowledge, except such as appear in the pleading to be upon information and belief; and an examination of the pleading disclosed that there were not any allegations which appeared to be made upon information and belief, and the court thereupon very properly held
We do not hold that a complaint in an action wherein the appointment of a receiver is sought must be verified positively as of affiant’s own personal knowledge, but we do say' it must be done in every such instance wherein the appointment is asked upon the complaint alone, and if not done so, it must be supported by affidavits which have evidentiary value. This is a general rule recognized by the great weight of authority, to which there may be some exceptions, but the present case does not fall within any of the exceptions, if such in fact there are.
The remedy which the law affords by authorizing the appointment of a receiver is an extraordinary one, to be resorted to only in cases of emergency. It is the apparent peril of the property in controversy, the probable cause to apprehend its loss or injury, or the imminent danger of its being removed beyond the jurisdiction of the court, wherein the delay incident •to the giving of notice might of itself defeat the ends of justice, that warrants such an appointment being made ex parte; but, in any event, the court or judge making the appointment can only act upon legal evidence of the emergency and of the particular facts which bring the case within the exception to the general rule, which requires notice before such appointment can be made.
The authorities are practically uniform in holding that a complaint verified on information and belief furnishes no proof upon which the appointing power can act. (Burgess & Co. v. Martin, 111 Ala. 656, 20 South. 506; Pollard v. Southern Fertilizer Co., 122 Ala. 409, 25 South. 169; New South B. & L. Assn. v. Willingham, 93 Ga. 218, 18 S. E. 435; Siegmund v. Ascher, 31 Ill. App. 122; Darcin v. Wells, 61 How. Pr. (N. Y.) 259; Davis v. Reaves, 2 Lea (Tenn.), 649; Grandin v. La Bar, 2 N. D. 206, 50 N. W. 151; Beach on Receivers, Alderson’s ed., sec. 163; High on Receivers, 3d ed., sec. 89; Smith on Receiverships, sec. 384; Alderson on Receivers, sec. 113.)
Tbe order overruling tbe motion to vacate tbe order appointing a receiver is reversed.
Reversed.