241 F.R.D. 668 | D. Kan. | 2007
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
I. Introduction
This is a “tobacco” case, but not of the personal injury variety. Highly summarized, the legal claims in this case are that the defendants, Philip Morris USA, Inc. (“Philip Morris”), and its corporate parent, Altria Group, Inc. (“Altria”), violated the Kansas Consumer Protection Act (“KCPA”), K.S.A. § 50-623 et seq., and that defendants were unjustly enriched, by marketing “Marlboro Lights” and “Cambridge Lights” brands of cigarettes as being lower in tar and nicotine than regular cigarettes. The factual allegation upon which these claims is predicated is that although defendants’ light cigarettes yield lower tar and nicotine quantities when tested by a machine approved by the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), they do not in fact deliver lower quantities of tar and nicotine to smokers. Defendants allegedly knew their light cigarettes would not actually deliver lower amounts of these chemicals to smokers, but marketed them as such. Count I of the amended complaint (doc. 40) alleges defendants’ above-described conduct constitutes a deceptive practice under K.S.A. § 50-626(b)(1)(A) and, in Count II, it is claimed defendants were unjustly enriched by the amounts smokers paid for light cigarettes.
The case is before the court on the motion of the plaintiffs, Kristina L. Benedict and Tammy Brown, for class certification of the KCPA claim pursuant to Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (doc. 59). Also before the court is Philip Morris’ motion for partial summary judgment, made pursuant to Rule 56(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, with regard to plaintiff Brown’s individual KCPA claim (doc. 69). The instant motions have been briefed extensively (see docs. 60-65, 70, 73-104, 107-11, 119,124-28, and 130-33).
The parties have consented to the undersigned U.S. Magistrate Judge, James P. O’Hara, ruling on the pending motions. That consent has been approved by the presiding U.S. District Judge, Carlos Murguia (see docs. 115 and 116, respectively).
The court is now prepared to rule. Before doing so, the court would like to commend counsel on their excellent work in briefing and at oral argument which was very helpful in resolving the difficult issues presented.
II. Background
According to plaintiffs’ papers, the whereabouts of plaintiff Kristina L. Benedict are currently unknown. During the hearing, counsel confirmed this fact and stipulated that Ms. Benedict should be dismissed. Accordingly, Ms. Benedict’s claim is hereby dismissed pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 41(a)(1), leaving Tammy Brown as the sole named plaintiff and potential class representative.
Ms. Brown seeks class certification on the basis that all members of the proposed class were subjected to the same allegedly illegal conduct by defendants, that is, the deceptive promotion, marketing, and sale of Marlboro Lights and Cambridge Lights as lower in tar and nicotine when they do not actually provide reduced levels of tar and nicotine to the smoker. Ms. Brown, very broadly, defines the proposed class as follows:
All persons who purchased Defendants’ Marlboro Lights and Cambridge Lights cigarettes in Kansas for personal consumption from the first date that Defendants sold Marlboro Lights and Cambridge Lights in Kansas through December 31, 2003.
Excluded from the Class are Defendants, any parent, subsidiary, affiliate, or controlled person of Defendants, as well as the officers, directors, agents, servants or employees of Defendants, and the immediate family member of any such person. Also excluded is any judge who may preside over this case.1
Philip Morris and Altria argue that class certification is inappropriate for several reasons. Most notably, they assert that under the KCPA each member of the proposed class must prove he or she relied on defendants’ statements regarding their light cigarettes. Defendants further assert this requirement causes individual questions of fact to predominate this suit, making class certification inappropriate. As earlier indicated, Philip Morris also moves for partial summary judgment on the basis that Ms. Brown cannot prove causation under the KCPA for her own claim.
III. Class Certification Standards
The standards for class certification are set forth in Fed.R.Civ.P. 23. A party seeking class certification must satisfy all four prerequisites of Rule 23(a), and qualify under at least one of the three “pigeon holes” of Rule 23(b).
In making the class certification determination, the court should accept the allegations in the complaint as true, but it “need
IV. Analysis
A. Rule 23(a) Requirements
Rule 23(a) provides four prerequisites for class certification.
One or more members of a class may sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf of all only if (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable, (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class, (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class, and (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.8
The court will address separately each of these four requirements, i.e., numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation.
1. Numerosity
Rule 23(a)(1) requires the proposed class to be so numerous that joinder of all members would be impracticable. Although Ms. Brown does not identify the size of the proposed class in her complaint,
Defendants, for obvious reasons, do not contest the numerosity requirement. In any event, the court is satisfied that a class which would include all persons who bought Marlboro Lights or Cambridge Lights in Kansas at any time in the past thirty years would be so numerous that joinder would be impracticable.
2. Commonality
Rule 23(a)(2) requires some question of law or fact common to the class.
Defendants contest the list of issues set forth immediately above, but they essentially concede for the purpose of the instant motion that some common questions exist in this case. The court notes that the parties’ papers focus much more on whether common issues predominate over individual issues than whether any common issues are present. The court agrees with defendants that the commonality requirement may be generally subsumed within and superceded by the “far more demanding” predominance requirement of Rule 23(b)(3), which is discussed below.
Rule 23(a)(3) requires the claims of the representative parties to be typical of the claims of the class.
Typicality determines whether a sufficient relationship exists between the injury to the named plaintiff and the conduct affecting the class so that the court may properly attribute a collective nature to the challenged conduct. Claims do not have to be identical to be typical. A plaintiffs claim may differ factually and still be typical if it arises from the same event or practice or course of conduct that gives rise to the claims of other class members, and if his or her claims are based on the same legal theory.13
Ms. Brown argues her claims are typical of the claims of the proposed class because defendants made the same false representations regarding light cigarettes to her that they made to all members of the class.
Defendants do not separately address the typicality requirement at length, but note it is uncontroverted Ms. Brown never purchased or smoked Cambridge Lights. Her claims are based on her experience with Marlboro Lights only. Defendants thus argue Ms. Brown lacks standing to sue on behalf of Cambridge Lights smokers, that she would not be an adequate representative for these class members, and her claims are not typical of the claims of these class members.
The court will address adequacy of representation and standing below. But, the court but is satisfied Ms. Brown’s claims are typical of the claims of the class. All of the claims in this suit are based on the same legal theory and the same allegedly deceptive conduct of defendants with regard to the design and marketing of their light cigarettes. Although Marlboro Lights and Cambridge Lights obviously are different brands, both are manufactured by defendants. Simply stated, none of the claims and defenses pleaded in this case appear to depend on differences between the two brands.
4. Adequacy of Representation
Rule 23(a)(4) requires that the representative party will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class. “To meet this requirement, the named plaintiff must be a member of the class he or she seeks to represent.”
Although Rule 23(a)(4) does not expressly authorize the examination of class counsel, courts often have employed it to evaluate the adequacy of class counsel.
Defendants argue Ms. Brown
a. Ms. Brown’s Criminal History
The record reflects Ms. Brown has a criminal history which includes convictions for felony theft, burglary, writing bad checks, and possession of drug paraphernalia, as well as a violation of probation which resulted in her being sentenced to serve three months in a correctional facility.
b. Res Judicata
Defendants argue that Ms. Brown’s exclusion of claims for personal injuries due to smoking cigarettes presents a conflict of interest with other class members because it may cause their personal injury claims to be barred by res judicata. Defendants further argue the claims in this suit are relatively insignificant compared to potential personal injury claims, but they have not provided any specifics to support this broad assertion. In any event, Ms. Brown argues that res judicata will not bar personal injury claims and it is appropriate for a class to assert only their claims that are certifiable, while excluding others.
Both parties cite a case from the District of Kansas, In re Universal Service Fund, Telephone Billing Practices Litigation,
*675 [although the named plaintiffs abandoned their common law fraud claim, they continue to pursue all of their other claims for compensatory damages, treble damages (a remedy akin to the punitive damage claim plaintiffs elected to forego when they abandoned their fraud claim), attorneys’ fees, and costs, and a judgment enjoining defendants from continuing their allegedly unlawful combination or conspiracy. This is not a case where the class representatives are pursuing relatively insignificant claims while jeopardizing the ability of class members to pursue far more substantial, meaningful claims. Rather, here the named plaintiffs simply decided to pursue certain claims while abandoning a fraud claim that was probably not certifiable.26
Here, Ms. Brown similarly has chosen to pursue claims for monetary damages and injunctive relief under the KCPA and for unjust enrichment. Although Ms. Brown has chosen not to pursue a claim for personal injury, which would likely inject individual issues defeating class certification, the court finds that her interests are sufficiently aligned with potential class members’ interests.
c. Standing
Defendants argue that Ms. Brown, who as earlier indicated smokes Marlboro Lights exclusively, lacks standing to sue on behalf of Cambridge Lights smokers. Ms. Brown argues that the basic issue in this case is defendants’ conduct, which she alleges is the same with respect to both brands and gives rise to the same liability and damages. The court agrees with Ms. Brown.
Whether or not the named plaintiff who meets individual standing requirements may assert the rights of absent class members is neither a standing issue nor an Article III case or controversy issue, but depends rather on meeting the prerequisites of Rule 23 governing class actions.
Though there is no additional standing requirement for the plaintiff who seeks to represent a class, a proper class action requires a similarity of claims between the named plaintiff and the class members. But fundamentally, the named plaintiff must have individual standing. At the core of the standing doctrine is the requirement that a plaintiff allege personal injury fairly traceable to the defendant’s allegedly unlawful conduct and likely to be redressed by the requested relief.27
Accordingly, the standing issue in this case is simply whether Ms. Brown has individual standing. If so, she may assert the rights of absent class members as long as she meets the prerequisites of Rule 23. To have individual standing, Ms. Brown must “allege personal injury fairly traceable to [defendants’] allegedly unlawful conduct and likely to be redressed by the requested relief.”
As discussed above in connection with the typicality requirement, Ms. Brown’s claims are sufficiently similar to the claims of the Cambridge Lights smokers she seeks to represent. At least based on the limited record presented, the claims in this case do not appear to involve individual characteristics of the two brands. Rather, the focus is on defendants’ representations with respect to both brands, which appear to be similar, and the effect of those representations on Ms. Brown and other class members. In sum, the issue of standing does not render Ms. Brown an inadequate class representative.
B. Rule 23(b) Requirements
Because the court has determined Ms. Brown has satisfied all four of the requirements of Rule 23(a), the court will proceed to consider whether she qualifies under any of
1. Rule 23(b)(3)
Rule 23(b)(3) allows certification where “the court finds that questions of law or fact common to the members of the class predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy.”
a. Predominance: The KCPA Claim
In this case, Ms. Brown claims that defendants violated the KCPA, specifically, K. S.A. § 50-626(b)(l)(A), by marketing their cigarettes to consumers as “light” and as being “lowered in tar and nicotine.”
Ms. Brown filed this putative class action pursuant to K.S.A. § 50-634(d),
Ms. Brown argues that under K.S.A. § 50-634(d) she need only show the named representative suffered a loss as a result of defendants’ alleged misrepresentations and she need not prove causation for each class member. Further, she claims she is not required to show reliance on defendants’ alleged misrepresentations to prove causation. Accordingly, she claims common issues predominate this suit, and thus class certification is warranted.
Defendants disagree. They argue that under K.S.A. § 50-634(d) Ms. Brown must show each class member relied on defendants’ alleged misrepresentations and purchased their light cigarettes as a result. Defendants claim this type of proof will require thousands of “mini-trials,” and thus individual issues render class certification inappropriate.
As resolution of the issues presented here requires interpretation of the language contained in K.S.A. § 50—634(d), the court will apply the standard for statutory interpretation articulated by the Kansas Supreme Court in the leading KCPA case of Finstad v. Washburn University of Topeka:
The interpretation of a statute is a question of law, and it is the function of the court to interpret a statute to give it the effect intended by the legislature. The fundamental rule of statutory construction is that the intent of the legislature governs. When construing a statute, a court should give words in common usage their natural and ordinary meaning. In determining legislative intent, we are not limited to consideration of the language used in the statute, but may look to the purpose to be accomplished and the effect the statute may have under the various constructions suggested.35
In Finstad, the plaintiffs were Washburn University students who brought suit pursuant to K. S.A. § 50-634(b) to recover for allegedly false statements published in Wash-burn’s course catalogue regarding accreditation of the court reporting program.
Of course, the ease at bar was filed pursuant to K. S.A. § 50-634(d) instead of K. S.A. § 50-634(b). Nevertheless, the court finds the reasoning set forth in Finstad applicable here. In fact, interpreting subsection (b) the Kansas Supreme Court noted that it originally provided that “[a] consumer who suffers loss as a result of a violation of this act may recover, but not in a class action, actual damages or a civil penalty ..., whichever is greater.”
Consistent with the Kansas Supreme Court’s interpretation of subsection (b) of K. S.A. § 50-634(b) in Finstad, this court finds as a matter of law that K.S.A. 50-634(d) requires the same causal connection. Thus, Ms. Brown must show that she suffered a loss as a result of defendants’ allegedly false statements regarding their light cigarettes.
As in Finstad, it is possible that defendants’ practices constitute a per se violation of the KCPA under K.S.A. § 50-626, regardless of whether any consumer was actually misled by defendants’ statements regarding light cigarettes. But that does not mean Ms. Brown may automatically recover. Under K. S.A. § 50-634(d), this court rules she must establish a causal connection between defendants’ statements and her loss, i.e., she must show she relied on defendants’ statements in purchasing light cigarettes.
The remaining question is whether K.S.A. § 50—634(d) requires a showing that each class member relied on defendants’ statements to maintain a class action, or if it merely requires a showing of reliance by the named plaintiff. Ms. Brown cites a District of Kansas case, Pound v. Airosol Company, Inc.,
Ms. Brown reads Pound to mean that, if the plaintiff in that case had shown he was misled by the defendants’ representations, then his KCPA claim could have been certified as a class action, with him serving as the class representative, without any further showing the other class members were misled by defendants’ representations. Respectfully, the court submits that Ms. Brown misunderstands the holding in Pound. That ease merely reaffirms that a causal connection between a consumer’s loss and a defendant’s allegedly deceptive practice is required under the KCPA. It also makes clear
Defendants cite several light cigarette eases from outside of Kansas for the proposition that Ms. Brown must establish causation for each class member under other states’ consumer protection acts.
Under K.S.A. § 50—634(d), “[a] consumer who suffers loss as a result of a violation of this act may bring a class action for the damages caused by an act or practice: (l)[v]iolating any of the acts or practices specifically proscribed in K. S.A. 50-626 ... (emphasis added).” A plain and common sense reading of the underlined language, in context, indicates that the class action authorized by subsection (d) is for damages caused by a violation of the KCPA. Here, Ms. Brown claims that defendants’ statements regarding their light cigarettes constitute a violation of the KCPA because the light cigarettes do not actually deliver lower levels of tar and nicotine than regular cigarettes. Ms. Brown and the other class members seek to recover the money they spent on light cigarettes because they claim that they did not get what they paid for, i.e., the factual theory is that they were promised but did not get cigarettes that delivered lower levels of tar and nicotine than regular cigarettes. If the acts or practices that constitute a violation of the KCPA are defendants’ statements regarding light cigarettes, it is not at all clear to the court how Ms. Brown and the other class members can recover damages caused by the statements without showing individual reliance on them.
Ms. Brown argues that the above-described interpretation of K.S.A. § 50-634(d) would effectively gut the class action provision of the KCPA. While the court is sensitive to Ms. Brown’s concern, it finds the language of K.S.A. § 50-634(d) requires individual showings of reliance, even if the result is very few class certifications in misrepre
Defendants argue that whether class members failed to receive lower amounts of tar and nicotine from lights is another individual issue that defeats class certification. According to defendants, actual tar and nicotine deliveries to individuals varies based on the way they smoke, e.g., whether they “compensate” for the lowered amounts by smoking more cigarettes or inhaling deeper when smoking light cigarettes. Ms. Brown argues that compensation is irrelevant because the issue in this ease is whether defendants made misrepresentations, not whether individual class members actually received lower amounts of tar and nicotine. The court agrees with defendants. Ms. Brown asserts in this case that defendants that marketed their cigarettes as light and lower in tar and nicotine content and designed them to register misleadingly low measurements of tar and nicotine on the FTC testing machine, even though they knew the cigarettes would actually deliver increased levels of tar and nicotine to smokers. As explained above, the court finds that section 50-634(d) of the KCPA requires individual showings of damages caused by defendants’ representations. Accordingly, the court finds the actual amount of tar and nicotine received by individual smokers, i.e., whether and how those individuals compensated when smoking light cigarettes, is relevant to whether those individuals were damaged by defendants representations.
Defendants argue that certification should be rejected because establishing whether each class member suffered economic injury injects individual issues. Ms. Brown argues that injury can be established on an aggregate basis and that it would consist of the economic difference between the value of a package of light cigarettes as represented and as it really was, multiplied by the number of packages sold in Kansas during the relevant time period. She states that the diminution in value would be established through the use of expert testimony. The court finds this issue is essentially the same as the causation issue. The court is unpersuaded that damages caused by defendants’ representations can be established under K.S.A. § 50-634(d) without individual inquiry.
Defendants also argue their affirmative defenses, most notably the statute of limitations and comparative fault, create individual issues that cannot be resolved on a class-wide basis. The court agrees that whether comparative fault principles or the applicable statute of limitations bars or diminishes recovery in this case would call for an individual determination.
Defendants claim that Ms. Brown has not met the implied requirement of Rule 23 that she identify an ascertainable class.
In light of the above-discussed individual questions presented by the KCPA claims in this case, the court finds that class certification under Rule 23(b)(3) is not appropriate. Ms. Brown has not shown that questions of law or fact common to potential class mem
b. Superiority
Given the individual issues presented by the analysis above, the court finds that a class action is not superior to other available methods of adjudicating this controversy. The court understands Ms. Brown’s concern that individuals may not bring suit without class certification because of the low amount of individual damages. Nonetheless, the court finds that the individual inquiry required by the KCPA renders a class action on those claims unmanageable. Plaintiff has provided a three-phase provisional trial plan, but that plan is based on the assumption that liability in this case could be determined upon common proof. As explained above, that is not the case here.
2. Rule 23(b)(2)
In the alternative to class certification under Rule 23(b)(3), Ms. Brown seeks relief under Rule 23(b)(2). The latter provision allows certification where “the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds generally applicable to the class, thereby making appropriate final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief with respect to the class as a whole.” “The court may decline to certify a class under Rule 23(b)(2) if the predominant form of relief sought is money damages.”
C. Rule 23(g) Requirements
Rule 23(g)(1)(A) requires an order certifying a class action to also appoint class counsel. The appointed attorney must fairly and adequately represent the interests of the class.
V. Summary Judgment Standards
As earlier indicated, in addition to both defendants opposing Ms. Brown’s motion for class certification, Philip Morris separately has moved for partial summary judgment against Ms. Brown on her individual KCPA claim. Summary judgment is appropriate if the moving party demonstrates there is “no genuine issue as to any material fact” and it is “entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”
Once the movant has met this initial burden, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to “set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.”
A. Facts
This court’s local rule, D. Kan. Rule 56. 1, sets forth the requirements for the statements of facts in summary judgment briefing. “The facts shall be numbered and shall refer with particularity to those portions of the record upon which movant relies.”
All facts on which a motion or opposition is based shall be presented by affidavit, declaration under penalty of perjury, and/or relevant portions of pleadings, depositions, answer to interrogatories and responses to requests for admissions. Affidavits or declarations shall be made on personal knowledge and by person competent to testify to the facts stated which shall be admissible in evidence. Where facts referred to in an affidavit or declaration are contained in another document, such as a deposition, interrogatory answer, or admission, a copy of the relevant excerpt from the document shall be attached.73
The court notes both sides’ statements of fact contain numerous assertions and/or denials not properly supported by the record. Thus, the parties have not complied with D. Kan. Rule 56.1. Indeed, many of the numbered facts set forth by the parties contain no citation to the record at all.
The few material facts as set forth in the paragraph immediately below are those included in the briefing which are supported by the record. The court, of course, construes the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party (here, Ms. Brown), as required by well-settled law under Fed. R.Civ.P. 56. Again, immaterial facts and those not properly supported by the record have been omitted here.
It is uncontroverted that Ms. Brown began smoking Marlboro Lights in 1983 when she was twenty years old and in nursing school. She occasionally experimented with other cigarettes before that time. She testified in her deposition that she started smoking Marlboro Lights because some of her fellow nursing students were smoking them and she
B. Summary Judgment Analysis
Philip Morris argues that Ms. Brown cannot demonstrate its statements regarding its light cigarettes caused her to suffer a loss, as required by K.S.A. § 50-634(d), because she has not shown she relied on those statements in deciding to smoke Marlboro Lights. Ms. Brown argues that a showing of reliance is not required, but even if it is, she claims she did in fact rely on Philip Morris’ statements when she started smoking Marlboro Lights. As set forth in connection with the Rule 23(b)(3) analysis above, the court finds that K.S.A. § 50-634(d) requires a showing that Ms. Brown relied on Philip Morris’ representations regarding their light cigarettes. This inquiry is a factual one, specific to the individual plaintiff in question. Given the current state of the record, the court is unprepared to say, as a matter of law, Ms. Brown did not rely on Philip Morris’ statements when she started smoking. Although neither side complied with D. Kan. Rule 56.1, the court believes that a rational trier of fact could find that Ms. Brown relied on Philip Morris’ representations in purchasing light cigarettes. Thus, a genuine issue of material fact exists as to causation, and therefore Philip Morris’ motion for summary judgment is denied.
VI. Order
In consideration of the foregoing,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED:
1. By stipulation of all parties of record, the claims of plaintiff Kristina L. Benedict are dismissed, without prejudice.
2. Plaintiff Tammy Brown’s motion for class certification (doc. 59) is denied.
3. Philip Morris’ motion for partial summary judgment (doc. 69) is denied.
4. The parties’ attorneys shall confer -with respect to discovery and case management issues and then submit, pursuant to Fed. R.Civ.P. 26(f), an updated case management planning meeting report by May 16, 2007. It shall be submitted electronically in .pdf format as an attachment to an Internet e-mail sent to ksd—ohara—chambers@ksd. uscourts.gov, and shall not be filed with the Clerk’s Office.
. Doc. 40, ¶ 25.
. The court notes defendants have not filed any motion challenging the sufficiency of the alternatively pleaded unjust enrichment claim in Count II of the first amended complaint.
. Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 614, 117 S.Ct. 2231, 138 L.Ed.2d 689 (1997); In re Integra Realty Res., 354 F.3d 1246, 1262 (10th Cir.2004).
. Gen. Tel. Co. v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 161, 102 S.Ct. 2364, 72 L.Ed.2d 740 (1982); Reed v. Bowen, 849 F.2d 1307, 1309 (10th Cir.1988) (party seeking to certify a class is "under a strict burden of proof" to show that all of the requirements are met) (citations omitted).
. Rector v. City & County of Denver, 348 F.3d 935, 949 (10th Cir.2003); Davoll v. Webb, 194 F.3d 1116, 1146 (10th Cir.1999); J.B. ex rel. Hart v. Valdez, 186 F.3d 1280, 1287 (10th Cir.1999).
. Hart, 186 F.3d at 1290 n. 7 (quotation omitted).
. Adamson v. Bowen, 855 F.2d 668, 676 (10th Cir.1988); Anderson v. City of Albuquerque, 690 F.2d 796, 799 (10th Cir.1982).
. Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a).
. See D. Kan. Rule 23.1(a)(2)(A) (requiring a statement in the complaint of the size and definition of the alleged class).
. Doc. 60, p. 10.
. Hart, 186 F.3d at 1288 ("Commonality requires only a single issue common to the class.”) (citations omitted).
. Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 623-24, 117 S.Ct. 2231, 138 L.Ed.2d 689 (1997).
. Zapata v. IBP, Inc., 167 F.R.D. 147, 160 (D.Kan.1996) (O’Connor, J.) (quotations omitted).
. In re Universal Serv. Fund Tel. Billing Practices Litig., 219 F.R.D. 661, 668 (D.Kan.2004) (citing E. Tex. Motor Freight Sys., Inc. v. Rodriguez, 431 U.S. 395, 403, 97 S.Ct. 1891, 52 L.Ed.2d 453 (1977)).
. Id. (citations omitted).
. See, e.g., id.; Emig v. Am. Tobacco Co., 184 F.R.D. 379, 387 (D.Kan.1998) (Belot, J.).
. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 23 advisory committee notes to the 2003 amendments ("Rule 23(a)(4) will continue to call for scrutiny of the proposed class representative, while [subsection (g)] will guide the court in assessing proposed class counsel as part of the certification decision.”).
. As noted above, Kristina L. Benedict was also a named plaintiff in this case but has been dismissed.
. Brown Depo., doc. 90, ex. 5, at 208:10-211:22.
. 219 F.R.D. 661 (D.Kan.2004).
. Id. at 664.
. Id. at 664, 668.
. Id. at 668.
. Id. (citing Restatement (Second) of Judgments 2d § 24(1982)).
. Id. (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 23 advisory committee notes to the 1966 amendments).
. Id. at 669 (citations omitted).
. 1 Newberg On Class Actions § 2:7 (4th ed.2006).
. Id.
. As earlier indicated, to certify a class, the court need only find it fits within one of the three types of classes described in Rule 23(b). Ms. Brown makes no claim that certification would be proper under Rule 23(b)(1).
. "Rule 23(b)(3) also includes a nonexhaustive list of factors pertinent to a court’s 'close look' at the predominance and superiority criteria: ‘(A) the interest of members of the class in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions; (B) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already commenced by or against members of the class; (C) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in a particular forum; (D) the difficulties likely to be encountered in the management of a class action.’ ” Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 616, 117 S.Ct. 2231, 138 L.Ed.2d 689 (1997) (quoting Rule 23(b)(3)).
. Ms. Brown also asserts a claim for unjust enrichment. Notably, the parties have not briefed the issue of whether class certification on this claim would be appropriate.
. K.S.A. § 50—626(b)(1)(A) provides that "[d]eceptive acts and practices include, but are not limited to, the following, each of which is hereby declared to be a violation of this act, whether or not any consumer has in fact been misled: (l)[r]epresentations made knowingly or with reason to know that: (A) [pjroperfy or services have sponsorship, approval, accessories, characteristics, ingredients, uses, benefits or quantities that they do not have____”
. In her reply brief, Ms. Brown asserts she also has standing to maintain a class under K. S.A. § 50-634(a)(l) based on the declaratory component of her claims. The court notes that while subsection (a)(1) of this statute allows individual consumers to bring declaratory actions, it does not address class actions. Thus, that section is inapplicable to Ms. Brown’s motion for class certification. Although at the hearing Ms. Brown stated that the class could also be certified on an injunctive basis pursuant to K.S.A. § 50-634(c), the parties have provided very little briefing on this issue. The focus of their papers is on whether the class should be certified under section 50-634(d). Accordingly, the court declines to determine whether a class could be certified under section 50-634(c) on any claims for injunctive relief.
. During the hearing, in recognition of the mammoth size of the proposed class, the parties were asked if these very significant questions involving the correct interpretation of the KCPA should be certified to the Kansas Supreme Court instead of resolved by the undersigned U.S. Magistrate Judge. Ms. Brown stated she was comfortable with resolution by the undersigned, but would not oppose certification. Philip Morris
. 252 Kan. 465, 845 P.2d 685, 690 (1993) (citations omitted).
. Id. at 687.
. Id. at 689.
. Id. at 691-92.
. K.S.A. § 50-634(b).
. K.S.A. § 50-626(b).
. Finstad, 845 P.2d at 690 (quoting K.S.A. § 50-634(b)).
. Id. at 691-92.
. Id. at 688-89 (quoting K.S.A. § 50-634(b) (emphasis added)).
. Id. at 692 (emphasis added).
. Id.
. 368 F.Supp.2d 1210 (D.Kan.2005).
. Id. at 1217.
. Id. at 1218.
. Id.
. Id.
. Id.
. Id.
. See, e.g., Oliver v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., No. 9803-0268, 2000 WL 33598654, at *5 (Pa.Ct. Com.Pl. Dec. 19, 2000) (“Plaintiff's class would require individual proofs that each proposed class member bought defendant's light cigarettes because that person thought the cigarettes were healthier.”); Pearson v. Philip Morris, Inc., No. 0211-11819, 2006 WL 663004, at *10 (Or.Cir. Feb.23, 2006) (need to prove that each class member was "misled by name ‘Lights’ or the statement 'lowered tar and nicotine' " creates an individual question that "predominate[s] by a wide margin”); Philip Morris USA Inc. v. Hines, 883 So.2d 292, 294 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.2003) ("[T]he smoker’s reasons for choosing to smoke 'light' cigarettes” is an individual issue defeating certification.); Mulford v. Altria Group, Inc., No. 05-659, 2007 WL 1149988 (D.N.M. March 22, 2007) (denying motion for class certification due to the need for individual evidence to determine if class members suffered a loss depending on how they smoked light cigarettes).
. See, e.g., Aspinall v. Philip Morris Cos., Inc., 442 Mass. 381, 813 N.E.2d 476, 485-86 (2004) (class certification warranted because claims "derive from a common course of conduct on the part of the defendants and present the identical issue—whether the defendants misrepresented material information concerning the design, function, marketing, toxicity, and tar and nicotine yields of Marlboro Lights____”); Curtis v. Philip Morris Cos., Inc., No. 01-018042, 2004 WL 2776228, at *3 (Minn.Dist.Ct.Nov.29, 2004) (looking to “the deliberately-deceptive conduct of the defendant to establish a sufficient causal nexus” under the Minnesota Consumer Protection Act).
. In her supplemental brief, Ms. Brown provides a provisional trial plan (see doc. 124, exhibit 2). In it she states she would present statistical evidence regarding the likelihood that certain numbers of people relied on defendants’ representations. Based on the record presented, the court is wholly unpersuaded that this type of evidence would be sufficient to eliminate the individual questions of fact that preclude Rule 23(b)(3) certification in this case. Notably, Ms. Brown has not cited any cases where a court allowed this kind of proof in a consumer protection act case.
. See Emig v. Amer. Tobacco Co., Inc., 184 F.R.D. 379, 390-91 (D.Kan.1998) (Belot, J.).
. See Stambaugh v. Kansas Dept. of Corrs., 151 F.R.D. 664, 671 (D.Kan.1993) (Crow, J.).
. In re Universal Serv. Fund Tel. Billing Practices Litig., 219 F.R.D. 661, 680 (D.Kan.2004) (Lungstrum, J.) (citing Boughton v. Cotter Corp., 65 F.3d 823, 827 (10th Cir.1995); Zapata v. IBP, Inc., 167 F.R.D. 147, 161-62 (D.Kan.1996) (O’Connor, J.); Heartland Commc'ns, Inc. v. Sprint Corp., 161 F.R.D. 111, 117 (D.Kan.1995) (Lungstrum, J.); Fed.R.Civ.P. 23 advisory committee notes to the 1966 amendments).
. Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(g)(1)(B).
. Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(g)(1)(C).
. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).
. Adler v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 144 F.3d 664, 670 (10th Cir.1998) (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986)).
. Id. (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)).
. Id. (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505).
. Id. at 670-71.
. Id. at 671 (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986)).
. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256, 106 S.Ct. 2505; see Adler, 144 F.3d at 671 n. 1 (concerning shifting burdens on summary judgment).
. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
. Adler, 144 F.3d at 671.
. Id.
. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 327, 106 S.Ct. 2548 (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 1).
. D. Kan. Rule 56.1(a); see also D. Kan. Rule 56.1(b) (setting forth identical requirement for briefs in opposition).
. D. Kan. Rule 56.1(d).
. The court notes that Philip Morris did supplement some of its responses to Ms. Brown's statement of facts with citations to the record (see doc. 125).
. Brown Depo., doc. 90, ex. 2, at 69:14-21.
. Brown Depo., doc. 90, ex. 3, at 168:15-17.