14 Pa. Super. 528 | Pa. Super. Ct. | 1900
Opinion by
The policy upon which suit is brought covered, inter alia, the buildings on a farm and certain personal property. The buildings and part of the personalty were destroyed by fire. The loss on the personal property was paid by the defendant. Payment for the loss on the buildings was refused. The facts are, that on September 16, 1896, the plaintiff and his wife executed and delivered a deed of the farm to one Morse, a brother-in-law of the plaintiff. The making of the deed was inspired by some domestic trouble of the plaintiff. The purpose was to bar the dower of his wife. After a time, he and his wife becoming reconciled, Morse executed a deed conveying the property back to the plaintiff, on February 20, 1897. The fire occurred April 3, 1897.
The transaction, above described, is said to work a nullification of the contract of insurance under this clause of the policy: “ This entire policy, unless otherwise provided by an agreement indorsed hereon, or added hereto, shall be void if any
It is not alleged that there was any change in the possession of the property insured. The plaintiff remained in occupancy until the time of the fire. It is argued, however, that the transaction between the plaintiff and Morse was a change in the “ interest ” and “ title” of the insured.
The form of the clause under discussion has been the result of growth and development. The stipulation has ever been, in purpose, a prohibition of alienation of the property by the insured without the assent of the insurer. The trend of the decisions has been to apply the clause, in its earlier forms, to cases of absolute alienation. Partial loss of ownership, an insurable interest remaining, did not result in loss of insurance. More recently the clause has been expressed as in the policy before us, by introducing the words, “ change of ” interest or title. The language is evidently intended to widen the scope of the restriction. Whether it be broad enough to cover the present case is to be determined.
If there be any doubts as to the application of the clause, the doubts, under general canons of construction, are to be resolved in favor of the insured: Pipe Lines v. Insurance Co., 145 Pa. 346, 358. Contracts of insurance should be liberally construed in aid of the indemnity which was contemplated by the parties: Machine Co. v. Insurance Co., 173 Pa. 53. Before proceeding to inquire more minutely of the meaning of the words “interest” and “title,” it may be said generally that they are not to be applied in too technical a sense. Authority for this statement is found in Yost v. Insurance Co., 179 Pa. 381. There, the policy required the interest of the assured to be “ unconditional and sole ownership. ” The Supreme Court held that such a condition must he understood, not in a technical sense, but as requiring the insured to be the “ actual and substantial owner. ” See also Chandler v. Insurance Co., 88 Pa. 223, and Insurance Co. v. Wilgus, 88 Pa. 107.
It is strongly urged, however, that .there was a change of “ title.” There undoubtedly was a recorded conveyance by the insured to Morse. A deed to an innocent purchaser by Morse would have estopped any claim of title by the insured. But the rights of third parties are not for determination here. They are governed by principles not involved in this discussion. The grantee had power to convey away the title of the grantor. This, if done in violation of the agreement proven in the case, would have been- an act of fraud. The position of Morse was, as between the original parties, simply that of a vehicle for the passage of title, should it become necessary to convey. As between the two parties he held no more “ title ” than if he had been given a deed signed and acknowledged with the name of the grantee omitted, but to be filled in and delivered in accordance with the instructions of the grantor. If it be said that Morse had power to-make a good deed to a stranger, it maybe answered, that the grantor of a power loses nothing of his title until the execution of the power. Here, there was no execution of the power, but a surrender of it before the loss covered by the insurance in dispute. “ Title,” by the old definitions, was said to be the means whereby a man holdeth land. It means, as
It will have been seen that the conveyance by the insured to Morse, and the reconveyance by Morse to the insured, have been regarded only in their intention and effect as between the parties themselves. This we have done on the authority of Burk-hart v. Insurance Co., 11 Pa. Superior Ct. 280. In that case the language of the clause differed from the one now before us. The effect of that decision was to hold that, notwithstanding the provisions of the act of 1881 required the defeasance accompanying an absolute deed to be in writing, it was possible for the insured to prove, in a suit against the insurance company on a subsequent loss by fire, that the transaction was but a pledge of the land for debt, and, therefore, not an alienation. Here what purports to be an absolute conveyance and reconveyance, is proven conclusively to be in fact no change or intended change, as between the parties, of any possession, interest or title.
If it be said that the first deed was a conveyance in trust and that the trust, not being in writing, the deed was absolute, we have but to refer to Burkhart v. Insurance Co., supra, again, wherein Judge Beeber uses this language, which he justifies by citation: “ The language of the act of June 8,1881, is no more general than is that of the statute of frauds and perjuries of March 21, 1772,1 Sm. L. 389, sec. 1, nor than that of the Act of April 22, 1856, P. L. 532, sec. 4, requiring deeds of trust of land to be in writing. These acts of assembly were passed to prevent the compulsory transfer of title to real estate for breach of contracts unless such contracts were evidenced by writings. The courts have persistently refused to apply these acts for the benefit of persons not parties to the parol contract, or privies thereto.”
There has been no violation of the policy under the clause quoted. There can be no hardship in enforcing a contract in ac
The judgment is affirmed.