26 Pa. Super. 66 | Pa. Super. Ct. | 1904
Opinion by
The power of the legislature to classify the cities of the commonwealth, and to legislate for each class separately, is too well settled to be questioned. This power is based on “ a necessity springing from manifest peculiarities, clearly distinguishing those of one class from each of the other classes, and imperatively demanding legislation for each class', separately, that would be useless and detrimental to the others Ayars’s Appeal, 122 Pa. 266; Weinman v. Railway Co., 118 Pa. 192; McCarthy v. Com., 110 Pa. 243. The proper basis of such classification is population, and this is the only legitimate basis for the classification of cities and counties : Wheeler v. Philadelphia, 77 Pa. 338; Kilgore v. Magee, 85 Pa. 401; Com. v. Patton, 88 Pa. 258; Scowden’s Appeal, 96 Pa. 422.
Not only does classification rest on the single element of population, but the legislation based on classification is limited in scope. It is only “for the purposes of legislation regulating their municipal affairs, the exercise of certain corporate powers,
Though classification is based on necessity, this is not to be understood as an absolute necessity, admitting of no alternative, but as a relative necessity, involving merely great and manifest public advantage or convenience. Since the conditions in a city of one million inhabitants demand regulations, on many subjects, that would be needless or burdensome in a city of ten thousand, the necessity for a classification between the extremes of population is unquestionable. And since many of the municipal regulations required in a city of either of these two classes would be unsuited to cities having a population largely Below that of the former yet much above that of the latter, there is an equal necessity, arising from considerations of public convenience, for an intermediate class. Proceeding on this view, the legislature, by the Actof May 23, 1874, P. L. 230, divided ,the cities of the commonwealth into three classes, and this classification was sustained by the Supreme Court, as being within the spirit if not within the letter of the constitution: Wheeler v. Philadelphia; Kilgore v. Magee, supra. The Act
It only remains to determine whether the provisions of the Act of June 7, 1901, P. L. 493, now under consideration, are within the purposes .for which cities are legally classified.
Among subjects of municipal concern, none is more important than the preservation of the public health. The prevention of disease by municipal authority is as clearly a municipal function as the prevention of its spread by quarantine or otherwise. Legislation designed to guard against disease, by establishing or promoting the sanitary conditions most favorable to health, must be deemed within the purposes for which the classification of cities is permitted. The regulation of the municipal affairs of the several classes of cities, therefore, must be held to embrace adequate statutory provisions on this subject. There is no apparent reason why the established classification, with respect to other municipal purposes, should not be maintained as to this. The differences in local needs and conditions affecting this matter, among the three classes of cities, are as obvious as those relating to various other purposes for which the power to legislate for a class is undeniable. And among sanitary conditions, few are more important than a sys
The provisions of other acts on this skbject, in relation to other classes of cities, afford no guide in deciding as to the constitutionality of those now before us. That they are different from those here under consideration is nothing'to the purpose. The classification of cities is based on differences of conditions and needs, implying corresponding differences in the' legislation providing for them. Classification would be meaningless and nugatory if nevertheless uniformity in legislation were inquired. It is for the legislature to determine what differences in conditions and needs justify differences in municipal regulations, subject to judicial review as to whether the end is true classification, or special legislation, disguised as classification: Lloyd v. Smith, 176 Pa. 213. If the legislative provisions are directed to any of the purposes for which classification is designed, their fitness for the purpose is to be determined by the legislature, and not by the courts.
The suggestion that the 70th section of the act makes the director of public safety the sole judge in all disputes arising under the act is evidently based on a misapprehension. That section 'merely relates to differences regarding construction, and in effect makes the director the arbiter between the -contending parties, — substantially as differences respecting various constructions are, by contract, to be determined by the supervising architect. Section 71 provides for a judicial trial when a penalty'is involved, and the present appeal arises from such a trial.
The act of 1901 follows, in purpose and plan, the Act of June 7, 1895, P. L. 135, and extends its principal provisions. This court has sustained the latter act on a similar branch of its main subject, as a proper exercise of the police power of the
Judgment affirmed.