25 F.2d 1 | 5th Cir. | 1928
The defendants, Cook, Glynn, Bellande, and Normandale, were convicted upon an indictment which charged them with conspiracy to rob a carrier of United States mail, in violation of section 197 of the Criminal Code (18 USCA § 320).
Actual robbery was shown by the undisputed evidence. The trial court submitted to the jury two overt acts, which the indictment alleged were committed to effect the object of the conspiracy: The first that, two or three days before the robbery, Bellande and Normandale had a Cadillac automobile repaired for the purpose of using it in' committing the robbery; and the second that, on the day of the robbery, but after it was committed, the same two defendants removed the mail bags and their contents from a negro church in New Orleans, where they had been placed by the other defendants, Cook and Glynn. Uncontradieted evidence was to the effeet that the substantive offense was committed at St. Rose, La., by two men in a Cadillac car, who immediately thereafter drove the car to New Orleans, a distance of 15 to 18 miles; that the ear broke down, and was abandoned in New Orleans near a negro church; that the mail sacks were removed from the church by two men who were using a Ford car. Less than two hours elapsed from the time of the robbery to the time of the removal of the mail from the church.
The evidence was in conflict as to the identity of the parties who committed the robbery and brought the mail to New Orleans and of the parties who removed it from the church. Witnesses for the government identified Cook and Glynn as the actual participants in the robbery and the occupants of the Cadillac car. They also identified Bellande and Normandale as the parties in the Ford car who removed the mail from the church.
Bellande testified that he and Normandale had the Cadillac repaired as alleged, but stated that their purpose was to use it on an innocent mission. He also admitted that, as soon after the robbery as he learned that the car was broken down, he directed the man who had previously repaired it to remove it from the street. Before the repairman could comply with, this direction the ear was seized by the police. As against the ease made by the government, each of the defendants introduced testimony tending to prove an alibi. The assignments of error complain of the refusal of the court to direct a verdict for each of the defendants.
The indictment is under section 37 of the Criminal Code (18 USCA § 88), and it was therefore necessary to prove an overt act to effect the object of the conspiracy. It is argued that the jury may not have based their verdict on the first overt act, upon the theory that it was done innocently, and not for the guilty purpose alleged. Assuming that the jury so found, the position is taken that a verdict of guilty could not have been based upon a finding in favor of the government on the second overt act, because it could not have been committed during the existence of the conspiracy, but is affirmatively alleged to have been committed after the conspiracy was at an end. The argument is made, also, that the conspiracy charged is a misdemeanor, and was merged in the second overt act, which is made a felony by section 334 of the Criminal Code (18 USCA § 552).
We are of opinion that proof of the conspiracy and of the second overt act was sufficient. An indictment need not go further than to allege a conspiracy to commit an offense and an overt act to effeet its object. But the conspiracy is not at an end as long as the evidence shows an intention to continue it. Such intention was shown in this ease by the successful efforts of the robbers to keep the mail sacks in their possession. The object of the-conspiracy was not accomplished by the mere taking of the mail out, of the possession of the carrier, but continued until the robbers and their confederates could have an opportunity to convert it to their own use. There was no merging of a misdemeanor with a felony, for the con’spiraey charged was punishable by imprisonment for two years. An offense which is punishable by imprisonment exceeding one year is a felony. Criminal Code, § 335 (18 USCA § 541).
It was for the jury to pass upon the conflict between the witnesses who identified defendants ■ as the gnilty parties and the witnesses who supported their claim of alibi. The evidence for the government was strong and substantial enough to sustain the verdict.
The judgment as to each defendant is affirmed.