160 Mo. App. 706 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1912
Action for double damages under Sec. 5433, Stat. 1909, for willfully setting fire to woods by which property belonging to plaintiff was destroyed. Trial, by. jury, verdict for plaintiff for $50 which was doubled by the court and judgment entered for $100 and defendant has appealed.
Error is assigned in the admission of testimony, in giving and refusing instructions, and misconduct of the trial judge in making certain statements to the jury.
It is first contended that a demurrer to the testimony should have been sustained for the reason that it is not shown that fire started by defendant destroyed plaintiff’s property. The evidence shows that the premises of plaintiff and defendant are a mile or more apart and that defendant set out fire near his own premises one or two days before plaintiff’s property was burned. Immediately after the destruction of plaintiff’s property the ground between the premises of plaintiff and defendant was gone over and it was found that it had all been burned over from plaintiff’s premises back to where defendant started the fire and that the fire which destroyed plaintiff’s property had come from the direction of defendant’s premises. "We think this- sufficient to take the case to the jury on that issue.
Defendant admitted that he had set out fire two days before plaintiff’s property was destroyed but contended that he did it for the purpose of burning around his own premises in order to protect them and that he and his servants had extinguished the fire before leaving it. Witnesses on behalf of plaintiff were
During the cross-examination of one of plaintiff’s witnesses the court made the following remark in the presence of the jury. “I don’t think going over the same ground so much does any good. I suppose that the jury knows more about forest fires than any of • the witnesses that are testifying or any of the attorneys in the case.” ' This remark was wholly improper for it was an invitation to the jury to use their own knowledge of forest fires in determining the issues in the case rather than the testimony of the witnesses.
At the close of the case and after reading the instructions to the jury, the. court informed the jury orally that if they found for plaintiff the law would require him to double the damages and that the jury might take that fact into consideration in arriving at their verdict. This was palpable error but it was error in defendant’s favor for if it had any effect on the jury it was to cause them to assess less thán the actual damages, and besides was misleading. When the jury were told that in arriving at their verdict they might take into consideration the fact that the court would be compelled to double whatever amount of damages they should assess should they find for plain
Instruction number one for plaintiff was as follows :
“No. 1. The court instructs the .jury that if you find from the evidence that the defendant, N. Y. Stewart, intentionally set fire to the woods and grass on his own land or on the land not Ms own and that the fire so spread to the land and property of the plaintiff, W. W. Belk, and destroyed any part of the same, you will find the issues for the plaintiff in such sum as will-reasonably compensate him for the loss of all property so "burnt or destroyed, in a sum not to exceed two hundred and ten dollars.
‘£ The court further instructs the jury that a man has the right to set fire around his property to protect the same, but in order to justify him in so doing, his property must be threatened by immediate danger
“The court instructs the jury that if you find and believe from the evidence that the defendant set out fire to burn the leaves and grass on his own premises in order to protect his own property from forest fires, and used ordinary care to keep the fire from spreading to land of others and such fire escaped by accident to lands of another, defendant cannot be held to have willfully set fire to the woods within the meaning of Sec. 5433, Revised Statutes of 1909, and cannot be held liable for any damages caused by such fire.”
There seems to have been no controversy as to the fact that defendant had set out fire. He contended, however, that he put it out for the purpose of protecting his own property and with no intention that it should spread to his neighbors and injure them. The two instructions above set out present the two theories as to his liability under such circumstances. Plaintiff’s instruction is based upon the proposition that if a farmer undertakes to burn around his own premises in order to protect them from a future forest fire only, then he is- absolutely liable if the fire escapes and injures his neighbor unless he can show that his own property was in immediate danger of being destroyed. The instruction asked by defendant and refused by the court is bottomed upon the proposition that defendant had the right at any time to burn around his own premises for the purpose of protecting them against probable future forest fires. The statute under which this action is brought, Sec. 5433, Stat. 1909, is as follows: “If any person shall willfully set on, fire any woods, marshes, or prairies, whether his own or not, so as thereby to occasion any damage to any other person, such person shall make satisfaction in double damages to the party injured to be recovered by civil action. ’ ’ As this section originally stood, the words, “Whether his own or not” were
In Catron v. Nichols, 81 Mo. 80, a farmer had fired his own stubble field in order to prepare it for cultivation. The fire escaped and destroyed his neighbor’s property. A common-law action for negligence was brought and the court in discussing the ground of liability said: “A farmer has the undoubted right to set out .a. fire in order to prepare his land for cultivation and if he does so with the required degree of care and prudently manages the same after it is set
The mischief sought to be prevented by the enactment of this statute is the destruction of property which results from the wanton or reckless putting out of fires that by burning through woods or over marshes or prairies, may reach the property of another and destroy it; but it was not intended to hinder or obstruct the legitimate use of a man’s own premises or to destroy his right to use all reasonable means for thn protection of his own property. Willfully setting fire to woods, marshes or prairies, under the statute means setting the fire wantonly or with the intent that it shall be. allowed to spread uncontrolled, .and does not apply to a farmer who in the cultivation of' his farm, or for the protection of his own property may, while using ordinary care, set out fire in the prosecution of .his work intending to burn over only a' limited space ‘and with no intention to permit it to spread beyond his control. We can see no reason why a farmer may not legitimately protect his own property by burning the leaves and trash near it to prevent it from being burned by a forest fire which might occur in the neighborhood at any time. It is common knowledge that thése forest fires are of frequent occurrence in the timber districts and to require a farmer to wait until his property was threatened with immediate danger of destruction before taking steps to protect it might, and often would, render his efforts to save his property unavailing.
We think the correct construction of this statute to be that if a person intentionally sets fire to the woods, marshes or prairie when there is no necessity to do it and with no intention to control it but shall wantonly or willfully permit it to spread uncontrolled and damages result, he is liable under the • statute; but if he is engaged in some lawful pursuit and is using fire in a legitimate way and fire started by bim
Instruction No. 1 for plaintiff was erroneous and the instruction asked by defendant should have been given. Judgment reversed and cause remanded.