Beekman v. Hamlin

23 Or. 313 | Or. | 1892

Lord, C. J.

1. It is first objected that the admission* of the assessment rolls of Jackson County for the years of 1873 to 1880 was error. The ground of the objection is, that the property, real and personal, described in such rolls is not even prima facie evidence that the person named in them is in fact the owner of such property, as against the plaintiff; and that if this is so, the assessment rolls received in evidence were not competent to prove that the defendant was solvent during the period covered by them, as that would depend on the defendant’s ownership of the property described in them.

The record discloses that among the excuses, or reasons, pleaded by the plaintiff for allowing so long a period as twenty-six years to elapse before he made any effort to enforce the judgment he had recovered against the defendant, was that the defendant had no property during that time subject to execution, and that he was unable to pay his debts, or was insolvent; so that if he had issued execution, it would have proved unavi ling, besides involving additional costs. To account for his delay, and explain the reason of it, the plaintiff sought to show that during the intervening period the defendant was unable to pay his debts, or was not solvent; and as a circumstance tending to show it, and rebut the presumption of payment, he offered in evidence the assessment rolls for 1871 and 1872, as showing that he had no assessable property during those years. To counteract the effect of this evidence, and to show that the explanation of the plaintiff for his delay in not enforcing the judgment sooner, was not sustained by the kind of proof he had introduced, and the court had admitted, the defendant offered in evidence the assessment rolls from 1873 to 1880, as showing that he had assessable property during those years, and that such property, real and personal, was so assessed to him as the reputed owner of it. For this purpose, the court admitted the evidence, not as establishing the defendant’s title to the property described in such assessment rolls, or any question of disputed ownership in regard to such property, for there was no such issue involved. The object of the evidence was to show that the inference of insolvency, which the plaintiff sought to raise in explanation of his delay to enforce the judgment, so as to rebut the presumption of its payment, was not well taken, as the same kind of proof during other years, within the intervening period, proved otherwise. Under the circumstances disclosed by this record and restricted to this purpose, we think the evidence was competent and admissible.

2. It is next objected that the court erred in refusing to give the following instruction: “One of the principal allegations which it is necessary for the plaintiff to establish in this case is, that the judgment has not been paid. The evidence of the plaintiff, if entitled to full credit and uncontradicted, is sufficient to establish that fact.” In order to understand the object of this instruction, and whether or not it ought to have been given, it is necessary to examine the instructions given. The court, after making some comments, instructed the jury that “more than twenty years have elapsed since the judgment in controversy was rendered, and no execution has ever been issued upon it. For that reason, the law presumes that the judgment has been paid. The burden of proof is on the plaintiff Beekman, to show that it has not been paid, and this he must show by a preponderance of the evidence. This presumption may be overcome by any competent evidence which convinces the jury, by a preponderarme of the evidence, that the judgment has not been paid. The court instructs you that the presumption of payment, after the lapse of twenty years, is one which must be considered by you as a 'fact in evidence showing payment of the judgment; and unless this presumption is rebutted by satisfactory and convincing evidence, you must find a verdict for the defendant. ”

It will be observed that the presumption of payment, after the lapse of twenty years, tobe considered by the jury as a fact showing payment of the judgment, was accorded its full weight, and was made decisive of the case in favor of the defendant unless rebutted by satisfactory and convincing evidence. The object of the instruction asked was to explain and define more fully the nature of the satisfactory and convincing evidence required to rebut such presumption. In this particular, the contention was that if there was positive proof of the non-payment of the j udgment, it rebutted or overcame the presumption of its payment from mere lapse of time, or twenty years, if the evidence of the plaintiff, in the judgment of the jury, was entitled to full credit and uncontradicted. The necessity for this, it is claimed, is further shown by a consideration of another instruction, in which the court undertakes to specify the kind of evidence required, and practically excludes the positive testimony of the plaintiff that the judgment has never been paid. This instruction is as follows: “The court instructs you that the presumption of payment after twenty years may be rebutted by a preponderance of testimony showing that the plaintiff had used diligence to enforce his judgment, or that the defendant was insolvent for twenty years prior to the nineteenth of March, 1889, when this action was commenced, or other circumstances of the situation of the parties which tend to excuse the plaintiff for non-issuance of execution within said period of twenty years. ”

In respect to this instruction, the plaintiff requested the court to instruct the jury that “the presumption of payment may be repelled by any evidence of the situation of the parties, or other circumstances tending to satisfy the jury that the debt is still due,” which was refused by the court, and the plaintiff excepted. As the instruction given by the court specified the particular kinds of evidence which might be considered as rebutting the presumption of payment, the object of the instruction asked was to enlarge the scope of the instruction given, by extending it to proof of all facts properly bearing on the condition or situation of the parties, or other circumstances tending to satisfy the jury that the debt is still due. In Granthan v. Canaan, 38 N. H. 268, it was held that the presumption of payment may be rebutted and overcome by proof of any facts and circumstances, the legitimate tendency of which is to render it more probable than otherwise that payment has not in fact been made. Mr. Greenleaf says: “In all these cases, the presumíation of payment may be repelled by any evidence of the situation of the parties, or other circumstances tending to satisfy the jury that the debt is still due”: Greenleaf, Ev. § 39; Freeman, Judg. § 464. As the court undertook to specify the kinds of proof that would be sufficient to rebut the presumption of payment, the plaintiff sought by the instruction asked to broaden the instruction given to the full intent of the law, and cover all possible phases of the case. There is no doubt that the particular evidence specified in the instruction given was competent for the purpose of rebutting the presumption of payment, but nevertheless it was not absolutely indispensable to the plaintiff’s recovery that he had “used diligence” or had any “excuse” for not doing so, if he could prove by competent evidence that the judgment had not in fact been paid.

In reference to the instructions asked, as related to those given, the case stood in this wise: The contention of the plaintiff was that the presumption of payment arising from mere lapse of time had only the effect to make out a prima facie case of payment, thereby changing the burden of proof; that the positive evidence of the plaintiff, if entitled to full credit and uncontradicted, would overcome the prima facie case thus made, or have the effect to rebut such presumption. Hence, as applied to the first instruction given, he sought to have the instruction asked included among the “satisfactory and convincing” evidence required to rebut the presumption from mere lapse of time. The next instruction given, while it enumerated several kinds of proof that were regarded as competent evidence to rebut the presumption of payment, omitted some others upon which there was evidence; and the plaintiff, in order to make the instruction given broad enough to cover the case and conform to the law, as he claimed it, sought to have the instruction asked incorporated in it, which the court refused to do. The circumstances disclosed by the record, taken in connection with the other instructions asked and refused in view of its object, rendered it necessary that such instructions should have been given to prevent the jury from being misled as to the vital issue in the case to be determined by them.

3. It is next objected that the court erred in refusing to direct the jury to find special verdicts on certain issues, as requested by the plaintiff. It is conceded that, ordinarily, such direction is a matter of discretion with the court; but it is claimed that under the peculiar circumstances of the case, as shown by the record, this refusal was an abuse of discretion. The contention is, that the vital issue in relation to the presumption of payment had not been clearly pointed out to the jury in the instructions of the court, but that it was confused and obscured by the charge. So far as the instructions went, they were clear; it was only in respect to the points already noticed that any danger lay from misconstruction by the jury. This contention is based on the ground that the testimony of plaintiff and defendant shows that the judgment had never been paid, and that it was simply impossible for the jury to find that it had, if the issue had been clearly presented to them. It is enough to say that it is sought to bring this evidence before us on the refusal of the court to grant a motion for a new trial. This cannot be done. No exception can be taken to an order on a motion for a new trial, nor can such order be considered on appeal: Kearney v. Snodgrass, 12 Or. 311 (7 Pac. Rep. 309); Fisk v. Henaire, 15 Or. 89 (13 Pac. Rep. 760); State v. Clemments, 15 Or. 238 (14 Pac. Rep. 410); McBride v. N. P. R. R. Co. 19 Or. 64 (23 Pac. Rep. 814), approved and followed.

This disposes of the error assigned as to the point under consideration, as well as the error alleged in overruling the motion of the plaintiff for a new trial.

In this connection, we may also add that the bill of exceptions is not in conformity with the law and the decisions of this court: Hamilton v. Gordon, 22 Or. 561 (20 Pac. Rep. 495); Fisher v. Railroad Co. 22 Or. 548 (30 Pac. Rep. 425).

It results from the foregoing that the judgment must be reversed and a new trial ordered.