70 N.W. 107 | Iowa | 1897
Lead Opinion
Insurance: CONSPIRACY. Insurance is a commodity within McClain's 2 Code, section 5454, prohibiting the formation of combinations or confederations between individuals or corporations to regulate or fix the price of "oil, lumber, coal, * * * or any other commodity."
RATE COMPACT. A compact between local insurance agents in a city 1 to fix the rates upon all risks therein, imposing certain penalties for taking of risks at less rates than those fixed by the association is within the inhibition of McClain's Code, section 5454, forbidding the formation of combinations or confederations to regulate the price of any commodity.
REMOVAL OF AGENT UNDER. A local insurance agent who was a party 3 to a compact within the inhibition of McClain's Code, section 5454, against the formation of combinations to regulate the price of commodities, cannot recover damages from the other members of the compact, and the insurance company for the withdrawal of the agency from him because of his violation of the compact agreement, where the withdrawal is in pursuance of a provision of the compact imposing such penalty for a violation of its provisions, and the company had the right to withdraw its agency at pleasure He lost nothing but agencies which the compact gave him. As the compact was illegal, he lost nothing but an illegal business, made so by a conspiracy to which he was a party.
Conspiracy. A conspiracy cannot be made the subject of a civil action 4 unless something is done which without the conspiracy would give a right of action. I. The defendants are, besides John Mulville, Henry Bennett, the Detroit Fire Marine Insurance Company of Detroit, Mich., and the Phoenix Insurance Company of Hartford, Conn. Charles T. West was named as a defendant, but not served. The plaintiff was an 1 insurance agent at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and on the fourteenth day of November, 1883, he became a member of the "compact" or organization styled the Cedar Rapids Marion Underwriters' Union. The agreement is embraced in a writing, denominated "Compact," the first division of which is as follows:
The other divisions of the compact are under the headings "Organization," "Pledge," and "Penalties." After some provisions as to organization is the following, as a part of the pledge: "We also agree strictly and honorably to adhere, both in letter and spirit, to the following pledge, viz.: Section 1. That we will not write a risk until a rate has been fixed by the manager, and will adhere to all the rates fixed by him; *605 that we will not issue a policy ourselves or cause insurance to be written by any company at less than said fixed rates; and, in the event of binding an unrated risk, we will submit an application for rating thereon to the manager, upon the same or next succeeding business day to that on which such risk was bound." After other pledges is the subject of penalties, under which it is provided that an offending member may be required to cancel a policy under which an offense is committed, and shall be prohibited from writing upon the same risk for one year. Then follows a provision for the imposition of fines for a first and second offense, and for the third offense the removal of all companies from the offending member, and expulsion from the compact.
This compact is signed by some thirty-five agents and two insurance companies, not, however, including either of the defendant companies. The defendant Bennett was unanimously accepted as manager, and assumed the duties of the office December 1, 1883. The plaintiff was one of the signers of the compact. Another compact, consisting of members of the former compact, seems to have been formed July 28, 1884, signed by some nineteen of the agents, including the plaintiff, designed to compete "with non-compact insurance companies," with the same person as manager. The defendant Mulville was special agent for the Detroit Fire Marine Insurance Company, and West, the defendant named, but not served, was such agent for the other defendant company. Prior to November, 1889, the plaintiff had been the local and soliciting agent of the two defendant companies, and other companies at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and, by selling insurance at less than the prescribed rate under the compact, a fine had been imposed, and also other penalties as to writing insurance. Plaintiff refused to pay the fine, and insisted upon his right to solicit *606 insurance where he pleased. It is averred in the petition that, because of this, defendant Bennett and the other defendants confederated together to destroy his business as an insurance agent, and that, because of such confederation, the defendant companies, and the others for whom he was acting, canceled their contracts with him, because of which his business was lost, which he claims was worth one thousand dollars per year. The defendants, all except West, answered by a general denial, and the Phoenix Insurance Company pleaded its contract of employment with plaintiff, as in writing, and its right to discharge him at any time it pleased. It also pleaded an estoppel because of plaintiff's membership is the compact.
The jury returned special findings to the effect (1) that plaintiff was a party to the compact at the time he received his appointment from the defendant companies; (2) that, at the time he received the appointment, he did not agree to conform to the rules and regulations of the compact; (3) that he did violate the rules of the compact before the agencies were taken from him; (4) that the agencies were not taken because he refused to comply with the rules of the company as provided in his agreement, but that other reasons existed therefor; (5) that a combination or conspiracy was entered into between the defendant companies and others for the purpose of injuring plaintiff; (6) that plaintiff had no contract with the defendant companies to be their agent, except during their pleasure; (7) that plaintiff was injured, in the taking away of the agencies of the defendant companies, otherwise than in the privilege of soliciting insurance for them in the future as in the past, and the loss of the probable earnings in the way of commissions he might have earned had he been permitted to continue as agent; and (8) that the combination to *607 injure his business was formed after plaintiff's refusal to comply with the regulations of the compact.
As to the second finding, that plaintiff, at the time he received his appointment from the defendant companies, did not agree to conform to the rules and regulations of the compact, nothing more can be intended that it is not so specified in the agreements, which are in writing. If more was intended, it would be without support in the evidence. The fact clearly appears that these agencies were taken while plaintiff was a member of the compact, and observing its regulations, and that these agencies were a part of his business as a member of the compact.
As to the fourth finding, that the agencies were not taken from plaintiff because he refused to comply with the rules of the companies, as provided in his agreement, but for other reasons, the record will only justify the conclusion that the reason for which they were taken is the violation of the rules of the compact. It may be important hereafter to notice other facts.
II. The following is section 5454 of McClain's Code, being section 1, chapter 84, Acts Twenty-second General Assembly: "If any corporation organized under the laws of this state or any other state or country for transacting or conducting any kind of 2 business in this state, or any partnership or individual shall create, enter into, become a member of or party to any pool, trust, agreement, combination or confederation with any other corporation, partnership or individual to regulate or fix the price of oil, lumber, coal, grain, flour, provisions, or any other commodity or article whatever; or shall create, enter into, become a member of or a party to any pool, agreement, combination or confederation to fix or limit the amount or quantity of any commodity or article to be manufactured, mined, produced or sold *608 in this state, they shall be deemed guilty of a conspiracy to defraud, and be subject to indictment and punishment as provided in the next section." It is thought by appellants that such statute has no application to insurance companies, but the only reason assigned for it is that the same subject has been before each successive legislature since the act passed, and no one has thought that the act referred to such companies. However that may be, we have no doubt of its application to insurance companies because of the language of the act. There is a manifest purpose to make the section comprehensive as to the subject-matter, as well as to persons, both natural and artificial, coming within its prohibitions. It prohibits combinations to fix the price of oil, lumber, coal, grain, flour, provisions, or any other commodity, or article whatever. Insurance is a commodity. "Commodity" is defined to be that which affords advantage or profit. Mr. Anderson, in his Law Dictionary, defines the word as "convenience, privilege, profit, gain; popularly, goods, wares, merchandise." We see no reason why, in the act, the word should be restricted to its popular use. It is common to speak of "selling insurance." It is a term used in insurance business, and law writers have, to quite an extent, adopted it. Again, there are the same reasons why it should be protected against combinations as there are in matters clearly within the provisions of the law. The district court instructed the jury that the combination was prohibited by the act in question, and we think the holding was right.
III. At the close of the evidence, defendants moved the court to direct a verdict for them under the undisputed facts, and we think it should have been done, notwithstanding our holding that the act above referred to applied to insurance companies. In view of our conclusions as to the applicability of the law to insurance companies, and with the statement *609 that we regard the compact in question as clearly within its provisions, we may pass much that is said in argument by appellee, as to the combination and its character. Reliance is placed on the finding of a conspiracy to injure plaintiff, and there is a finding by the jury that a conspiracy was so formed after the refusal of plaintiff to comply with the regulations of the compact. No such a conspiracy as that is pleaded. It is pleaded that a conspiracy was formed in the organization of the compact, and it is then pleaded that, after the violations of the terms of the compact by plaintiff, these defendants joined together, and assumed to cancel the contracts then existing between plaintiff and the companies of which he was agent, and this is likely what is meant by such conspiracy. With the understanding of what is meant, we need not make nice distinction about the words used. We do not understand it to be contended, — and, if it is, the contention is unwarranted, — that, after the refusal by plaintiff to comply, there was any combination formed other than that the fines were imposed, and the agencies revoked, because of the refusal to observe the terms of the compact. These were results contemplated by the compact, and the means to that end were such as must have been contemplated when the compact was organized. All that can be said is that the defendants, understandingly, acted together to enforce the rules and penalties of the compact. Any claim that they so acted with a purpose to injure plaintiff, except as injury would necessarily result from the enforcement of the regulations of the compact, is entirely without support in the record. The court said to the jury: "(10) If it appears from the evidence that plaintiff's commissions 3 of appointment from the companies represented by plaintiff provided that they might withdraw their agencies from him at any time without *610 giving any cause therefor, then the plaintiff could not recover damages on account of such withdrawal, unless you further find that such withdrawals were made through and in pursuance of a design to injure the plaintiff, and as a part of a conspiracy among defendants, or among them and others, to wrong plaintiff, or to inflict punishment upon him for refusal to comply with the said unlawful compact or union." We quote the instruction, because it indicates the mind of the court as to the real basis of recovery, under the evidence. One of the special findings is that the companies had the right to withdraw their agencies at pleasure, and, with that right fixed, the right of recovery is made to depend on the purpose with which the right was exercised; that is, was it done intending to injure the plaintiff? Concede, for the purpose of the case, the rule that such a recovery could be had, and the record will then defeat a recovery. It is not difficult to illustrate the situation. Had the companies, without reference to the compact, revoked the agencies, as they could rightfully do, the injury to plaintiff's business would have been the same, but without redress. Now change the purpose, so that the revocations are in pursuance of the terms of the compact, and we have precisely this case. The revocations have now been caused by an unlawful combination. Of this combination plaintiff was a member. The penalties imposed, among which is that of "removal of all companies from the offending member," are specified in the compact, and his name is signed thereto. He is himself one of the conspirators who devised and put in operation that which caused his injury. Bennett was but the agent. He did what the plaintiff and others directed. It can be said, undoubtedly, that plaintiff has caused the injury of which he complains by his unlawful acts. Take from *611 the case, such acts, and the result, of which he complains, could not have happened.
It will be conceded, we think, that, independent of what is termed a "conspiracy," the acts complained of in this case would not afford a right of action, for what is claimed is that the conspiracy or combination caused the acts. Mr. Cooley, in his work on Torts (2d Ed.), p. 143, says: "The general rule is that 4 a conspiracy cannot be made the subject of a civil action unless something is done which without the conspiracy would give the right of action." The rule is approved in Jayne v.Drorbaugh,
Addendum
In a petition for a re-hearing there is a very persistent contention that because of a conspiracy, the plaintiff has been deprived of a valuable business; and it is urged, that notwithstanding his connection with the organization of the compact, and his continued membership therein, he could not, by unlawful means, be deprived of property rights, and reliance is placed on the holding in Printing Co. v. Howell,
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