45 Mich. 188 | Mich. | 1881
The purpose of the action in the court below* was to charge Beecher as partner with Williams for a bill of supplies purchased for the Biddle House in Detroit. The facts are all found by special verdict, and are few and simple. Beecher was owner of the Biddle House, and Williams, proposed in writing to “hire the use” of it from day to day, and open and keep it as a hotel. Beecher accepted his proposals and Williams went into the house and began business, and in
The question is whether by accepting the proposals Beecher made himself a partner with Williams in the hotel business; and this is to be determined on the face of the writing itself. It is conceded that Beecher was never held out to the public as a partner, and that the bill of supplies was purchased on the sole credit of Williams and charged to him on the books of the plaintiffs below. The case, therefore, is in no way embarrassed by any questions of estoppel, for Beecher has done nothing and suffered nothing to be done which can preclude him from standing upon his exact legal rights as the contract fixed them.
Nor do we understand it to be claimed that the parties intended to form a partnership in the hotel business, or that they supposed they ha,d done so, .or that either has ever claimed as against the other the rights of a partner. It is perfectly clear that many things which are commonly incident to a partnership, these parties meant should be wholly excluded from their arrangement. Some of these were of primary importance. It is plain, for example, that Beecher did not understand that his credit was to be in any way involved in the business, or that he was to have any interest in the supplies that should be bought, or any privilege to decide upon them, or any ‘legal control whatever until proceeds were to be divided, or any liability to losses if losses were suffered. These are among the most common incidents to a partnership; and while some of them, and possibly all of them, may not be necessary incidents, yet the absence of all is very conclusive that the parties had no purpose whatever to form a partnership, or to give to each other the rights and powers, and subject each other to the obligations of partners. In general this should be conclusive. If parties intend no partnership the courts should give effect to their intent, unless somebody has been deceived by their acting or assuming to act as partners; and any such case must stand upon its peculiar facts, and upon special equities.
It is nevertheless possible for parties to intend no partner
We have then a case in which the party it is sought to charge has not held himself out, or suffered himself to be held out as a partner either to the public at large or to the plaintiff, and has not intended to form that relation. He is not therefore a partner by estoppel nor by intent; and if he is one at all, it must be by construction of law.
What then are the inMoia of partnership in this case; the marks which force that construction upon the court irrespective of the intent of the parties; that in fact control their intent, and give to the parties bringing suit rights which they were not aware of when they sold the supplies ?
In the elaborate and able brief which has been presented in behalf of the defendants in error it is conceded that the fact that Beecher was to receive each day a sum “ equal to one-third of the gross receipts and gross earnings” for the day, would not necessarily make him a partner. What is claimed is that the fact is “ cogent evidence” that Beecher was to participate in the results of the business in a manner that indicated he was a principal in it, and was not receiving compensation for the use of property merely. The view of the law here suggested is undoubtedly correct. There may be a participation in the gross returns that would make the receiver a partner, and there may be one that would not. The question is in what capacity is participation had. Gross returns are not profits and may be large when there are no profits, but it cannot be predicated of either gross returns or profits that the right to participate is conclusive evidence of
But we quite agree with counsel for defendants in error that no case ought to turn upon the unimportant and mere verbal distinction between the statement in the papers that Beecher was to have a sum “ equal to ” one-third of the gross receipts and gross earnings, and a statement that he was to have one-third of these receipts and earnings. It is perfectly manifest it was intended he should have one-third of them ; that they should be apportioned to him regularly and daily, and not that Williams was to appropriate the whole and pay a sum “ equal to ” Beecher’s proportion when it should be convenient. We can conceive of cases where the difference in phraseology might be important, because it might give some insight into the real intent and purpose of the parties, and throw light upon the question whether that which was to be received, was to be received as partner or only by way of compensation for something supplied to the other, but the intent in this case is too manifest to be put aside by any mere ingenuity in the use of words. Loomis v. Marshall 12 Conn. 69, 79.
In Cox v. Hickman 8 H. L. Cas. 268, 306, Lord Cranworth stated very clearly his views of what should be the test of partnership. “ It is often said,” he says, “ that the test, or one of the tests whether a person not ostensibly a partner, is nevertheless in contemplation of law a partner, is whether be is entitled to participate in the profits. This no doubt is in general a sufficiently accurate test; for a right to participate in profits affords cogent, often conclusive evidence, that the trade in which the profits have been made was carried on in paid for or on behalf of the person setting up such a claim. But the real ground of the liability is that the trade had been carried on by persons acting on his behalf. When
It is said, and we believe justly, in Bullen v. Sharp L. R. 1 C. B. 86, that the decision in Cox v. Hickman brought back the law of England to what it should be, and Mr. Baron Bramwell, referring to what was declared to be law in Waugh v. Carver 2 H. Bl. 235, expressed the hope “that this notion is overruled,” adding that it is “one which I believe has caused more injustice and mischief than any bad law in our books.” p. 128. It is certainly overruled very conclusively in Great Britain. Kilshaw v. Jukes 3 B. & S. 847; Shaw v. Gault 16 Irish C. L. R. 357; Holme v. Hammond L. R. 7 Exch. 218; Ex parte Delhasse 7 Ch. Div. 511. And though in New York the courts, hampered somewhat by early cases, have not felt themselves at liberty to adopt and follow the decision in Cox v. Hickman to the full extent, it would be easy to show that the American authorities in the main are in harmony with it. Indeed that is very well shown in Eastman v. Clark 53 N. H. 276, where the authorities are collated. It must be admitted, however, that the attempts at an application of the test to the complicated facts of particular cases have not been productive of harmonious results. A few cases may be mentioned which in their facts have a resemblance, more or less strong, to the one before us.
In Farmers' Ins. Co. v. Ross 29 Ohio St. 429, it appeared that by arrangement one party furnished the ground and the material for making brick, and also the fuel, and another was at the expense of burning the. brick. The brick were then to be divided, the former receiving one-fourth and the latter three-fourths, and the latter was also to pay the former ten dollars on each one hundred thousand bricks. This was held to create a partnership, and Musier v. Trumpbour 5 Wend. 274, and Everitt v. Chapman 6 Conn. 347, were relied upon as authority.
The New York cases might support this decision, but the case of Loomis v. Marshall 12 Conn. 69, can hardly be considered in accord with it. The facts were these: B. had a cloth factory. A. agreed with him to furnish a full supply of wool for two years, B. to devote the factory for two years
One of Chief Justice' Gibson’s short but very lucid opinions is in point here. Between Bronson, a manufacturer, and Dunham, a country merchant, there was an agreement that the former should furnish wooden handles made to order to the latter, at a tariff of prices to be paid out of the store, on the proceeds of the handles; Bronson finding the labor ¡ nd stuff, and receiving a further compensation for skill and the rent of the store-house, in the form of a commission of fifty per centum on tlic net profits of the whole. It was sought to charge Dunham as a partner with Bronson for the price of raw material the latter had bought. Hpon these facts it is said: “ Now, it has been so often and so invariably ruled in England and America, that a commission on profits is not such an interest in the concern as constitutes partnership, that the point is at rest. What staggers the mind in this instance is the apparent shallowness of the distinction when it is considered that a commission of fifty per cent, is no more nor less than an equal division of the profits; but it must not be forgotten that the distinction is an arbitrary one, i est.ing on authority, not principle; and that, whatever be the proportion, the relation produced by a compensation
Not dissimilar to this is the case of Denny v. Cabot 6 Met. 82, which was also a case in which one party supplied the raw material and another manufactured it, and was to i-eceive one-third part of the net profits. This proportion, it was found, was to be received by the manufacturer only as a compensation for his labor and services; and it was held perfectly competent to provide for making compensation by such a standard without constituting a partnership. Perrine v. Hankinson 11 N. J. 181, is relied upon as authority, among other cases. The same doctrine was reiterated in Holmes v. Old Colony R. R. Co. 5 Gray 58; Bradley v.
It is needless to cite other cases. They cannot all be reconciled, but enough are cited to show that in so far as the-notion ever took hold of the judicial mind that the question of partnership or no partnership was to be settled by arbitrary tests it was erroneous and mischievous, and the proper-corrective has been applied. Except when one allows the public or individual dealers to be deceived by the appearances, of partnership when none exists, he is never to be charged as a partner unless by contract and with intent he has formed a relation in which the elements of partnership are to be-found. And what are these ? At the very least the following : Community of interest in some lawful commerce or-business, for the conduct of which the parties are mutually principals of and agents for each other, with general powers-within the scope of the business, which powers however by-agreement between the parties themselves may be restricted at option, to the extent even of making one the sole agent, of the others and of the business.
In this case we have the lawful commerce or business, namely, the keeping of the hotel. We have also in some-sense a community of interest in the proceeds of the business,. though these are so divided that all the profits and all the losses are to be received and borne by one only. But where in the mutual arrangement does it appear that either of the-parties clothed the other with an agency to act on his behalf in this business? We speak now of intent merely, and not. of any arbitrary implication of intent which the law, according to some authorities, may raise irrespective of and perhaps-contrary to the intent. Could Beecher buy for the business-a dollar’s worth of provisions ? Could he hire a porter or a waiter ? Could he discharge one ? Could he say the house shall be kept for fastidious guests exclusively and charges-made in proportion to what they demand, or on the other-hand that the tables shall be plain and cheap so as to attract-a greater number ? Could he persist in lighting with gas if Williams chose something different, or reject oil if Williams-
On the other hand what single act are we warranted in inferring the parties understood Williams was to do for, and as the agent of, Beecher? Not to furnish supplies surely, for these it was expressly agreed should be furnished by Williams and paid for daily. Not to contract debts for water and gas bills and other running expenses, for by the agreement there were to be no such debts. Nor was this an agreement merely that expenses incurred for both were to be met without the use of credit, but it was expressly provided that they were to be the expenses of one party only, and to be met by him from his own means. There was to be no einployment of credit, but it was the credit of Williams alone that was in the minds of the parties.
It is difficult to understand how the element of agency could be more perfectly eliminated from their arrangements than it actually was. Beecher furnished the use of the hotel and a clerk to supervise the accounts, and received for so doing one-third the gross returns. It was not understood that he was to intermeddle in any way with the conduct of the business so long as Williams adhered to the terms of his contract. If the business was managed badly Beecher might be a loser, but how could he help himself ? He had reserved no right to correct the mistakes of Williams, supply his deficiencies or overrule his judgments.' He did indeed agree
It is plain, therefore, that if there is any agency in this case for Beecher to act for Williams, or Williams to act for Beecher, it is an agency implied by law, not only without having expressed a purpose that an agency shall exist, but in spite of their plain intent that none shall exist. If therefore we shall say that agency of each to act for the other, or agency of one to act for both in the common business, is to be the test of partnership, or to be one of the tests, but that the law may imply the agency irrespective of the intent, and then imply the partnership from the agency, we see at once that the test disapjsears from all our calculations. To imply something in order that that something may be the foundation whereupon to erect an implication of something else is a mere absurdity. The test of partnership must be found in the intent of the parties themselves. They may say they intend none when their contract plainly shows the contrary; and in that case the intent shall control the contradictory assertion; but here the intent is plain.
We have not overlooked any one of the circumstances which on the argument were pointed out as peculiar to this case. None of them is inconsistent with the intent' that Beecher was to be paid for the use of his building and furniture merely. He retained possession; but a reason for this appears in the power he reserved to terminate the arrangement whenever the contract was broken by Williams.. Being in possession he might suppose he could eject Williams without suit. He might alsu think it important to the reputation of the hotel that no landlord should be in debt for supplies
There is another view of this ease that seems to us conclusive. It is urged on behalf of defendants in error that Beecher was a dormant partner. Now a dormant partner is a secret partner; - one who becomes such by a secret arrangement, while his associate is held out to the world as sole proprietor and manager of the business. Was this the case here ? Nothing in the record indicates it. Beecher was in possession of the hotel, and wo must suppose had his clerk there. These were facts open and patent to the whole world who had occasion to go there or to deal with Williams. They naturally suggested the inquiry what was the arrangement between the parties; and there is nothing in the case to indicate that plaintiff in error would not have learned all the details of the arrangement had they made the necessary inquiries. There is no indication anywhere of intended secrecy. If, therefore, there was any partnership at all, it existed because the contract and the open and public conduct of business under it created one, and the right of the defendants in error to recover must depend upon whether they had a right, with the contract before them, to understand that they were furnishing 'supplies on the credit of Beecher? Would they have had this right? If so, no interference of Beecher, and no notice to them not to sell to Williams retying on Beecher’s credit, would have been of the least avail. If he had said to them, “ Gentlemen, by our contract Mr. Williams furnishes all the supplies; I do not and cannot control in respect to quality, quantity or cost; he alone, by our understanding, is to pay for them, and I forbid you to sell on my credit;” it would all have been useless. On their view of the case he was bound by an iron rule of the law, from which it would have been impossible to rescue his credit until the arrangement with Williams should in some manner be terminated. And this would have been the case also even if the arrangement with Williams had been a secret one, and
Our conclusion is that Beecher and Williams, having never intended to constitute a partnership, are not as between themselves partners. There was to be no common property, no agency of either to act for the other or for both, no participation in profits, no sharing of losses. If either had failed to perform his part of the agreement, the remedy of the other would have been a suit at law, and not a bill for an accounting in equity. If either had died, the obligations he had assumed would have continued against his representatives. We also think there can be no such thing as a partnership as to third persons when as between the parties themselves there is no partnership and the third persons have not been misled by concealment of facts or by deceptive appearances.
The judgment must be reversed with costs and a new trial ordered.