MEMORANDUM OPINION
This is a purported class action seeking damages and other relief on behalf of the Plaintiff and others similarly situated for allegedly deficient sales of repossessed automobiles in violation of Maryland Law. As explained below, the Court concludes that the Complaint is, in a reversal of the usual formulation, both “too late” and “too little.”
I. Background
A. Summary of Facts
On April 3, 2004, the Plaintiff, Melissa Bediako (“Bediako”), purchased a used 1999 Acura TL in Montgomery County, Maryland, from Ourisman Bethesda, Inc., d/b/a Ourisman Honda. See Compl., ECF No. 1 ¶ 21. She obtained financing for the purchase by executing a Retail Installment Sale Contract (“RISC”). Id. ¶ 23; see also Defs. Mot. to Dismiss, Aff. Kevin P. Farrell, Ex. 1 RISC Contract, ECF No. 3-2 at 3-4. The RISC contains a provision that affirmatively elects to have the agreement governed by Subtitle 10 of Title 12 of the Commercial Law Article of the Annotated Code of Maryland, a subtitle that contains Maryland law governing credit grantor closed end credit agreements. Compl., ECF No. 1 ¶ 24. This subtitle is commonly referred to as “CLEC.” The RISC was subsequently assigned to the Defendant, American Honda Finance Corp. (“Honda Finance”). Id. ¶¶ 26 & 27.
Bediako fell behind in required payments, and her car was repossessed on or before April 28, 2005. Id. ¶ 30. On April 28, 2005, Honda Finance mailed to Bediako a redemption notice telling her that her car would be sold unless she redeemed it by paying any amounts past due under her credit contract. See Defs. Mot. to Dismiss, Aff. Kevin P. Farrell, Ex. 3 Right to Redeem Notice, ECF No. 3-2 at 6-7. The redemption notice advised Bediako of her right to reinstate the contract if, within fifteen days, she paid the arrearage. Id. at 6. The notice also identified the exact location where the vehicle was stored. Id. On the same date, Honda Finance wrote to Bediako and gave her a notice of its plan to sell her property at a private sale. See Defs. Mot. to Dismiss, Aff. Kevin P. Farrell, Ex. 2 Notice of Private Sale, ECF No. 3-2 at 5. The notice advised Bediako that (1) her vehicle would be sold at a private sale sometime after May 15, 2005, (2) the money received at the sale would reduce the amount owed, and (3) she would still owe any resulting deficiency. The notice further stated that Bediako should call Honda Finance if she had any questions or needed more information regarding the repossession and sale. Id.
On July 1, 2005, Bediako’s car was sold at a private sale, and on August 4, 2005, Honda Finance wrote to her and provided her with a notice indicating that after the sale a deficiency remained of $7,036.80. See Compl., ECF No. 1 ¶ 37-38; See also Defs. Mot. to Dismiss, Aff. Kevin P. Farrell, Ex. 4 Post-Sale Notice, ECF No. 3-2 at 8-9. After the sale, Honda Finance was unsuccessful in obtaining any voluntary payments from Bediako, either directly or through a debt collector, until 2008 when three payments were received, one in the amount of $275.00 on April 9, another in the amount of $50.00 on May 21, and a final payment of $50.00 on June 17, 2008. Compl., ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 40^15.
B. Earlier Litigation
On May 17, 2010, Honda Finance filed an action against Bediako in the District
On August 12, 2010, prior to the dismissal of Honda Finance’s Maryland District Court action against her, Bediako filed, a “class action complaint” in the Circuit Court for Baltimore County, Maryland, alleging certain procedural irregularities in the sale of her automobile and asserting claims for declaratory judgment, breach of contract, restitution and unjust enrichment and violations of CLEC and Maryland’s Consumer Protection Act (“CPA”), Maryland Code, Comm. Law, § 13-101, et seq., law. Honda Finance removed the Baltimore County Circuit Court action to the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, Northern Division. See Notice of Removal, Bediako v. American Honda Finance Corporation, Case No. 1: 10-cv-02578-JFM (D.Md. Sept. 17, 2010) ECF No. 1.
On September 24, 2010, Honda Finance filed a Motion to Dismiss Bediako’s Complaint in the removed Baltimore County action in which it contended that her claims were barred by the applicable statutes of limitations and that the causes of action asserted for CLEC violations, breach of contract, Consumer Protection Act violations, restitution or unjust enrichment and for declaratory relief failed to state a claim. See Defs Mot. to Dismiss, Bediako v. American Honda Finance Corporation, Case No. l:10-cv-02578-JFM (D.Md. Sept. 24, 2010) ECF No. 8. Rather than to respond to Honda Finance’s motion, Bediako filed a Notice of Dismissal on September 26, 2010. See Notice, Bediako v. American Honda Finance Corporation, Case No. 1:10-cv-02578-JFM (D.Md. Sept. 26, 2010) ECF No. 9.
C. The Present Litigation
A little over three months later, Bediako filed essentially the same complaint against Honda Finance in the Southern Division of this Court.
The Court heard arguments on the Motion to Dismiss on October 13, 2011, and now concludes that Bediako’s Complaint must be dismissed with prejudice, and the Court need not address or reach her class action allegations.
II. Legal Standards For A Motion To Dismiss
A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) tests the sufficiency of a complaint; importantly, “it does not resolve contests surrounding the facts, the merits of a claim, or the applicability of defenses.” Republican Party of N.C. v. Martin,
Additionally, Rule 12(b) provides that when “matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion shall be treated as one for summary judgment and disposed of as provided in Rule 56, and all parties shall be given reasonable opportunity to present all material made pertinent to such a motion by Rule 56.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 12; see Talbot v. U.S. Foodservice, Inc.,
Where the defense of statute of limitations is apparent on the face of the Complaint, the Complaint fails to state a cause of action and a motion to dismiss may be granted. Young v. Medlantic Lab. P’ship,
III. Analysis
A. Timeliness
As noted above, Bediako’s Complaint contains four counts: (1) alleged violation of the Maryland credit grantor closed end provisions (CLEC); (2) breach of contract; (3) violation of the Maryland Consumer Protection Act; and (4) restitution and unjust enrichment. This section will address the timeliness of each count.
1. Timeliness of Count One (CLEC) and Count Two (Breach of Contract)
Bediako’s retail installment sale contract (“RISC”) is a “transaction in goods,” a term that is broader than the term “sale of goods.” Burton v. Artery Co.,
Bediako argues that Scott v. Ford Motor Credit Co. should not be interpreted to mean that a consumer borrower’s claim for
It is clear that the Court of Appeals of Maryland concluded in Scott v. Ford Motor Credit Co. that CLEC has no statute of limitations.
It would be a most inharmonious result, indeed, if credit grantors were subject to a four-year limitation period, but defaulting consumer borrowers could wait until the arrival of the next millennium to bring suit. This would be an absurd and outrageous result, and one that the Maryland legislature could not have intended.
Section 12-1019 is not, strictly speaking, a statute of limitations as the Court of Appeals of Maryland observed in Scott v. Ford Motor Credit Co., supra. Rather, it is a “books closing” device that can be analogized to the evolution from “occurrence” to “claims made” policies in certain lines of insurance. Under a traditional “occurrence” policy, an insurer is obligated to provide coverage for claims that arise at any time within the policy period, and without regard to when the claims are first made. In some instances, the claim may not be made until many years later. Unlike an occurrence policy, a “claims made” policy does not provide coverage based on the date of the occurrence of the loss, but rather on the date of the making of the claim. Claims made policies were designed to allow insurers to “close their books” on possible claims within a reasonable period of time after the close of a policy period, and not be exposed forever to unforeseen claims that might arise many years later. See F.D.I.C. v. Mijalis,
The differences between occurrence and claims made policies were discussed in the decision of the Supreme Court of New Jersey in Zuckerman v. National Union of Fire Insurance Co.,
(1) claims made policies protect carriers from the “unlimited tail” of the occurrence policy, which permits claims to be made after the expiration of the policy period; premiums on occurrence policies have been typically inadequate since insurers have failed to take inflationary factors into account; (2) occurrence policies have often been disadvantageous to insureds because many underwriters of occurrence policy have gone out of business by the time the claim was made; (3) the “long tail exposure” of occurrence policies is particularly troublesome in medical malpractice, products liability and toxic tort cases, where the latent injury or damage may not become known until years after the policy was written, and where it may be impossible to determine precisely when the relevant damage producing occurrence took place; (4) underwriters issuing claims made policies can calculate risks and premiums with relative exactitude since their exposure ends at a fixed point in time; the ultimate result of this exactitude is comparatively lower premiums, since underwriters issuing occurrence policies will be likely to overcompensate by charging higher premiums as a result of their inability to calculate the risks with precision; (5) claims made policies favor insureds by enabling them to purchase insurance based on current trends and jury verdicts, whereas coverage under occurrence policies may prove inadequate as a result of inflation and unanticipated increases in the size of jury awards (as compared with the time when the policy was issued); and (6) claims made policies stabilize the insurance market.
Kenneth F. Oettle & Davis J. Howard, Zuckerman and Sparks: The Validity of “Claims Made” Insurance Policies as a Function of Retroactive Coverage, 21 Tort & Ins. L.J. 659 (1986) (citing Zuckerman,
Viewed in this context, it is clear that the intent of the Maryland legislature in adopting § 12-1019 was to allow a creditor grantor to “close its books” on CLEC transactions once six months have elapsed since the satisfaction of the loan. The only logical way to interpret harmoniously § 2-725 and § 12-1019 is to conclude that an action under a retail installment sale contract incorporating CLEC provisions alleged to have been violated must be brought by either party against the other no later than the first to occur of six months after the loan is satisfied or four years after a CLEC violation is alleged to have occurred. Applying the statute in this manner leads to the inescapable conclusion that Bediako’s claim should have been brought within four years of July 1, 2005, the date of the allegedly deficient sale of her car. Because this action was brought substantially longer than four
2. Timeliness of Count Three (Maryland Consumer Protection Ad)
In Count Three, Bediako asserts a claim for an alleged violation of the Maryland Consumer Protection Act. However, claims under the Maryland CPA are subject to the three-year general statute of limitations contained in § 5-101 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article of the Annotated Code of Maryland. Greene Tree Home Owners Assn. v. Greene Tree Assocs.,
3. Timeliness of Count Four (Unjust Enrichment)
In Count Four of her Complaint, Bediako asserts damage claims for restitution and unjust enrichment. It appears that this count is asserting a claim for the tort of unjust enrichment as a result of the collection by Honda Finance in 2008 of amounts to which it allegedly was not entitled. The tort of unjust enrichment contains three elements: “(1) a benefit conferred upon the defendant by the plaintiff; (2) an appreciation or knowledge by the defendant of the benefit; and (3) the acceptance or retention by the defendant of the benefit under such circumstances as to make it inequitable for the defendant to retain the benefit without the payment of its value.” Berry & Gould, P.A. v. Berry,
As a recognized tort cause of action, it is fully subject to the general statute of limitations contained in Section 5-101 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article of the Annotated Code of Maryland. While at first blush this claim might appear to be timely because payments were made by Bediako less than three years prior to the institution of this action, the problem for Bediako is that her unjust enrichment claim is derivative of a time-barred CLEC violation, and it would be a strained statutory construction to conclude that a claim derivative of a time-barred claim is not also time barred. The Court need not, however, rely solely upon this conclusion to dismissing Count 4 because, as the Court concludes below, there is not a CLEC violation, but even if there were, the payments recovered by Honda Finance were well below this threshold of nonrecoverability under CLEC.
B. The Merits of the Plaintiff’s Claims
Plaintiffs claims also fail on the merits for two reasons. First, under the principle
1. The Principle of Damnum Absque Injuria
A transcendent problem for all of the Plaintiffs claims is that her case appears to be classic one of damnum absque injuria (wrong without any injury). Where the wrong complained of has not resulted in any prejudice or damage to the Plaintiff, the wrongs are properly classified as damnum absque injuria. Central Cab Co. v. Clarke,
Section 12 — 1018(a)(2) contains a general “Civil Penalty” provision for any violation of CLEC that states “[ejxcept for a bona fide error of computation, if a credit grantor violates any provision of this subtitle the credit grantor may collect only the principal amount of the loan and may not collect any interest, costs, fees or other charges with respect to the loan.” In a separate section related to repossessions, section 12 — 1021 (k)(4) provides that if the credit grantor violates the sale notice provisions, “the credit grantor shall not be entitled to any deficiency judgment to which he would be entitled under the loan agreement.”
No matter how one calculates the effect of the repossession and private sale of Bediako’s vehicle, there is simply no way that she suffered any actual damages. The RISC indicates that the principal amount Bediako owed was $16,234.75. See Defs. Mot. to Dismiss, Aff. Kevin P. Farrell, Ex. 1 RISC Contract, ECF No. 3-2 at 3. Bediako was to begin making monthly payments of $359.06 on May 18, 2004. Id. Bediako’s car was repossessed on April 28, 2005. See Compl., ECF No. 1 ¶ 30. Assuming that Bediako made all of her monthly payments between May 18, 2004 and April 28, 2005, and that all of these payments, totaling $4,308.72, were applied towards the principal, Bediako still owed $11,926.03 in principal. The post-sale notice indicates that the vehicle was sold for $7,900.00. See Defs. Mot. to Dismiss, Aff. Kevin P. Farrell, Ex. 4 Post-Sale Notice, ECF No. 3-2 at 8. Assuming that the proceeds from the private sale ($7,900.00) were also applied to the remaining principal ($11,926.03), Bediako still owed $4,026.03 of principal. In other words Bediako still owed over $4,000 exclusive of fees and costs before Honda Finance collected the three 2008 payments totaling $325.00 — i.e. the payments that supposedly violated Section 12-1021(k)(4). Even if
Thus, there can be no injury from Honda Finance’s alleged failure to follow the disclosure obligations because Honda Finance at oral argument affirmatively waived its right to recover any deficiency. The private sale of her vehicle did not produce enough to repay the principal, even if the principal amount of her loan were credited with the full amount of the three payments that she made in 2008. Thus, even if there were a CLEC violation (which Honda Finance does not concede), the credit grantor here has not recovered the outstanding principal, much less any deficiency. Accordingly, Bediako’s CLEC claim and all remaining claims based on the alleged CLEC collection violation, including Plaintiffs Breach of Contract, are not actionable because Bediako did not sustain any damages.
2. CLEC Notice Violations and Derivative Breach of Contract, Maryland CPA, and Unjust Enrichment Claims
a. Count One: The CLEC Violation Claim
Honda Finance sold Bediako’s used car at a private sale. In her Complaint, she contends that Honda Finance violated the CLEC provisions by failing to provide her with a notice giving the exact location, time and date her car would be sold.
In his opinion in Scott v. Nuvell Financial Services, LLC,
In Scott v. Nuvell Financial Services, Plaintiffs, vehicle owners, filed suit against their creditors after the vehicles were repossessed alleging that these creditors “failed to comply with CLEC’s notice and accounting requirements applicable to private sales and are therefore barred from collecting any alleged deficiency balance.” Id. at 641. The Court emphasized that the “critical question” is whether the manner in which the repossessed vehicles were sold amounted to public or private sales. Id. The court reasoned that a public sale only requires a “post-sale disclosure to consist only of a written statement to the borrower detailing how the sale proceeds were distributed” whereas a private sale “implicates a number of additional disclosure requirements, including the purchaser’s name and address, the number of bids sought and received, and any information about the vehicle’s condition at the time of repossession that would cause its value to differ from the market value for goods of like kind and quality.” Id. The reason for this difference is that public sales, or auctions, are subject to open, public competitive bidding, thus making the additional disclosure requirements governing private sales unnecessary. Id. at 644.
From a fair reading of § 12-1021(j), aided by the excellent analysis made by Judge Motz, several key conclusions can be reached:
First, a credit grantor may sell a repossessed vehicle either at a private sale or at a public auction.
Second, a private sale, by its very nature, is not one that takes place in an open auction-like setting, but typically is accomplished privately by the receipt of bids that are received over a period of time in writing or other form of communication. Thus, there is no real “time, date and place” in the case of a private sale at which a defaulting borrower could attend, participate and monitor the public bidding process. All that is important for the protection of the vehicle owner in the case of a private sale is notice of the last date by which his or her vehicle can be redeemed.
Third, both types of sales are required to be conducted in a commercially reasonable manner, but more detailed post-sale disclosure requirements are imposed in the case of private sales. The obvious purpose of the post-sale disclosure requirements in the case of a private sale is to assure that the private sale was, indeed, conducted in a commercially reasonable manner.
Thus, § 12 — 1021(j), does not require compliance with the “date time and place” notice requirements of § 12-1021(j)(l)(ii) in the case of private sales; rather, private sales are subject to the requirement that they be conducted in a commercially reasonable manner as mandated by § 12-1021(j)(l)(iii), and with detailed post-sale disclosures. As an added protection in the case of private sales, § 12 — 1021(j)(3) authorizes the “Commissioner of Financial Regulation to make a determination con
The notice given to Bediako of Honda Finance’s intended sale of her car advised her that it would be a private sale and that it would take place sometime after May 15, 2005. Since it was not to be a public auction sale but rather a private sale (conducted in most cases behind closed doors), there would be no point in giving a date, time and location of a sale. This point was underscored in an opinion authored by Judge Ellen Hollander (now a judge of this Court) in which the Court of Special Appeals in Gambo v. Bank of Maryland,
Accordingly, the Court concludes that Honda Finance fully complied with all applicable CLEC provisions when it conducted the private sale of Bediako’s car and, to the extent that her claim is not barred by limitations or the absence of any damages, it is insufficient as a matter of law.
b. Count Two: Breach of Contract
Count Two of Bediako’s Complaint asserts that the RISC was violated because it incorporated the CLEC provisions and, in turn, the CLEC provisions were violated. Because the Court has concluded that the alleged CLEC violations are untimely, lacking any damage, and insufficient as a matter of law, Bediako’s breach of contract claim asserting violations of CLEC fails as well.
c. Count Three: Consumer Protection Act
In Count Three, Bediako asserts a violation of the Maryland Consumer Protection Act which, as noted above, is entirely derivative of Bediako’s CLEC violation claim.
d. Count Four: Restitution and Unjust Enrichment
Finally, Bediako asserts a claim for restitution and unjust enrichment premised upon the same CLEC violations serving as
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will, by separate Order, grant the Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss and dismiss the Complaint with prejudice.
ORDER
For the reasons stated in the accompanying Memorandum Opinion, it is this 28th day of March, 2012, by the United States District Court for the District of Maryland,
ORDERED, that Plaintiffs Motion for Leave to File Supplemental Materials [ECF No. 15] is GRANTED; and it is further
ORDERED, that Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss [ECF No. 3] is GRANTED and the Complaint is DISMISSED with prejudice; and it is further
ORDERED, that judgment for costs be entered in favor of the Defendant; and it is further
ORDERED, that that the Clerk is directed to CLOSE the case.
Notes
. A claim for declaratory relief was dropped.
. In Green v. Ford Motor Credit Co.,
. The three payments made by Bediako in 2008 do not change the analysis. The wrongs of which she complains occurred at the time of the sale of her car in 2005. The payments made by her in 2008, assuming a viable claim based on CLEC violations, are simply damages flowing from the wrong occurring in 2005, and do not result in a new limitations period. See Hood v. Aurora Loan Services,
. See infra Section B.l
. The CLEC provisions governing sales of repossessed property are contained in § 12-1021 (j) of the Commercial Law Article and read as follows:
(j)(l)(i) Subject to subsection (l) of this section, the credit grantor shall sell the property that was repossessed at:
1. Subject to paragraph (2) of this subsection, a private sale; or
2. A public auction.
(ii) At least 10 days before the sale, the credit grantor shall notify the consumer borrower in writing of the time and place of the sale, by certified mail, return receipt requested, sent to the consumer borrower's last known address.
(iii) Any sale of repossessed property must be accomplished in a commercially reasonable manner.
(2) In all cases of a private sale of repossessed goods under this section, a full accounting shall be made to the borrower in writing and the seller shall retain a copy of this accounting for at least 24 months. This accounting shall contain the following information:
(i) The unpaid balance at the time the goods were repossessed;
(ii) The refund credit of unearned finance charges and insurance premiums, if any;
(iii) The remaining net balance;
(iv) The proceeds of the sale of the goods;
(v) The remaining deficiency balance, if any, or the amount due the buyer;
(vi) All expenses incurred as a result of the sale;
(vii) The purchaser’s name, address, and business address;
(viii) The number of bids sought and received; and
(ix) Any statement as to the condition of the goods at the time of repossession which would cause their value to be increased or decreased above or below the market value for goods of like kind and quality.
(3) The Commissioner of Financial Regulation may make a determination concerning any private sale that the sale was not accomplished in a commercially reasonable manner. Upon that determination, the Commissioner may enter an order disallowing any claim for a deficiency balance.
. The legislative history of CLEC confirms that the reason that Maryland imposed additional post-sale disclosure requirements on private sales is "to prevent [a] favored buyer ... that [is] not 'bona fide’ (commercially reasonable)” from purchasing the vehicle below the market price. See Legislative History of S.B. 839, 1987 Leg. Sess. (Md.1987).
. It does not appear that Bediako took advantage of this complaint process.
. CLEC violations are not "per se violations of the [MCPA].” Pittman v. Allright Mortg. Co.,