364 N.W.2d 286 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1984
BEAUCHAMP
v.
DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Steve J. Polich, P.C. (by Roy P. Polich) for plaintiff.
McNeil, Mouw, Celello & Torreano (by John A. Torreano), for defendant.
Before: R.M. MAHER, P.J., and J.H. GILLIS and GRIBBS, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiffs appeal as of right from the trial court's order granting defendant's motion for summary judgment pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(1).[1] Plaintiffs had sued defendant in circuit court for damages arising from plaintiff Ronald Beauchamp's exposure to chemicals on the job. In their complaint, plaintiffs alleged (1) "That defendant * * * intentionally misrepresented and fraudulently concealed the potential danger to plaintiff Ron Beauchamp's, physical well being from exposure to said chemical[s]"; (2) "That defendant * * * intentionally assaulted plaintiff, Ronald Beauchamp, exposing him to said dangerous chemicals without his knowledge and/or consent"; (3) "That defendant * * * committed the extreme and outrageous act of exposing plaintiff, Ronald Beauchamp, to said chemicals" and "That defendant * * * had knowledge of the dangerous potential of exposure to said chemicals and, therefore, intended to inflict plaintiff * * * with severe emotional distress"; and (4) "As part of plaintiff, Ronald Beauchamp's, contract of employment, Dow Chemical Company, agreed to provide safe working conditions" and "That allowing plaintiff * * * to be exposed to said chemicals was a breach of said employment contract". *702 The trial court held that plaintiffs' exclusive remedy was pursuant to the Worker's Disability Compensation Act, MCL 418.131; MSA 17.237(131), and granted summary judgment to defendant.
We believe that the trial court correctly granted summary judgment as to the first two allegations but erred in granting it as to the second pair. This holding is premised on our understanding that an allegation of a "true" intentional tort is not within the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA. In so interpreting the WDCA, we join in the position of Judge T.M. BURNS, as expressed in his concurrence in Barnes v Double Seal Glass Co, Inc, 129 Mich App 66, 78; 341 NW2d 812 (1983).
Various panels of this Court have held that the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA does not bar recovery in circuit court for an injury arising from an intentional tort. Seals v Henry Ford Hospital, 123 Mich App 329; 333 NW2d 272 (1983); Kissinger v Mannor, 92 Mich App 572; 285 NW2d 214 (1979); Broaddus v Ferndale Fastener Div, Ring Screw Works, 84 Mich App 593; 269 NW2d 689 (1978), lv den 403 Mich 850 (1978). However, as discussed in Judge BURNS' concurrence in Barnes, merely because the plaintiff has alleged what he claims to be an intentional tort does not mean that the plaintiff is therefore automatically outside the act. Genson v Bofors-Lakeway, Inc, 122 Mich App 470; 332 NW2d 507 (1983). For instance, in a suit against an employer, the injured employee may not merely claim that the employer intentionally injured him when the gravamen of the suit is a claim of assault against co-workers acting independently of the employer. Unless the employee alleges that the employer intended the co-workers to assault the employee, the complaint in essence alleges only that the employer was *703 negligent in permitting the assault. Such a claim properly belongs within the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA. See Burgess v Holloway Construction Co, 123 Mich App 505; 332 NW2d 584 (1983), and McKinley v Holiday Inn, 115 Mich App 160; 320 NW2d 329 (1982), lv den 417 Mich 890 (1983). "In order to allege an intentional tort outside the act, the plaintiff must allege that the employer intended the injury itself and not merely the activity leading to the injury." Barnes, supra, 129 Mich App 80.
In applying this standard to the allegations made in this case, we find that the first allegation alleges only that defendant intentionally concealed the potential danger of exposure to chemicals from plaintiff. While an intentional act is alleged, an intentional tort is not. There is no allegation that defendant intentionally concealed the danger with the intent to injure plaintiff. The same criticism applies to the second allegation. While an assault is an intentional tort, plaintiff's specific description of the "assault" reduces it to a claim of intentional exposure to chemicals without the plaintiff's knowledge or consent.[2] However, the third allegation clearly alleges both an intentional act by the employer and an intentional injury caused by that act. Because this allegation properly alleges an intentional tort, we hold that it is not barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA and may be brought in circuit court. This holding is supported by prior decisions of this Court. Broaddus, supra, and Slayton v Michigan Host, Inc, 122 Mich App 411; 332 NW2d 498 (1983).
Plaintiffs' final allegation is a count of breach of contract. This claim, like a claim of sex discrimination, *704 is clearly outside the scope of the WDCA. Slayton, supra; Pacheco v Clifton, 109 Mich App 563; 311 NW2d 801 (1981), lv gtd 417 Mich 888 (1983), and Stimson v Michigan Bell Telephone Co, 77 Mich App 361; 258 NW2d 227 (1977). The distinction between contractual claims and claims properly brought within the WDCA was accurately made in Milton v Oakland County, 50 Mich App 279, 283-284; 213 NW2d 250 (1973):
"In Sheppard v Michigan National Bank, 348 Mich 577; 83 NW2d 614 (1957), the Court articulated the purpose of the act as providing a method of compensating workmen for industrial injuries upon the basis of trade risks relating to the industry and charged as a part of the cost to it. Similarly, the Court in Crilly v Ballou, 353 Mich 303, 308; 91 NW2d 493, 496 (1958), stated:
"`The consuming public, not charity, public or private, must foot the bill for work-incurred injuries.' (Emphasis added.)
"Thus, we are struck with the obvious that the Workmen's Compensation Act is designed to compensate physical and mental work-related injuries.
"A review of plaintiff's various claims in his civil suit against defendant reveal a combination of physical or mental injuries and damages created by defendant's alleged breach of the employment contract for violation of the governing merit system. It is beyond question that plaintiff's claims falling within this latter category, if proved, cannot be classified as industrial injuries within the meaning of the Workmen's Compensation Act. While plaintiff's alleged injuries for muscle fatigue and mental depression fall within the act as his exclusive remedy, plaintiff has a right to judicial review of his claims for additional compensation, improper discharge, and violation of the merit-system rules. The distinction between compensation for industrial injuries and damages arising from the employment relationship which are contractual in nature is undeniable." (Footnotes omitted.)
*705 We concur in this analysis and would reverse the trial court as to counts III and IV of plaintiffs' complaint. Plaintiffs are entitled to the damages ordinarily available for intentional infliction of emotional distress and breach of contract, although they may not recover twice for those damages compensable in workers' compensation.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
J.H. GILLIS, J. (dissenting).
I dissent. Although artfully drafted to appear otherwise, plaintiffs' complaint seeks recovery for personal injuries which fall within the exclusive remedy provision of the Worker's Disability Compensation Act, MCL 418.131; MSA 17.237(131). I would therefore affirm the trial court's grant of summary judgment in favor of the defendant.
I base my conclusion in part upon my skepticism regarding the so-called "intentional torts" exception to the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA. While I recognize that support exists in some of the decisions of this Court for such an exception, Kissinger v Mannor, 92 Mich App 572; 285 NW2d 214 (1979), I would agree that the statement of support contained in Kissinger for such an exception "has little precedential value because it is expressly limited to an intentional tort such as the one then before the Court and because the Court was careful to point out that the case fell within other exceptions to the exclusive remedy provision". Genson v Bofors-Lakeway, Inc, 122 Mich App 470, 477; 332 NW2d 507 (1983). I agree with the Genson Court's conclusion that:
"We cannot say either that the Legislature clearly intended a separate exception for intentional torts not falling within one of the other exceptions or that public policy so clearly requires such a result as to justify our *706 creation of a legal fiction. We decline to create a separate exception to the exclusive remedy provision for intentional torts." Genson, p 478.
The proper focus in cases where the applicability of the exclusive remedy provision is raised is on "`whether the injuries themselves fall [sic] within the purview of the act, irrespective of the nature of the employer's acts'". Barnes v Double Seal Glass Co, Inc, 129 Mich App 66, 73; 341 NW2d 812 (1983), citing Sewell v Bathey Manufacturing Co, 103 Mich App 732, 737-738; 303 NW2d 876 (1981). See also Genson, supra; Slayton v Michigan Host, Inc, 122 Mich App 411; 332 NW2d 498 (1983). More specifically, I would reaffirm the questions proposed in Neal v Roura Iron Works, Inc, 66 Mich App 273, 275; 238 NW2d 837 (1975), as the proper method to resolve this issue:
"(1) Were the `conditions of liability under the act' present at the time of plaintiff's injury?, (2) Is plaintiff seeking to recover damages for personal injuries?, and (3) Is plaintiff's suit based upon the employer-employee relationship?" Neal, p 275.
Under this test, it is clear that even the third and fourth counts of the plaintiffs' complaint are barred by the exclusive remedy provision. Obviously, the suit is based upon the employer-employee relationship. It is also clear that, even under the breach of contract claim, plaintiffs are seeking to recover damages for personal injuries within the contemplation of the WDCA. Under both counts, plaintiffs seek damages because the claimant "has been physically and mentally affected" by the chemical exposure, "causing numerous bodily malfunctions".
In conclusion, I repeat my observations at the outset. Plaintiffs' complaint is nothing more than *707 a clever and artful attempt to avoid the exclusive remedy provision's bar to the maintenance of a civil action. Plaintiffs seek recovery for personal injuries which arose out of and in the course of the employment, and thus I would affirm the judgment of the trial court.
NOTES
[1] Defendant's motion should, more properly, have been for accelerated judgment pursuant to GCR 1963, 116.1(2).
[2] Almost identical claims were rejected in Genson, supra, and Cole v Dow Chemical Co, 112 Mich App 198; 315 NW2d 565 (1982), lv den 417 Mich 889 (1983).