765 N.W.2d 608 | Mich. | 2009
Joshua BEASLEY, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
STATE of Michigan, and Raymond A. Miles, Defendants-Appellants.
Supreme Court of Michigan.
Order
On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the August 22, 2008 order of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
MARILYN J. KELLY, C.J., (concurring).
Plaintiff was injured in an automobile accident involving a state-owned vehicle driven by a state employee. The employee reported the accident to the state, which assigned the matter to its contractual insurance administrator, Crawford and Company. James Turner, who worked for Crawford, contacted plaintiff and gave him the claim number assigned to the accident.
Turner obtained information from plaintiff about the accident and his injuries. Later, plaintiff's attorney advised Crawford to forward all future correspondence and inquiries to him. Over the next few months, plaintiff's attorney and Crawford exchanged letters and medical records about plaintiff's injuries. Turner eventually advised plaintiff's attorney that the state would not settle.
Plaintiff then sued both the driver and the state. Defendant sought summary disposition relying on Rowland v. Washtenaw Co. Rd. Comm.,[1] claiming that plaintiff had failed to comply with the six-month notice requirement of MCL 600.6431(3). The Court of Claims denied the motion, and the Court of Appeals denied leave to appeal.
Defendant here renews its argument that plaintiff failed to comply with the notice requirement in MCL 600.6431(3). It contends that the reasoning in Rowland is directly applicable to this case. However, it is not. Rowland interpreted the notice provision of MCL 691.1404(1). This case is governed by an entirely different provisionMCL 600.6431(3). Therefore, although Rowland may be similar to this case, it is distinguishable. Rowland does not dictate the outcome here because it involves a different statutory provision.
Justice Corrigan asserts that the Court "simply ignores precedents with which it disagrees." She is mistaken. In each of the cases in which Justice Corrigan claims the Court has ignored precedent, including this one, the Court has simply denied leave to appeal. When the Court denies leave to appeal, it does not comment on the merits of a case. Likewise, it is "well-settled that nothing of precedential significance should be deduced from an order of this Court denying leave [to appeal]."[2]
Nor would it be accurate to assert that, by denying leave, the Court implicitly ignored precedent in these cases. For example, Justice Corrigan claims that in Vanslembrouck v. Halperin,[3] the Court ignored *609 Vega v. Lakeland Hosps.[4] However, Vanslembrouck is distinguishable from Vega because Vega determined that MCL 600.5851(1) is a saving provision, whereas Vanslembrouck held that MCL 600.5851(7) is a statute of limitations. Thus, these cases examined the effect of altogether different statutory provisions.
Justice Corrigan also claims that in Hardacre v. Saginaw Vascular Services,[5] the Court failed to follow Boodt v. Borgess Med. Ctr.[6] However, in Hardacre, the Court denied leave to appeal because the allegations in the plaintiff's notice of intent to find an action did not need to comply with Boodt. In Hardacre, the burden of explication of the standard of care was minimal.[7]
Nor did the Court "ignore precedents with which it disagrees" in Sazima v. Shepherd Bar & Restaurant.[8] Justice Corrigan claims that the Court failed to follow Chrysler v. Blue Arrow Transport Lines.[9] However, Sazima involved exceptions to the "going and coming" rule as set forth in Camburn v. Northwest School Dist.[10] Thus, the Court was not bound by Chrysler.
Finally, Justice Corrigan claims the Court ignored Smith v. Khouri[11] when it decided Juarez v. Holbrook.[12] However, in Juarez, it was undisputed that the trial court performed a reasonableness analysis in calculating the proper attorney fee award. Therefore, a remand in light of Smith was unnecessary.
Simply put, Justice Corrigan would prefer that the Court extend precedent to facts and circumstances that the precedent does not reach. She erroneously contends that, by denying leave to appeal and not extending the precedent, the Court is undermining predictability in the law.[13]
In summary, I concur in the Court's order denying defendant's application for leave to appeal in this case. I also reject as inaccurate Justice Corrigan's contention that the Court has been ignoring precedent.
CORRIGAN, J., (dissenting).
In this personal injury case arising from a motor vehicle collision with a state-owned vehicle driven by a state employee, I would remand to the Court of Appeals for consideration as on leave granted. Defendant, the state of Michigan, argues with some force that plaintiff's claim may not be maintained because he did not file the *610 statutorily required notice of his claim within six months of his accident.
The notice provision in MCL 600.6431 provides:
(1) No claim may be maintained against the state unless the claimant, within 1 year after such claim has accrued, files in the office of the clerk of the court of claims either a written claim or a written notice of intention to file a claim against the state or any of its departments, commissions, boards, institutions, arms or agencies, stating the time when and the place where such claim arose and in detail the nature of the same and of the items of damage alleged or claimed to have been sustained, which claim or notice shall be signed and verified by the claimant before an officer authorized to administer oaths.
(2) Such claim or notice shall designate any department, commission, board, institution, arm or agency of the state involved in connection with such claim, and a copy of such claim or notice shall be furnished to the clerk at the time of the filing of the original for transmittal to the attorney general and to each of the departments, commissions, boards, institutions, arms or agencies designated.
(3) In all actions for property damage or personal injuries, claimant shall file with the clerk of the court of claims a notice of intention to file a claim or the claim itself within 6 months following the happening of the event giving rise to the cause of action. [Emphasis added.]
The statutory language is clear. Subsections 1 and 3 together provide that in all actions for personal injuries, "[n]o claim may be maintained against the state" unless the claimant files the required notice of the claim or the claim itself within 6 months of the accrual of the claim. Here, it is undisputed that plaintiff filed no notice whatsoever and that he did not file his claim until approximately three years after the accident.
Plaintiff's failure to file the required notice in the Court of Claims bars his action regardless whether, as the Court of Claims found, the state's "insurance carrier was put on notice regarding this claim." Statutory notice provisions must be enforced as written. In Rowland v. Washtenaw Co. Rd. Comm., 477 Mich. 197, 731 N.W.2d 41 (2007), the plaintiff filed a written notice after 140 days, thus failing to meet the 120-day deadline of the notice provision in the highway exception to governmental immunity, MCL 691.1404(1). This Court rejected earlier caselaw[14] that had assumed notice provisions are unconstitutional if they do not contain a prejudice requirement. Rowland, supra at 210, 731 N.W.2d 41. This Court agreed with Justice Riley's dissent in Brown v. Manistee Co. Rd. Comm., 452 Mich. 354, 550 N.W.2d 215 (1996), that the notice provision is social legislation that has a rational basis. "`Notice provisions rationally and reasonably provide the state with the opportunity to investigate and evaluate a claim.'" Rowland, supra at 210, 731 N.W.2d 41, quoting Brown, supra at 370, 550 N.W.2d 215 (Riley, J., dissenting). Other reasons for requiring notice include "allowing time for creating reserves for the [Motor Vehicle Accident Claims] Fund, reducing the uncertainty of the extent of future demands, or even to force the claimant to an early choice regarding how to proceed." Rowland, supra at 212, 731 N.W.2d 41, citing the dissent in the consolidated cases of Lisee v. Secretary of State, 388 Mich. 32, *611 199 N.W.2d 188 and Howell v. Lazaruk, 388 Mich. 32, 199 N.W.2d 188 (1972). All these reasons provided a rational basis that assured the constitutionality of the notice provision. Rowland, supra at 212, 731 N.W.2d 41.
The notice provision at issue here is substantively identical to the provision in Rowland. It provides that "[n]o claim may be maintained against the state" unless the notice is filed in the Court of Claims within the prescribed time. Plaintiff did not file any notice. The Court of Claims holding that the state had notice "because the [state's] insurance carrier was put on notice regarding this claim" is completely at odds with this Court's holding in Rowland.
The failure of the Court of Claims to enforce the notice requirement subverts both the language and the purpose of the statutory directive. MCL 600.6431, by requiring the filing in the Court of Claims of a signed and verified notice "stating the time when and the place where such claim arose and in detail the nature of the same and of the items of damage alleged or claimed to have been sustained," ensures that the notice will afford the state an opportunity to evaluate the claim and prepare for potential litigation. It also forces the claimant to specify "in detail" the nature of the claim and the types of damages alleged. By contrast, a mere informal communication with an insurance representative does not provide notice in the statutorily required manner that would assist the state in its evaluation and preparation of the case, nor does it force the claimant to make an early choice on how to proceed in the same way as does the signed and verified written notice required by MCL 600.6431.
In short, the statute requires the claimant to file a particular type of notice in a particular place, the Court of Claims. Nothing in the statute permits notice to be communicated informally through an insurance representative. The judicial branch does not possess the authority to override the Legislature's chosen method of providing notice.
Finally, the new majority's failure to abide by Rowland continues a growing and troubling trend. Rather than forthrightly overruling that decision, it is increasingly becoming the practice of this Court to simply ignore precedents with which it disagrees. See, e.g., Vanslembrouck v. Halperin, 483 Mich. ____, 763 N.W.2d 919 (2009), in which the new majority ignored Vega v. Lakeland Hospitals, 479 Mich. 243, 244, 736 N.W.2d 561 (2007); Hardacre v. Saginaw Vascular Services, 483 Mich. 918, 762 N.W.2d 527 (2009), in which it failed to follow Boodt v. Borgess Med. Ctr., 481 Mich. 558, 751 N.W.2d 44 (2008); Sazima v. Shepherd Bar & Restaurant, 483 Mich. ____, 762 N.W.2d 924 (2009), in which it failed to follow Chrysler v. Blue Arrow Transport Lines, 295 Mich. 606, 295 N.W. 331 (1940); and Camburn v. Northwest School Dist. (After Remand), 459 Mich. 471, 592 N.W.2d 46 (1999), and Juarez v. Holbrook, 483 Mich. ____, 764 N.W.2d 216 (2009), in which it failed to follow Smith v. Khouri, 481 Mich. 519, 751 N.W.2d 472 (2008).
In her concurrence, Chief Justice Kelly attempts to explain away the new majority's actions by sharing her views regarding the prior caselaw that the new majority has otherwise chosen to ignore. But Chief Justice Kelly's interpretation of a prior case in a concurring statement is not a decision of the Court. More importantly, her argument overlooks the fundamental problem: the new majority's continuing failure to explain its apparent disregard of this Court's precedent undermines the predictability and stability of the rule of law.
*612 In Van Orden v. Perry, 545 U.S. 677, 697, 125 S.Ct. 2854, 162 L.Ed.2d 607 (2005), a concurring justice similarly criticized the United States Supreme Court's Establishment Clause precedents as being so flexible that they were "incapable of consistent application." The concurring justice explained that "[t]he unintelligibility of this Court's precedent raises the further concern that, either in appearance or in fact, adjudication of Establishment Clause challenges turns on judicial predilections.... The outcome of constitutional cases ought to rest on firmer grounds than the personal preferences of judges." Id. (Thomas, J., concurring).
The concerns expressed in Van Orden find ample support in United States Supreme Court caselaw, which has long recognized the importance of a coherent body of law. See, e.g., Hilton v. South Carolina Pub. Railways Comm., 502 U.S. 197, 202, 112 S.Ct. 560, 116 L.Ed.2d 560 (1991) (stating that adherence to precedent promotes stability and predictability). Legal principles should not change erratically; rather, the law should "develop in a principled and intelligible fashion." Vasquez v. Hillery, 474 U.S. 254, 265, 106 S.Ct. 617, 88 L.Ed.2d 598 (1986) (emphasis added). "While stare decisis is not an inexorable command, the careful observer will discern that any detours from the straight path of stare decisis in our past have occurred for articulable reasons...." Id. at 266, 106 S.Ct. 617 (emphasis added).
On this Court, the new majority offers no articulable reasons whatsoever for its apparent detours from stare decisis. Instead, the majority declines to explain whetherand, if so, whyit is overruling precedent despite the obvious appearance that it is doing so. If it intends to alter legal principles embedded in this Court's decisions, then the new majority should explain its reasons clearly and intelligibly. Instead, the new majority overrules by indirection, or at least leaves the impression that it is doing so, thereby sowing the seeds of confusion and making it difficult for the citizens of this state to comprehend precisely what our caselaw requires. This appears to be an unfortunate return to our predecessors' past practice of "frequently pa[ying] little attention to the inconsistencies among its cases and declin[ing] to reduce confusion in [the Court's] jurisprudence by overruling conflicting decisions." Devillers v. Auto Club Ins. Ass'n, 473 Mich. 562, 571 n. 19, 702 N.W.2d 539 (2005).
Accordingly, I would remand this case to the Court of Appeals for consideration as on leave granted. Defendant advances a compelling argument that because plaintiff did not file the statutorily required notice in the Court of Claims within six months of his accident, his claim may not be maintained under the plain language of MCL 600.6431.
YOUNG and MARKMAN, JJ., join the statement of CORRIGAN, J.
NOTES
[1] Rowland v. Washtenaw Co. Rd. Comm., 477 Mich. 197, 731 N.W.2d 41 (2007).
[2] Forton v. Laszar, 463 Mich. 969, 971, 622 N.W.2d 61 (2001) (Kelly, J., concurring), citing Tebo v. Havlik, 418 Mich. 350, 363 n. 2, 343 N.W.2d 181 (1984); see also MCR 7.321.
[3] Vanslembrouck v. Halperin, 483 Mich. ____, 763 N.W.2d 919 (2009).
[4] Vega v. Lakeland Hosps., 479 Mich. 243, 736 N.W.2d 561 (2007).
[5] Hardacre v. Saginaw Vascular Services, 483 Mich. 918, 762 N.W.2d 527 (2009).
[6] Boodt v. Borgess Med. Ctr., 481 Mich. 558, 751 N.W.2d 44 (2008).
[7] See Roberts v. Mecosta Co. Gen. Hosp. (After Remand), 470 Mich. 679, 694 n. 12, 684 N.W.2d 711 (2004).
[8] Sazima v. Shepherd Bar & Restaurant, 483 Mich. ____, 762 N.W.2d 924 (2009).
[9] Chrysler v. Blue Arrow Transport Lines, 295 Mich. 606, 295 N.W. 331 (1940).
[10] Camburn v. Northwest School Dist., 459 Mich. 471, 478, 592 N.W.2d 46 (1999).
[11] Smith v. Khouri, 481 Mich. 519, 751 N.W.2d 472 (2008).
[12] Juarez v. Holbrook, 483 Mich. ____, 764 N.W.2d 216 (2009).
[13] Justice Corrigan wishes to extend the Court's reasoning in Rowland to MCL 600.6431(3) based on her belief that to hold otherwise would "subvert[] both the language and the purpose of the statutory directive." Post at 5. I reiterate that, unless this case involves MCL 691.1404(1), which it most clearly does not, our decision to deny leave to appeal is not an "apparent detour[] from stare decisis." Post at 6.
[14] See Hobbs v. Dep't of State Hwys, 398 Mich. 90, 96, 247 N.W.2d 754 (1976), and Brown v. Manistee Co. Rd. Comm., 452 Mich. 354, 356-357, 550 N.W.2d 215 (1996).