22 Ky. 430 | Ky. Ct. App. | 1828
This case involves, 1st, the merit and demerits of conflicting adversary claims derived from tile State of Virginia, depending upon ru]es for determining the precision and specialty of entries: 2dly, The construction of the compact between the State of Virginia, and the State of Kentucky.
By bill exhibited in March, 1821, the complainant, Beard and wife, ask relief against a judgment in ejectment obtained by Smith, J
The complainants rely upon this entry:
“June 2d, 1180.”
“Arthur Campbell enters 600 acres upon Ty. Wf. on Elat creek, about two miles northwest, of the main Gap of Cumberland mountain, on the road passing to Kentucky, from Powell’s valley, to begin at the said road, and to extend up in the forks of said creek, including the right hand fork for quantity.”
“Surveyed 8th February, 1796‘”
“Patented to Arthur Campbell, 8th November, 1796.”
The defendant derives his claim under an entry for William M’Elwee, of the 22d January, 1787, for 1000 acres, surveyed, 21st March, 1787; patented 3d June, 1795, to William M’Elwee.
The defendant relies first on the want of special* ty and precision in the entry of Campbell: Secondly, that the said entry has become void, because not surveyed within the time prescribed by the laws of Virginia, and he claims the full benefit and protec-
• The failure to call the stream Yellow creek, as it was generally then called, does not vitiate the entry.
The description, given by reference to the course and distance from the Cumberland Gap, will fit no other stream but Yellow creek. The Cumberland Gap was as universally known as Yellow creek; the reference from the Gap, by the northwest course, distance of two miles, was not deceptive, nor misleading, but unerringly certain to lead the enquirer to Yellow creek, as that called Flat creek in this entry.
No decision has yet required of a locator, that his description should be the best that was possible. If not misleading, certain to a common intent, and sufficient to lead others, using reasonable diligence to the place; it has been heretofore decided to be sufficient. (Johnson vs. Nall, pr. dec. 393; Roberts vs. Huff, Hard. 382; Bush vs. Todd, 1 Bibb, 64, 65; Whitaker vs. Hall, 1 Bibb, 73, 75; Hite vs. Graham and Grayson, 2 Bibb, 144.) A mistake or defect in one part of the description may be corrected or supplied by accuracy employed in another part. (Craig vs. Machir, 1 Bibb, 12; Swearingen vs. Smith, 1 Bibb, 92; Smith vs. Harrow, 1 Bibb, 102, 104; Taylor vs. Kincaid, Hard. 82; Helm’s heirs vs. Craig, Hard. 112; Respass vs. Arnold, Hard. 113; Markham vs. M’Gee, Hard. 374; Lee vs. Wall, Hard. 430; Speed vs. Wilson, pr. dec. 92; Blaine vs. Thompson, 3 Bibb, 143; Fowler vs. Halbert, 3 Bibb, 387; Lipscomb vs. Grubbs, 3 Bibb, 400; Bradford vs. Patterson, 4 Bibb, 587; Evans’ heirs vs. Manson’s executor, 1 Bibb, 5 to 7.) In the case of E
The existence of the road which is claimed by the complainant, (crossing big and little Yellow creek, above their junction,) before the date of this entry, and ever since, for it is now the great State road, cannot be denied. The number of affirmative witnesses of unimpeached characters, carry conviction to the mind, that this road did exist long before 1780, and then, and even since, and that it was a road generally used. These affimative witnesses, so many in number, must countervail all effort to prove the negative by witnesses, who knew the other crossing lower down the creek, but did not know this.
' Taking it as proved, that both roads existed in June, 1780. Yet no uncertainty hence arises. The description in the entry identifies the road Intended, the one will lead to the forks of the creek, the other road will not, the lower road will not fit the description of the entry; it will give neither the forks of a creek, whereof the right hand fork can be included, nor any creek near the distance called for.
The description in the entry does very aptly and certainly fit, and adapt the location to Yellow creek, and to the upper road crossing above the junction of the two forks, called upon the plat, big'and little Yellow creek.
The entry of Campbell is valid. As to the greater part of the land, intended by the locator to be appropriated, no doubt exists.
The difficulty is in ascertaining the exterior lines which are to circumscribe the whole. The forks of the creek, the road, and including the right hand fork, are objects used for special location. We see from the entry, that both creeks, the left hand and right hand fork, were in the mind of the locator; he
The locator seems to have had in mind the whole distance on the road between the two forks, “to begin at the said road, and to extend up in the forks,” plainly indicates the whole distance on the road from fork to fork. That the locator so intended, is also signified by the next words “including the right hand fork for quantity.” This last expres
The whole of the road between the forks, and so far up Little Yellow creek with its meanders on the north westwardly side thereof, and so far along the road on the north side of Big Yellow creek, should he taken, as will give the base of a square área of six hundred acres, when reduced to a right line, that base to be bisected by a point on the road, at the crossing of the right hand fork, called Big Yellow creek; from the extremities of the haseso taken, construct the survey for the quantity up tiie right hand fork, by lines parallel to the general course of the said fork, as far as’will be included in this survey, the closing line to be at right angles to these parallel lines; and so the said general course of the right hand fork, bisecting the survey as nearly as practicable. This mode of surveying will conform to the principles of construction, in the cases of Davis vs. Lockhart’s heirs, (Hard. 368,), Whitaker vs. Hall, (1 Bibb, 79,) Kincaid vs. Taylor, (2 Bibb, 122.) The governing description for obtaining the quantity in this entry is, “including the right hand fork,” such description of including a road or a stream, has, I think, been invariably construed to put an equal quantity on eacb side, as near as may be, in all cases where the base was not fixed and determined, but in whole, or in part) to be directed by construction. In this case the base line is to be ascertained by construction. I think the road and space between the two streams, and up the left hand fork is described sufficiently, as the northwardly boundary; but the distance up the left hand fork and along the road, is to be ascertained by construction,
The entry being special and precise, the defence under the compact between Virginia and Kentucky must be examined. It is agreed that the laws of Kentucky, extending the time for complying with the requisitions of the act of Virginia, of 1785, concerning surveys, are contrary to the compact and void, therefore, the entry of Campbell, of 1780, not surveyed until 1796, has become forfeited and void, ff this be so, then the elder grant must prevail, for a complainant in equity can recover only by the validity of his own claim, not by the weakness of his adversary’s.
The better to understand this defence, a view of the successive acts of Virginia and Kentucky, respecting surveys, becomes necessary.
By the act of 1779, (chan. rev. chap. 13, p. 95, 1 Litt. laws 411,) which prescribed the terms to purchasers and claimants, and constituted the land office, no time was limited for causing surveys to be made. The duties to be performed by the surveyors appointed by the government, were acts precedent to the duties to be performed by the owners of entries towards completing the surveys. It thus provided:
“Every chief surveyor shall proceed with all practicable despatch, to survey all lands entered for in his office, and shall, if the party live within his county, either give him personal notice of the time at which he will attend, to make such survey, or shall publish such notice by fixing an advertisement
By a previous section it is declared, “and every surveyor shall, at the time of making entries for persons not being inhabitants of his county, appoint a time for surveying their land, and give notice in writing to the persons making the same.”
The known and acknowledged history of this country, attests the fact, that the surveyors never have complied with those requisitions, (see Simpson vs. Register, pr. dec. p. 256.)
Under the original act, the public officer was bound to do the first act; until he performed that precedent act, the entry could not be forfeited for want of surveying.
The next act on the subject, is of 1784, (chap. 14, sect. 1 and 2, of October, sess. p. 7, 1 Litt. laws, p. 451,) it recites, “whereas several persons having early entries and locations for large tracts' of lands, in order to procrastinate the charge of surveying, and the payment of taxes, refuse or neglect to survey them, while others who have adjacent entries, and locations pf later date* are desirous to sue out grants, and pay taxes for their lands; in aid of the present mean's to compel surveys upon said entries; be it enacted, that all entries made in the county surveyor’s books, on the western waters, (other than entries made by virtue of officers’ and soldiers’ claims for military services,) before the passing of this act, shall be surveyed, and the sur-
Sec. 2. “So much of the said recited act, as directs, that all entries made before the passing of the said act, shall be surveyed by the first day of February next, or for the surveying all .future entries on the western waters within one year from the date thereof, be and the same is hereby repealed.”
Sec. 3. “And he it further enacted, That immediately after the first day of January, in the year 1787, the principal surveyor of every county on the western waters, shall, and he is hereby required to give notice to all persons claiming land by entry within his county, or to their agents, attornies or other persons acting in their behalf, either personally, or by affixing the same at the court house door, or other usual place of holding the courts of the said county, on two several court days, that he will proceed by himself or his deputies to survey the lands therein mentioned, on a day which he shall appoint, which day so appointed, shall be one month at least after the notice given, or last time of advertising of the same. And if any person, his agent and attorney, as aforesaid, shall fail or neglect to attend the surveyor with chain carriers, and a person to mark the lines as required by law, on the day appointed for that purpose, such entry shall become void, and the lands liable, &c” repeating the precise words of the act of 1779, before recited.
By this part of the act of 1785, as well as by the act of 1779, it is clear that the officer of the gov-
But the act further declares, “And the owners of entries already made, shall, on or before the said first day of January, appoint some person within the county where the lands lie, or their agent or attorney, who shall give notice of such appointment to' the surveyor within one month thereafter, or on failure thereof, his entry shall become void. Provided, that nothing in this or any other act, shall extend to forfeit or make void any entry claimed by infants or prisoners in captivity, but that all such persons shall have three years after their several disabilities are removed, to complete the same; provided also, that if on the day appointed by the surveyor for the surveying any entry as before directed, he shall be prevented by accident, or other cause from making the same, such entry shall not, in that case, become void; but tbe surveyor shall give other notice as often as such cases shall happen.”
By this third section of the act of 1785, compared with the act of 1779, it is obvious that the act of 1779, was not repealed; the first member of the section intended to stimulate the surveyor to perform the duties prescribed to him by the act of 1779, by assigning a day, immediately after which he was required to give the notice of the time when he would make each particular survey. Every candid mind who has ever looked into the entry books in Kentucky, and the volumes of entries made before the passage of the act of 1785, will acknowledge that act to have been theoretic legislation, impossible in practice. To require of the surveyors of Kentucky, immediately after the first day of January, 1787, to assign day, and give notice for surveying each particular unsurveyed entry, was imposing a duty beyond the powers and means of tbe surveyors. In practice the surveyors never did comply, it was impracticable. In the construction of this act of 1785,
The act of 1779, as well as theact of 1785, makes the attendance of the surveyor or his deputy, on the day appointed, indispensible to the forfeiture.
Upon the act of 1785, these suggestions present themselves: The forfeiture was to accrue, either by failure of the owner to attend according to notice, personally given to him, or by advertisement, or by his failure to appoint an agent and notify him to the surveyor; where the surveyor gave notice in either mode and failed to attend, no forfeiture accrued. The surveyor is not required to record his notices, given personally or by advertisement; nor to record his non attendance in person or by deputy according to notice; nor to record the notices to him given, of the appointments of agents. All these are matters in pais. If this act of 1785 had not been prolonged and finally substituted by another, different in terms, these queries would have
This session of the legislature of Virginia, commenced on Monday the sixteenth day of October, 1786, and this act took effect the first day of the session, the time of its passage must be sought by the journals.
The next act in order of time, is that of October session, 1788, (p. 13, chap. 21; 1 Litt. laws, p. 461.) The first section recites the act of 1785, and the provisions respecting the appointment of “agents or
"Be it therefore enacted by the General Assembly,. That the farther time of two years, shall be allowed to the owners of entries on the western waters, to comply with the requisitions of the above recited act, during which time ho such entry shall be forfeited.”
The next act was passed by the General Assembly of Virginia, at November session of 1790. It recites that the act of 1785, which was continued by subsequent acts, “will expire during the present session of Assembly, and it is expedient that the same should bé further continued: Be it therefore enacted by the General Assembly, That the further time of two years shall be allowed to the owners of entries on the western waters to comply with the requisitions of the above recited act, during which time no such entry shall be forfeited.” (1790, chap. 10, sec. 1, p. 7; 1 Litt. L. p. 462.)
The next act in order was that passed by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, approved 8th November, 1792; (1 Litt. L. 115; 2 Dig. 714.) This act recites that the act passed by the Assembly of Virginia of 1785, “which hath been continued by subsequent acts, will expire before the same can be complied with: Beit enacted by the General Assembly, That the above recited act be continued from the passage hereof, and the farther time of one year, from the first day of January next; be allowed the owners of entries to comply with the requisitions of the same, during which time no such entry shall be forfeited.”
The act passed 7th December, 1793, (1 Litt. L. 172; 2 Dig. 714,) alludes to the act of 1785, and continuing acts of Virginia, and one of Kentucky, and then enacts, “That the further time of two years
The act approved December 15th, 1795, ( 1 Litt. 288; 2 Dig. 717,) recites: “Whereas the time for surveying of entries will expire on the first day of January next, also an act entitled, an act giving further time to the owners of plaits and certificates to return the same, will expire at the end of the present session, therefore: Be it enacted by the General Assembly, That there be allowed until the last day of November, one thousand seven hundred and ninety seven, to the owners of entries to,survey the same; (this act gives further time also for returning platts and certificates of survey to the Register’s office,) any law to the contrary notwithstanding.’)
By the act approved November 29th, 1797, (1 Litt. L. 696; 2 Dig. 717,) it is recited, “Whereas it appears that an act passed by the Assembly of Virginia, in the year of our Lord, 1785, entitled, an act to repeal an act entitled, an act concerning entries and surveys on the western waters, which has been continued by subsequent acts of the legislature of Virginia and this State, may subject the owners of entries to forfeiture of the same, if the requisitions of the said acts should .,:ot be complied with; for remedy whereof,
“Sec. L Beit enacted by the General Assembly, That the further time of ten months, from the last day ©f November, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-seven, be allowed the owners of entries to survey the same in any part of this State, which is not set apart by treaties for any tribe of Indians: Provided however, that no forfeiture shall arise to the claimants of entries within the boundary ceded by Congress to the Indian tribes, until further provided for by the legislature, and that the farther time of two years be given to survey all entries made, either to adjoin the line to be run between this State and Virginia, or the line adjoining the lands reserved for the officers and soldiers south of Green river, or any entries dependent on such entries, any law to the contrary notwithstanding.”
“See. 2. Be it further enacted, That the further time of one year be allowed for returning all plaits and certificates of survey to the Register’s office: Provided that nothing in this or any other act shall extend to forfeit or make void any entry claimed by-infants, feme coverts, persons non compos mentis, or prisoners in captivity, but that all such persons shall have three years after their several disabilities are 3’emoved, to complete the same.”
This history of the acts of the General Assembly of Kentucky and of Virginia, demonstrates that Campbell’s entry has npt been lost by neglect to survey in due time, unless there, is something in the compact between these States prohibiting the legi#= lature of Kentucky from- extending the time, for complying with the requisitions of the act of 1785, or for making surveys.
Whilst on the subject of the acts themselves, it' is proper to remark that the failure of the owner of an entry to comply on his part, with the requisitions of the act of 1785, is treated by the legislatures as cause of forfeiture; that this right of forfeiture belonged to the government, to be exercised at the pleasure of the government; that the individual right of any other citizen in the land forfeited, was to be acquired after the forfeiture accrued, if at all.
The act of 1785, in the proviso, calls it a forfeiture, “provided that nothing in this or any other act shall extend to forfeit or make void any entry claimed by infants” &c. all the subsequent acts call it a forfeiture; it is so according to the truth and effect; Forfeiture is most generally used to signify, rather the effect of transgressing a penal law, than the transgression itself; thus we say that the lands are forfeited, the goods and chattels are forfeited by treason or by felony; the transgression is treason or felony, the effect of the transgression is loss of the lands, or of the goods and chattels. Forfeiture is derived by Cunningham, in his law dictionary, from the latin foris factum, French forfait, signifying trespass, transgression, crime. Coke, in his commentary on Littleton, (59 a.) gives the definition of forfeiture, by saying it is derived from the latin,
This definition includes forfeitures of conditions, obligations, offices, and-estates, and other penalties, accruing in civil cages/or inflicted for transgressions or omissions of duty imposed by law, or as it relates to' crimes arid offences. The penalty imposed by .the law of 1785, for a failure to appoint an agent, and to notify the surveyor, or to attend the surveyor according to the surveyor’s notice, is a forfeiture according to the strict legal definition, and the several acts of Assembly which call it a forfeiture, have truly described it by the legal effect and consequence. Virginia, in legislating upon this subject, in the act of 1785 and the continuing acts, have treated this forfeiture as a public right, subject to legislative control, as one in which no private citizen had or could acquire a particular .individual right, until after the forfeiture had been actually incurred and inflicted- The penalty inflicted ás well by the act of 1779, as by tbe act of 1785, for a failure to comply with -the requisitions, was expressed in these terms: “his entry shall become void, and the land thereafter, subject to the entry of any other person, and the surveyor shall return him lijs warrant, which may, notwithstanding, be located anew, upon any other waste or unappropriated lands, or again upon the same land, where it bath not, in the mean time, been entered for by another person.” The penalty is first to be incurred by the owner of tbe entry; thereafter tbe land is subject to be entered by any other person. The forfeiture of the land, or of tne incipient right to the land acquired by the entry, must first accrue to the government, thereafter, another citizen may acquire an interest in the .land forfeited, by a subsequent ap
Byherlaws, she refrained from compelling forfeitures during the time her fight of dominion continued over the district of Kentucky. She delivered the .dominion and her public rights over the soil, to the State of Kentucky, before any forfeiture iiad accrued. Kentucky received the sovereignty and dominiori from Virginia, and thereby acquired the governmental power to release or relax this system of threatened forfeiture, unless there is some restrictive provision to be found m the fundamental articles for separation agreed upon.
These fundamental articles of separation have the highest obligation and most sacred claim to good faith and due observance. They were contained in an act of the Virginia legislature, proposing them to the people of the district of Kentucky, as the fundamental articles of separation and dismemberment of one portion of the State of Virginia from the other, to be considered and accepted or rejected in a convention of delegates chosen by the people of the district of Kentucky, for that special purpose; they were assented to by that convention; they became a solemn compact, ratified and sanctioned, as such, by Virginia and Kentucky, engrafted into the constitution of Kentucky as a part ox it, anti Kentucky was admitted into .the federal union of States, by the assent of the Congress of the United States, based upon the act of the Virginia legislature as senting to it; (see laws U. S. vol. 1, chap. 44; vol. 2, chap. 78, p. 191 of Bioren’s cd.; Acts of Virg.
The act of the General Assembly of Virginia, which proposed the terms of separation and fundamental articles of the compact between the two States, passed the 18th December, 1789.
The first section recites, “Whereas it is represented to this present Genera] Assembly, that the act of the last session entitled, an act concerning the erection of the district of Kentucky into an independent State, which contains terms materially different from those of the act of October session, 1785, are found incompatible with the real views of this Commonwealth, as well as injurious to the good people of the said district.”
This second section then provides for the election of representatives to compose a convention for the purposes mentioned in the act, fixing the month of May, 1790, as the time of ejection.
The second and third sections regulate the election and duration of time, directs the poles to be opened for five days, and the act to be read on each day before opening the polls, at the door of the Court-house.
“Sec. 4. The said convention shall be held at Dan-ville, on the 26th day of July next, and shall and may proceed, (after chosing a president and other proper officers, and settling the proper rules of proceeding,) to consider and determine whether it be expedient for, and the will of the good people! of the said district, that the same be erected into an independent State, on the terms and conditions following:”
First: The boundary to be according to the then, boundary of the district.
Second: The proposed State of Kentucky to assume a just proportion of the debt of the United States, and the payment of all certificates issued on account of the several expeditions from the Kentucky district against the Indians since the first day of January, 1795.
Fourth: That the lands within the proposed State of non-resident proprietors, shall not be taxed higher than the lands of residents prior to the admission of the proposed State to a vote by its delegates in Congress, where such non-residents reside out of the United States, nor before, nor after such admission, where such non-residents reside in Virginia, within which this stipulation shall be reciprocal; or where such non-residents reside in any other of the United States, which shall declare the same to be reciprocal within its limits; “nor shall a neglect of cultivation or'improvement of any land within either the proposed State or this Commonwealth, belonging to non-residents, citizens of the other, subject such non-residents to forfeiture, or other penalty within the term of six years, after the admission of the said State into the Federal Union.”
“Fifth: That np grant of land or land warrant to be issued by the proposed State, shall interfere with any warrant heretofore issued from the land office of Virginia, which shall be located on land within said district, now liable thereto, on or before the first day of September, one thousand seven, hundred and ninety-one.”
“Sixth: That the unlocated lands within the said district, which stand appropriated to individuals or description of individuals, by the laws of this Commonwealth, for military or other services, shall be exempt from the dispostion of the proposed. State, and shall remain subject to be disposed of by the Commonwealth of Virginia, according to such appropriation, until the first day of May, one thous- and seven hundred and ninety-two, and no longer: thereafter, the residue of all lands remaining within the limits of the said district, shall be subject to the disposition of the proposed State.”
“Seventh: Regulates the use, navigation and jurisdiction of the river Ohio.
Eighth article, provides in case of complaint or dispute between the two States, “concerning the meaning or execution of the foregoing articles, the same shall be determined by six commissioners,” two be chosen by each of the parties, the remainder by the commissioners so first appointed.
Sec. 14. Provides, that if the said convention 'shall approve of the erection of the said district into an independent State, on the foregoing terms and conditions, they shall fix a day posterior to the first day of November, 1791, on which the authority of Virginia, “and of its laws under the exceptions aforesaid, shall cease and determine forever, over the proposed State, and the said articles become a solemn compact, equally binding on the parties, and unalterable by either, without the consent of the other.”
Sec. 15. Contains the proviso, “that prior to the first day of November, 1791, the general Government of the United States shall assent to the erection of said district into an independent State, and release this Commonwealth from all its federal obligations, arising from the said district as being part thereof, and shall agree that the proposed State shall immediately after the day to he fixed as aforesaid, posterior to the first day of November, 1791, or at some convenient time, future thereto, be admitted into the Federal Union.”
The assent of the Congress of the United States was obtained by an act approved, February 4th, 1791, (2 Biorens’laws U. S. 191) and the government of Kentucky as a State, was by the convention its constitution, and the assent of the General Government, commenced on the first day of June, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-two.
That the State of Kentucky succeeded to, and possesses the political sovereignty and dominion oí er the territory assigned to her, with all the powers of an independent State, Legislative, Executive and Judicial, (except as restrained by the articles of
The private rights and interests in controversy between the parties here litigant, were all derived by warrants issued from the land office of Virginia. The claim of the complainant was by an entry of June, 1780; the interests of the defendant is by warrant and entry, before the separation; of consequence these private rights and interests were equally within the protection and security intended by the compact.
The defendant does not claim under, or by virtue of anyforfeiture actually accrued, he derives no claim by an entry made after the time when, by the last act of Legislation of Virginia, a forfeiture ior want of appointment of an agent and notification, could or might have been incurred, it is not pretended that the surveyor ever did give notice personally, or by advertisement, sb as to forfeit the entry of Campbell for non attendance on the surveyor according to notice; but the argument is, that the Legislature of Kentucky were interdicted by the terms of the compact with Virginia, from enacting the laws for prolonging the time for surveying.
If there be any such prohibition, it must be sought in the third article. The subjects treated of in that article are, “all private rights and interests of lands within the said district, derived from the laws of Virginia, prior to such separation;” the end proposed, is their validity and security, the means proposed are, a pledge of faith by treaty, that they shall “remain valid and secure under the laws of the proposed State, and shall be determined by the laws now existing in this State.”
In settling the true meaning of the compact, ss now drawn in question by the survey of the complainants of 1796, there are four sources for information.
I. The words of the article;
II. The interpretation which the high contracting parties have themselves given by their Legislatures;
III. The judicial opinions heretofore, given:
IV. The political and Legislative facts, under which the compact was made, and the consequences therefrom resulting.’
I. The words used to signify the intention of the parties are, “all private rights and interests of lands, within the proposed district, derived from the laws Virginia, prior to such separation, shall remain valid and secure under the laws of the proposed State,” The rights and interests of both Part’es litigant, were derived from the laws of Virginia prior to the separation. The rights and interests' of both fall within the description; both are entitled to be equally protected, and equalty secure. Tci destroy the one, to protect the other, would violate the direct intent of the article. A stipulation for the validity and security of all, cannot fairly mean a contract for the destruction of some. It cannot fairly be made an imperative command for the destruction of that right, which was legally derived from the law’s prescribed to each, thereby to uphold tiiat interest which was illegally derived under the laws of Virginia. A stipulation for validity, security and protection of all, cannot mean a command for the destruction of tile better claim, that thereby, the invalid and vague piay he unmolested.
The distinction between private rights, and pub-lie rights and interests is obvious, it is visible in the compact, it exists in the very nature, and is inherent in the very body, of every political society. .As soon ás society 'is organised into a government, the distinction between the private rights and interests" of each individual, and the public rights
It is true that the fair exercise of the moral pow-prs of government, do incidentally and cQllaterally bear upon conflicting private rights and interests, A just system of revenue may cause a private interest and claim to land, to be exposed to' sale for the taxes, or for an instalment of the State price due ancl unpaid, or to forfeiture for non compliance with the revenue laws; and one holding' a conflicting in-ferest and claim, may thereby be benefited, by purchasing in the conflicting interest at a reduced price, or by the forfeiture. "'' But if the Legislature in' their wisdom and clemency, shall forbear to urge the sales or the forfeitures, the individual conflicting claimant, has no such private right and interest in the expected sale or forfeiture, as that he may urge the sales and forfeitures, or impeach the faith of the government for (be exercise' of clemency arid forbearance. Penalties and forfeitures are public rights, not private and individual rights; they áre private and interests, calamities and misfortunes to those who fall under the burthen and loss.
The latter words of this article are, “and shall be determined by the laws now existing in this State.” The operation of the words “now existing,” is supposed to exclude the power of the Legislature of Kentucky from prolonging 'or modifying the laws of Virginia, in relation to the forfeiture of entries for want of appointments of agents or attornies in the proper counties. The period of time to which
The act of Virginia, in which these words are contained, passed on the 18th of December, 1789; by this act the terms and articles of compact proposed, were to be submitted to a convention, to be elected by the people of the district in the ensuing May, and to hold its session, commencing on the 26th of July ensuing, at Danville,; that act required, and enacted by its second section, “that full opportunity may be given to the good people of exercising their right of suffrage, on an occasion so interesting to them, each of the officers holding such elections, shall continue the same from day to day, passing over Sunday, for five days, including the first day, and shall cause this act to be read on each day, immediately preceding the opening of the election, at the door of the court house, or other convenient place;” the first section having previously apportioned the representatives to each county, and required the elections tobe hoklen on the respective court days of the several counties in the district. This convention was to approve or reject the propositions contained in this act. It cannot be supposed that the people were invited to give their assent by anticipation, to future laws, and to rivet those laws upon all persons deriving rights and interests of lands from Virginia. It cannot be supposed that the convention did assent to fix, and render immutable, laws to be subsequently passed by the Legislature of Virginia. Such a tyranical proposition would have been a disgrace to the members of a Legislature who made it, and an insult to the people to whom it was addressed. The convention were not invited to render immutable, laws to be passed subsequently to their deliberations and ratification of the terms proposed for separation. The act itself speaks in the present, not in the future. The act itself speaks of laws “now existing;” that lime must refer to the period at which the act took effect and operation as a law; it spoke then, and as of that date.
The next consideration is the classification of those laws of Virginia, which were intended to be thus fixed and immutable in all time to come, and unalterable but by the mutual assent of the two States. The proposed relinquishment and cession by Virginia, of her eminent domain and political sovereignty, to a new and independent State was the cause, private rights and interests of lands the subjects, the stabilitv and security of those private rights and interests, the end intended; these are visible in the face of the compact. In ceding a por-tion of her territory, and consenting that a new State should be erected with political power and sovereignty over that territory, Virginia owed it to her own character as a State, to moral justice and good faith towards her own citizens, to the citizens of the United States, and to foreigners, whom she had invited by her act of 1779, to purchase her wastelands withjn,the territory proposed to be ceded, to take care of those private rights and interests of lands which had been derived under faith of her laws, and by her invitation, A punctilious regard to those high moral duties, is to be found in the stipulations contained in this third article as well as in the fourth, fifth and sixth. To accomplish the end proposed, the terms proposed by the act of 1779, contains a direct pledge of faith and agreement on the part of the proposed State, that these private rights and interests shall remain valid and secure under herlaws; it contains specific stipulations calculated to fortify that security, such as those contained in the after articles. After the faith of thenew State was pledged to respect private rights and interests, alter a previous stipulation, that all rights and interests of lands derived under the laws of Virginia, should remain valid and secure under the laws of the proposed State, this stipulation respecting their determination by the .then existing laws of Virginia is introduced. This looks to the decisions of the judicial tribunals in controversies between those conflicting private rights and interests, all of which were to remain valid and secure under the laws of the proposed State. Experience in granting out the lands on the
If all Legislation bearing upon individual rights and interests of land derived from the law's of Vir-giaia, was not prohibited, how shall the laws of Virginia then existing, be characterised, separated and distinguished from thpse laws which the State of Kentucky had rightful authority to enact? The cause of the compact, the subjects, the end propose ed, and the means adopted, must all be viewed in connection, in just governments, there are laws which from their connection with private rights
The convention h olden in July, 1790, in pursuance of the act of 1789, did ratify the compact proposed. The time at which the people of the proposed State should acquire the right of Legislation, was by the act of 1789, to be fixed, posterior to the iirst day of November, seventeen hundred and ninety-one. It was fixed by the convention, and by the assent of Congress to thé first day of June, seventeen hundred and ninety-two; Kentucky then became a State. By the third article of the compact, ‘‘all private rights and interests of lands within the said district, derived from the laws of Virginia prior to. such separation, shall remain valid and secure under the laws of the proposed State, and shall be determined by the laws r.ow existing in this State.” This compact speaks as oí its date in December, 1789. In determining upon these private rights and interests, all laws of Virginia then enacted, and appropriate to the validity and security of these private rights and interests of lands, are to be the rules of decision. All others not then in force, are excluded. Subsequent legislation of Virginia, as well as of Kentucky, must fee excluded from the
The laws of Virginia then in force, under whicli those private rights and interests had been' derived from the State as proprietors, which "defined the tenure, which entered into the question of validity and legality of those rights, which composed a part bf Ihe very evidence in tlie deduction of right and. interest, ¿fid which constituted a part of the muni-ments of title, are certainly included within the guarantee ontained in the third article. All retrospective legislation by Virginia or Kentucky, whicli should attempt to declare, that right or interest which was valid and secure, because legally derived under the then existing laws, invalid and illegal, because not in conformity to. after 'enacted laws, would certainly be excluded.
But the argument for the dtíféhdáttts elites not Stop here. It is contended in their defence, that the legislature of Kentucky had no rightful authority to pass the law by whicli the penalty and forfeiture of the entry of Campbell was prevented, by'which his right and interest derived also under the laws of Virginia, and' coming within tlie pale of the compact, also has been preserved to him. The complaint is, that Campbell’s better private fight and interest, legally derived under the laws of Virginia, valid in its inception and' conformable to law, has not been forfeited, so that 'the vague and illegal claims of tlie defendant, not derived according to law but in contravention of it, may by the penalty and the forfeiture, become the better. The argument, in its consequence arid conclusion, tends to deny the legislative power of Kentucky and Virginia, after the passage of tlie act of 1789, to remit the penalties and forfeitures whicli were to accrue at the expiration of the time allowed by the elongating acts of 1788. Tt contends for the proposition that act of legislation of Kentucky, (and consequently of Virginia,) which in their remote and collateral consequences react upon grants derived from the State of Virginia^ are prohibited by thé compact.
Can this be its meaning? Did the State of Virginia, by her act of 1789, and the ratification of the terms, by the convention in 1790, mean to divest herself of the power to continue further, the acts of 1788, in relation to the returning of plats and Certificates of survey into the Register’s office, and to the surveying of entries? Did the legislature of Virginia propose, and the people of Kentucky, through their representatives in convention, agree that no longer indulgence should be given than that containecl in the acts of 1788? Did the legislature and convention solemnly contract that the system of forfeiture instituted and threatened by the act of 1785, but not yet énforced, should fall with all its force in the year 1790, upon all who had not complied with its requisitions; and tKat neither Virginia nor Kentucky should have the power to prevent it? Did this third article adopt permanently the act of 1785, instituted by Virginia, merely as an auxiliary to her system of revenue? Did it debar the State of Kentucky from enforcing the improvement and cultivation of lands, by adopting a system of forfeiture in due season, notwithstanding the seenfi-ing concession of power in the fourth article. Is her poyrer of taxation, likewise seemingly conceded in tile fourth article, cut off by the third article? Did this third article exclude the power of Kentucky to pass the act of 1792, subjecting lands to the payment of debts, and fix irrevocably the Virginia system of execution by levari facias and elegit? Did it retain to Virginia the power of perfecting all inchoate interests of lands, and require all plats and certificates of "survey to be sent to the Register’s office in Virginia to be carried into grant? Did the State of Virginia by one fell swoop destroy all plats and certificates not returned to the Register’s office, and all'entries not surveyed, whose owners were not resident in the'appropriate county, at the expiration of the time allowed by the acts of 1788? Did the people of Virginia ancl the convention at Danville, thus mean to destroy the hard earnings of the people of the district of Kentucky, who had endured so many privations and toils, and had by ‘defending the settlements and conquering the covin-
Tiie contemporaneous exposition by the parties to the compact, the recorded acts of those who were actors in framing and adopting the articles, negative the construction contended for by the defendants.
II. The interpretation which both of the contracting parties have given to the compact, immediately after it was ratified, before the State of Kentucky was organized, and immediately after, deserves great consideration. It was given by very many of the same persons who a.s representatives in the legislature of Virginia of 1189, framed the articles of compact; who as members of the convention held at Danville, ratified and adopted it, and as members of the legislature, passed the acts of Kentrucky referred to. The maxim is ucontempo-ráneo, axpositio est Jortisshnum in kge-n The mutual agreement and concurrence of the contracting parj ties in allowing to the instrument a particular meaning and effect, is the most satisfactory evidence of their intention and of the use and sense in which they employed the words.
The act proposing the terms of separation, passed on the 18th December, 1789; the convention was fi olden in Danville in July following, in pursuance diat acC diat convention approved and ratified the terms; the compact aud agreement was complete by the very terms of the act itself and of the aPProvaR die day was appointed when the new State of Kentucky was to have its station in the family of States. The legislature of Virginia, by compaci, had now a restrictive power over the district of Kentucky, as to some subjects but as to others, her power of legislating for the district yet roma*ned- In the session of November, 1790, after die previous ratification by the convention holden in July, the legislature of Virginia, composed of representatives from counties in the district of Kentucky, as well as from the other counties, and composed of very many of the same persons who had been actors in proposing and accepting the compact, passed the act allowing the farther time of two years
At the same session, 1790, an act was passed, (chap. 14; sec. 1, p. 8 and 9; 1 Litt. c. 561,) reciting that the law authorizing the Register of the Land-office to receive plats and certificates of surveys, would expire on the last day. of December, 1790, “whereby their lands may be forfeited; for remedy whereof: Be it enacted by the General Assembly, That the further time of nine months, after the passing of this act, shall be allowed for returning the same, during which time the Register of the Land-office or his deputy, shall receive all plats and certificates of survey, although not returned in the time heretofore limited by law, and such lands shall not be considered as forfeited or liable to forfeiture on that account.”
In 1791, (chap. 4, sec. 1, p. 5; 1 Litt. 463,) the farther time of two years, to be computed from the period given by the act of 1790, was given to return plats and certificates of survey, “and such lands shall not be considered as forfeited or liable to forfeiture, any law to the contrary thereof notwithstanding.”
The legislature of Kentucky, by the act of 8th November, 1792, (1 Litt. L. p. 115,) and by various successive acts, (which are noted in the prelection 1 Litt. just quoted, and in 2 Dig. from p. 714 to 733,) continued the time for returning plats and certificates of survey.
These enactions of Virginia in 1790 and 1791, and of Kentucky in 1792, 1793 and in successive years, afford clear evidence that neither State expounded the compact as divesting the government of the power to grant indulgencies of time to perfect the inchoate rights originating under the laws of Virginia, by carrying them into surveys and grants.
III. The judicial opinions heretofore given, are to be found in the cases of Simpson against the Register, (Printed Decisions 256,) Kennedy vs. Bruce, (2 Bibb 371;) Kendall vs. Slaughter, (1 Marsh. 378-9;) Shipp vs. Miller’s heirs, (2 Wheat. 324-5,) and Miller’s heirs vs. M’Intire, (XI Wheat. 442.) The case of Simpson vs. the Register, does not discuss the question under the compact, but is an able commentary on the act of 1785.
The case of Kennedy against Bruce does not discuss the question on the compact; but a survey made in 1805, was adjudged to be in time, by force of the act of Kentucky pf 1797, and by virtue of the saving of that act.
In the case of Kendall vs. Slaughter, the meaning of the third article of the compact is discussed. The court said, “whilst the legislative enactments of this country, are by the compact, not permitted to affect the validity of those rights, we are of opinion, that instrument should not be construed so as to preclude the legislature from either regulating the mode of action, or limiting the time within which it should be prosecuted, for the purpose of asserting those rights.” Again; “That the legislature is not interdicted from regulating limitations, is moreover further evinced by the decisions of this court, in relation to laws regulating the making of surveys of land derived from the laws of Virginia. It will be recollected that at the time of the separation, according to the laws of Virginia, for a failure to appoint agents and attend the making of surveys, the owners of lands were subjected to a forfeiture of their claims; and although many entries, which by the laws of Virginia, would have become forfeited for a failure to appoint the agents &c. as required, yet in consequence of the prolongation of th,e time by the statutes of this country, surveys have, in many instances, been made, and in the various cases which have been presented for the adjudication of this court and growing out of the authority of the laws of this country, not the slightest suggestion against the right of the legislature to pass such laws, is to be found,”
The case of Shipp vs. Miller, is expressly decided upon the authority of the act of Kentucky of 1797. Miller died in 1796, and in 1804 this entry was surveyed; at the time of Miller’s death, and also of the survey, some of his children were infants, (2 Wheat, p. 324.) The distinction between the statutes of limitations, and of statutes of forfeiture is noticed to show that to take the case out of the statute of limitations all must be under disability; but in case of forfeiture, the disability of a part of Miller’s heirs was sufficient. The opinion proceeds: “The statutes of Kentucky, allowing farther time to owners to survey their entries, is made with a different aspect. It is to save a forfeiture to the government, and acts imposing forfeitures, are always construed strictly as against the government, and liberally as to other parties.” The case of Kennedy vs. Bruce is cited, and the survey adjudged to have been in time and the claim sustained.
In Miller’s heirs vs. M’Intire, this same survey, before adjudged in the case of Shipp vs. Miller’s heirs, again came before the Supreme Court of the United States. Miller’s heirs claimed under the prior valid entry; M’Intire claimed under a posterior entry and elder grant. M’Intire contended that Miller’s entry was forfeited for want of a survey made in time, according to the laws of Virginia, and relied on the compact between Virginia and Kentucky, to defeat the authority of the laws of Kentucky elongating the time for making surveys; that Miller’s entry being forfeited, his elder grant must prevail. Miller’s heirs stood upon their prior, special entry and the authority of the acts of Kentucky and Virginia, in remitting and preventing forfeitures, The Chief Justice, Marshall, in delivering the opinion of the court, 'slates a difference among the Judges. “Some think a second entry is not authorized, and that no title can be acquired under it. A grant, therefore, that is founded on it, is totally void, and the grantee cannot hold the land under it, even after the original entry became forfeited. The land, on such forfeiture, became vacant, and it was competent to the legislature to grant it bv an original warrant, or to revive or to contin-
This opinion of the Supreme Court expressly affirms the authority of the act of Kentucky of 1797. The difference of opinion, consists in an incidental point, whether if Miller’s entry had been forfeited, it would have enured to the benefit of M’Intire, so as to prevent the government from granting the land to another, or whether the State might have regranted it to the prejudice of M’Intire. But both opinions unite and concur in affirming the power of Virginia and Kentucky to release the forfeiture, the compact of the States notwithstanding. The authority of the act of Kentucky is expressly affirmed by all, without settling their differences, upon the grounds that it was competent to the legislature
In the case of Hoy’s heirs vs. M’Murray, (1 Litt. rep. 367,) a different opinion was delivered, but that opinion was suspended, by a petition for rehearing, according to the rules of the court. Upon return to a certiorari it appeared that the complainant had dismissed his bill as to that party, so that the question was not before the court, and without either affirming or denying the correctness of the former opinion, the petition was, therefore, overruled, (1 Litt. 370-1.)
It appears, therefore, that the legislature of Virginia, at the ensuing session after the ratification of the compact, and the legislature of Kentucky at their first session, affirmed the legislative power to extend the time for returning plats and certificates of survey to the Land-office, and for making surveys, the articles of the compact notwithstanding. That construction has prevailed for six and thirty years, under the sanction of both parties to the compact, and of the judiciary of Kentucky, and of the Supreme Court of the United States. It is based Upon a plain distinction between private rights and interests, and public rights and interests. It affirms the validity and security of private rights and interests, and leaves those rights to be determined and adjudicated by the laws which gave and sanctioned them; it leaves to the purchaser of lands under the laws of Virginia, every inherent and direct interest, right and estate, according to the laws of Virginia, subject only to those duties, contributions and obedience to the moral power of just legislation, which every land holder owes to the government under which he holds, and from which the laws and authorities for his protection in the use and enjoyment of the land must spring. It places the security of private rights and interests, as well against conflicting claims of individuals, as against the hands; of the government, upon the foundation of immunity from retrospective laws, as far forth as such exemption can consist with the necessary powers of government. It consults the validity and security of private rights and interests, by applying to them
If this doctrine of remote and accidental benefit, is given into, as a criterion for adopting the laws of Virginia, existing in 1789, and for excluding all
IV. The political and Iegislathre facts, at the time of the compact, and the consequences thence following, if the extensive interpretation contended for on the one hand, or the restrictive interpretation on the other, be adopted, will aid in fixing the true meaning of the parties.
Before we progress under this head, a recital of some of those rules for interpretation of treaties, compacts, conventions and contracts, which being founded in reason and good sense, have received the approbation of nations, may be of great assistance. If the ideas of men were always distinct and perfectly determined, and they had, to make them known, expressions and terms, clear, precise and susceptible of but a single meaning, nothing more would be necessary to understand their, true meaning, but to understand the language. In concessions, contracts, laws, treaties and conventions, it is impossible to foresee and express all the particular cases that may arise. True interpretation consists, in making in all the particular cases which are presented; a just application of that which has been before decreed or provided in a general manner. Contradictions and inconsistencies, either real or seemingly so, will present themselves with respect to the different terms and provisions, and it is the office of interpretation to reconcile and shew the parts that ought to betaken, and the sense in which the terms and expressions are to be applied. Self-interest will seek to take advantage of the imperfection of language, and head to its purposes, the ambiguities and obscurities of the geueral terms
The rules which m:iy have bearing more directly on the subjeciunder consideration, áre to be applied to a sentence of ambiguous signification, in a treaty designed to form anew State out of a part of a preexisting State. The desideratum is to distinguish between the letter and the design, between the'Writing and the meaning of the writing, so as to apply the intent of the parties to the compact, signified there in general terms, to the particular case which has arisen.
These rules have reference to the subject matter, the effect, the circumstances and connexions, as the principal heads from whence the interpretations are to arise; (Grotius, Book 2, chap. 16;) words are to be understood according to their propriety. Therefore Grotius recites the story told by Polybeus of the Locreans, and condemns the shift made use of by them, as foolish and pitiful; when having put some mould into their shoes and concealed some garlick heads Om their shoulders, they swore to keep the articles of the treaty “as long as they carried those heads on their shoulders, and trod on that earth;” and then threw the earth out of their shoes and the heads of garlick from their shoulders, as if by such poor means they were absolved from their treaty.
The general rules of interpretation which have more direct application to the compact under consideration, are the following:
1. “When we manifestly see what is the sense that agrees with the intention of the contracting parties, it is not permitted to turn their words to a contrary meaning. The intention sufficiently known, furnishes the true matter of the convention, of what is promised and accepted, demanded and granted.” (Vattell, Book 2, chap. 17, sect. 274, p. 230.)
3. “Every interpretation that leads to an absurdity, ought to be rejected; or in other words, we should not give to any piece a sense from which follows any thing absurd; but to interpret it in such manner as to avoid absurdity.” — “We call absurd not only what is physically impossible, but what is morally so; that is, what is so contrary to reason, that it cannot be attributed to a man in his right senses.” (Ib. sect. 282; Grotius, Book 2, chap. 16, sect. 6, p. 355.)
4. “We ought to interpret obscure or vague expressions in such a manner, that they may agree with those terms that are clear and without ambiguity, used elsewhere, either in the same treaty, or in some other of like kind.” — “In foci, while we have no proof that a man has changed his mind or manner of thinking, it is presumed his thoughts have been the same on the same occasions: so that if he has any where clearly shewn his intention with respect to any thing, we ought to give the same sense to what he has elsewhere said obscurely, on the same affair.” (Vattel, Supra, sect. 284, p. 235; Grotius, Sup. sect. 7, p. 355.)
5. “We ought to consider the whole discourse together, in order perfectly to conceive the sense of it, and t.o give'to each expression, not so much the signification it may receive in itself, as that it ought to have from the thread and spirit of the discourse.” (Vattel, Supra, sect. 285.)
6. “The reason of the law or the treaty, that is, the motive which led to the making of it, and the view there proposed, is one of the most certain means'of establishing the true sense; and great attention ought to be paid to it, whenever it is required to explain an obscure, equivocal and undetermined point, either of a law or of a treaty, or to
9. “If the subject or the matter treated of will not allow, that the terms of a disposition should be taken in their fall extent, we should limit the sense according as the subject requires;” (Vattel, sect. 295, p. 241.)
10. “One infallible token that there ought to be an exemption is, when to adhere precisely to the letter, would be unlawful, that is, would be repugnant to the law's of God or nature. For such things having no power to oblige are necessarily to be excepted; (Grotius, Book 2, chap. 16, sect. 26, p. 366.)
11. “Another token of restriction shall be this, when to stick close to the letter, is not absolutely and of itself unlawful, but when upon considering the thing with candour and impartiality, it appears to be grievous and burthensome. And this either ip respect of the condition of human nature absolutely, or in regard to the purpose and thing in question, compared with the end and design of the engagement;” (Grotius, ib, sect. 27, p. 366.)
These rules of interpretation condemn the Pla-toe who having agreed with the Thebans to restore the prisoners, after killed, them^ and restored their
The illustrations of these rules, given by the learned authors from whose writings they are extracted, convince the mind, that they are fixed on the immutable foundations of reason, nature, truth, and good faith.
Without making a direct application of each particular rule to the appropriate subjects to which they respectively apply; it is my intention to show that the construction of the compact, contended for in the defence, tends to limit the powers of self-government, which was the plain and direct object and design of the compact, in a manner unlawful, as contrary to the principles contained in the declaration of independence, and contrary to the sentiments declared in the declaration of rights by Virginia; that it leads to absurd consequences, repugnant to the other parts of the convention; and would be an unlawful abridgment of natural rights,, and
' The compact was proposed and ratified by the people of the State of Virginia, then a‘member of the American Confederacy. The design was, to give to the people of the district of Kentucky the rights of self government, as anew State to be admitted into the Union under the Federal Constitution, then adopted, arid in operation.
The doctrine of the divine right of rulers, and of non-resistance and passive obedience of the people was exploded. The power of any generation or description of men, in any country, of binding and controling posterity forever by any compact commanding how the people should be governed, and who should govern them to the end of time, had been abjured and denied by Virginia, and by the people of the United States.
The American declaration of' independence had proclaimed ‘‘these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equál, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights;'that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends,- it is the right of' the people, to alter or abolish it, and to institute anewgovernment, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most-likely to effect their safety and happiness.”
The declaration of Virginia, in the first, second and third articles of the bill of rights prefixed to her form of gevernment, is not less emphatic and explicit, as to the natural and unalienable rights of man; the first article declares that all men “have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posperity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.” The third article declares that, “a majority of the community hath an indubitable, unalienable and indefeasible right to reform, alter or abolish” their government.
The American sentiment had become embodied in State and Federal Constitutions, that retrospective laws, to make and punish offences, or to change the force and tenure of private rights and interests, or to impair the obligation of contracts, were highly injurious, oppressive and unjust.
The compact was made by and between j.eople who recognized those truths, and those principles, In construing this compact then, neither the unalienable rights of self government which belong to the people of Kentucky of the one party, nor that good faith and regard for private rights and interests, exempt from retrospective legislation, which was pledged to Virginia of the other party, should be forgotten. The right of soil and dominion were ceded by Virginia, and accepted by Kentucky, under the limitations and qualifications specified in, the compact.
In deciding upon this third article, and selecting the laws of Virginia as fixed and unalterable rules, of decision, and in excluding the legislation of Kentucky, there are two extremes equally to be a-, voided. By the one, the just and necessary powers of self government may be denied to the people, of Kentucky; by the other, the rule of selection and exclusion may beso loosely drawn, as to undermine the foundation upon which private rights and in-ferests were intended to be placed for stability and security. The line maybe so drawn as to rivet up
By selecting the laws of Virginia, under which private rights and interests of lands are derived, and which by reason of the moral force due them, ought to command permanent respect and assent, as the rules' of decision, to the exclusion of any law of Kentucky, which should impeach or destroy them, the two extremés will be avoided. Kentucky will have as an independent State, full possession of the unalienable rights of self-government, with her just powers to consult the true happiness and interests of the people by appropriate Legislation; but prohibited from that retrospective Legislation, which is denounced by the moral sense of mankind, as oppressive and unjust.
This third article, requires a liberal and generous construction, with the application of the distinction before noticed, between the surviving efficacy of a repealed law, and the actual operation of a still speaking law, and with a cautions eye to the powers of Legislation to be retained for the just and necessary rights of self government, and those which are to be abandoned, as interdicted and classed under the head of retrospective Legislation; otherwise, evils may arise as multiplied and grievous as those which escaped at the opening of Pandora’s box.
For instance the statute altering the course of descents, and the statute of wills, enlarging the power of devising lands, took effect, not until the first day of January, 1787; a very great number of vested rights by descent and devise were acquired before that time, very different in effect, from the operation of those two statutes, and yet those statutes, were the operative laws of descent and devise existing in 1789. It will not do to rule these private rights and interests by the literal application of the words, “and shall be determined by the laws now existing in this State.” Again, the statute of Kentucky, have facilitated the authentication of powers of attorney and deeds, and conveyances by femes covert, of their estates and inheritance, and of relinquishment of dower, the clerk's of courts are authorised to take the acknowledgement or proof of deeds in their offices; deeds may be admitted to record by pro.of of two witnesses instead ofthree; lands have been subjected to sale by fieri facias, a mode of division and conveyance of lands held in conjunction, has been instituted. If the words “secure,” and “now existing,” as used in the compact, are to have such construction as to draw after them the laws of Virginia, existing at tire date of the compact, as the means of safeguard and protection, and fortification; if the laws for derivation of title or interest from the Commonwealth of Virginia, are not the only laws of Virginia which are rendered permanent, but all the laws of Virginia for transmitting such title or interest, from individual to individual,
The words of this article of the compact are, '‘all private rights and interests of lands within the said district, derived from the laws of Virginia, priorto such separation, shall remain valid and secure under the law's of the proposed State, and shall be determined by the laws now existing in this State.” This article consists of but a single sentence, but its sense and meaning must be ádjudg-ed by the facts and circumstances then existing. -It may be explained by putting it into two sentences instead of one. “Ail private rights and interests of lands’” — “derived from the laws of Virginia-prior to such separation,” — “shall be determined by the laws now existing in this' State ” “All private rights and interests of lands” — “derived from the laws of Virginia — prior to such separation — shall remain valid and secure under the laws'of the proposed State.” The derivation of title from the State of Virginia, the legality and validity of the claim as against the State, as the paramount sovereign and source of all' private rights and interests of lands, must be tried by the laws of Virginia, existing in 1789. All the laws of Virginia for engaging, selling or disposing of lands within the district of Kentucky, which ever had an existence in Virginia, and which she herself meant to acknowledge as lawful sources of
The force of the expressions “now existing in this State,” and the reasons for introducing them into the compact, will be illustrated by reading the act of 1779, (Chan. rev. p. 90, chap. 22, 1 Litt. law. p. 390.) The preamble recites, “whereas the various and vague claims to unpatented lands, under the former and present government, previous to the establishment of the Commonwealth’s land office, may produce tedious and infinite litigation and disputes, and in the meantime, purchasers would he discouraged from taking up lands upon the terms lately prescribed by law, whereby the fund to be raised in aid of the taxes for discharging the public debt, would be in agreat measure frustrated; and it is just and necessary, as well for the peace of individuals as for the public weal, that some certain rules should be established for settling and determining the rights to such lands, and fixing the principles upon which legal and just claimers shall be entitled to sue out grants, to the end, that subsequent purchasers and adventurers may be enabled to proceed with greater certainty and safety,” — Be it enacted See.
The first section, recognizes various descriptions of surveys, made and to be made under certain proclamations of the king, and governors of Virginia, &c. &c. as valid, and declares,1 “that all surveys of waste and unappropriated lands, made by any other person, or upon any other pretence whatsoever, shall be, and hereby are declared null and void.” The section then, requires of recognized claims, certain compliances with the rules and regulations of the land office, and upon returning their plats and certificates to the land ofice, with the authentic evidences of the rights whereon they were founded, were to be entitled to a grant for the same “in manner and form hereinafter directed.”
Sec. 3. regulates the claims under the charter, and ancient custom of Virginia, upon importation rights as before limited; treasury rights, and rights under proclamation warrants, who had not fixed, and located them by surveys, as therein before di
The act of May, 1779, (chan. rev. 103,) declare ed all former sales or deeds, and all future sales or deeds, made or to be made by any indian or indians, or indian nation, for the separate use of any person or persons, should be void.
The purchase which was made by Richard Henderson and company, from the indians, of the country between the Kentucky and Tennessee rivers, was abrogated, and a small portion thereof confirmed tp them. All purchases of the indians were prohibited by the XXI article of the constituition of Virginia, but on behalf of the public, and by authority of the legislature.
In fine, the State of Virginina, by her constitution, and by the legislative acts, had declared all rights anti interests of lands, not recognized by her, and her laws, since the revolution, null and void, thereby intending to assert the proprietary rights and domain, which she acquired by the revolution and definitive treaty of peace, making the laws of Virginia, after the revolution, the only source of derivation of rights and interests of lands, and declaring all pretensions not derived from her, as the fountain and owner of the public domain, absolutely null and void. To prevent the evils alluded to, in the preamble of the act of 1779, before quoted, to exclude the purchasers from the indians, and the interests which might be asserted under the king of Great Britain, the State of Virginia had laid the foundation by her own laws. All pretended derivations of title, not recognized by her acts of assembly since the revolution, were abrogated; all these laws, and the laws for acquiring rights or interests derived from her laws, were actually existing on the 18th December, 1789. To secure against all other derivations, not so recognized, the words in the compact, “shall be determined by the laws now existing in this State,” were introduced, s.oas to bring the derivation of title within the Jaws of the State since the revolution, and to exclude ail the proclamations, orders and entries in the council books, under the colonial government, and all pretensions founded on the indian claim of title.
All the appropriate laws for these great purpos-cs, for recognizing, conceding, settling and acquir-jng private.rights and interests, and perfecting them by grants, were actually existing in 1789. But the laws by which private rights and interests were to pe derived, from individual to individual, had un-dergone great changes between the opening of the .'land office and the year 1788. The common law .of descents-had been repealed, and the statute, directing very different rules, took effect in January 1787; the statue of wills had been changed, and the statute of frauds had been enacted to take effect in January 1787; the right by survivorship was abol-ighed, by an act of 1786, and. au act to remedy abus-
From these alterations, let the mind survey the confusion and desolation of estates which must en-sne, if this doctrine, that the laws which existed in 1789, are to be the sole, and unaltered and unalterable rules, by which all derivations of private rights and interests, as well from the State to the citizen, as from citizen to citizen, are to be determined. The words now existing, exclude prior as well as subsequent laws. Repealed laws are excluded as imperatively, as those after made. If the penalty ancl forfeiture laws, for not surveying, or appointing agents, then existing, are included, so must be the limitation laws, and so must be the law of descents, of severance, of joint rights, of execution, &c. &c. All'these, as they existed in 1789, to the utter exclusion of the previous laws upon the same subjects, as well as subsequent laws, must necessarily follow in the train, if we but advance the classification of the laws of Virginia, under the words “now existing,” beyond the era of derivations from the State as proprietor to the citizens, as grantees and purchasers. Cross but that line, and the rubicon is crossed. All repealed laws of Virginia, and all the laws of Kentucky, must be excluded from the determination of the private rights?- and interests; only the laws existing and having the force of laws on the 18th December, 1789, can be regarded. Take the law of descents according to alteration from the common law. How many military rights, settlement rights, preemption rights, and treasury rights were originated before 1787? How many of these were actually patented before 1787? How many patentees died after their patents actually issued, butbefore 1787?
To these-estates the eldest son or eldest brother, or other proper relative, was sole heir, according to the common law. The heirs by the common law; have entered upon the estates of which' their ancestors repectively died seized, claiming to be sole proprietors of the estates of their respective anees*
The quantity of the general proposition, if taken hy the derivations of rights and interests, from the State to the citizen, will end in conclusions perfectly true and just; for every law proper for such determination, was existing in full force, on the 18th December, 1789. Such general proposition will exclude all‘derivations under the Royal government, hy proclamations, orders of council, entries in the council books, Indian titles, and every other declared void by the constitution and laws of Virginia, leaving all private rights and interests declared valid or recognized by any law of Virginia, from the revolution to the separation, in full vigour. Nothing short of the absurd consequences which have been noticed, will satisfy the defence made by the defendants! To include the laws of Virginia for limiting surveys, the proposition must be assert-: ed so generally and extensively, as to embrace limi-
If the expression, “laws now existing,” be confined to the Jaws prescribing ifie derivation of rights and interests, from the State to the citizen, it will conform to the meaning of .the other words immediately following the word derived, to-wit: “de-i’ived from the laws of Virginia prior to such separation;” as the State, of Virginia was to grant no new rights, b,ut only .to complete existing engagements under existing laws. The words “private rights and interests, derived from the laws of Virginia, prior to such seperation,” appear to have been employed to express the direct and immediate .concession and sales by the State. The words, “from the laws of Virginia,” in connexion with the words, “private rights 'and interests,” and the words, “prior to such separation,” mean the same, .as if “State” was substituted!;! place of “laws;” as if it were £iderived from the State of Virginia.” The State could only concede and sell private rights and interests of lands through the laws by which she speaks and contracts for herself. “Private rights and interests, derived from the laws of Virginia prior to such separation,” are used to express direct and primary derivations from the State, not subordinate derivations under the laws.” “From the laws of Virginia;” the word “from,” is used to denote reception from the State, as the fountain of private rights, the lord paramount and proprietor of the public rights, and demesne lands, and in contradistinction to subordinate derivations under the laws of descent, devise, &c. “From,” as used in .this place, does not mean the same as “under.” The word “under,” is introduced afterwards, in a signification evidently different, viz: “valid and secure under thelawsof the proposed State.” Change the expression thus, shail remain valid and secure from the laws of the proposed State, and the difference between “from” and “under” will be striking.
This construction will produce no contradiction between laws repealed, and laws existing, in 1789, and subsequently. All private rights and interests within the district will be brought to the proper tests for determination; those derived from the State to the citizen, to the test of the laws existing in 1789, derivations from citizen to citizen, to the appropriate laws before or after 1789, arid all will be well ordered. The respective laws of Virginia, and of Kentucky, which did exist, and did not exist, at’ successive periods, can be then appropriately applied, to each, respective case.and fact, in the course of subordinate derivations, whilst the great fountains of rights and interests, as existing at the date referred to by the compact, will be appropriately and exclusively applied to each, particular right and interest.
These several acts proposing terms of separation, were enacted at successive sessions, by the legislature of Virginia, the first in 1785, (sess. acts, chap. IX. p. 11,) the second of 1788, (chap. 81, p. 47,) the third of the 18th December, 1789, which last was adopted. In each, the third article is identically the same. In the proposition of 1785, the third article uses the expressions, “now existing in this State;” the convention was to have been held in the succeeding year to consider the propositions, with power to appoint a day, subsequent to the first day of September, seventeen hundred and eighty-seven, on which the authority of Virginia and its laws, under the exceptions contained in the act should cease, with the same proviso, that Congress should assent to the admission of the State proposed, into the Union. The eight articles in the act of 1785, correspond with the eight articles of 1789; in all particulars, except as to the time in the articles, fifth and sixth, fixed for future locations of warrants, and for the commencement of the right of Kentucv ky to dispose of the surplus lands. At the same session of 1785, the common law rule of descents was altered, the statute of devises was altered, enlarging the power and extending it to after acquired lands; the statute of frauds was enacted; the statute of conveyances was enacted with important alter
Again, the words are, “shall remain valid and secure under the laws df the proposed State;” “remain” has the meaning of continue; if valid when tried according to the laws existing in 1789, they shall continue to be valid. Shall remain “secure under the laws of the proposed State” — can these expressions exclude laws of the proposed State? Do they not designate the laws of the proposed State as the means of security; as the tenure whereunto the holders of these rights and interests are to look for protection and security, as to the superior to whose eminent domain the whole district was proposed to be transferred?
The first question as to these private rights and interests is, are they acknowledged by tlxe laws of Virginia as valid against the State. This question is to be decided by the laws existing in 1789, not by colonial and royal acts, orders of council, purchases of Indians, &c. declared null and void by the acts of Virginia. ”,
The next question in order, after shewing the validity of the grant or concession by the State is, has the-grantee transferred it, so tlirt the claimant stands fairly as the right owner of the claim so valid as against the State. This question may be decided by laws existing before or after 1789, according to the nature of the derivation, whether by descent or devise, or contract, and according to the time of such descent, devise or contract. Here laws repealed, and laws not then enacted, when referredto the date of 18th December, 1789, must be brought in aid to determine the question according to time and fact combined. The questions as to the security and protection given to the actor, or the reus, by the laws, have their appropriate places in the order of trial and these must be tried by the appropriate laws.
The security of rights and interests depend upon the organic structure, and the wisdom and policy of the laws of that government, under which the .property is hoklen. Upon these depends the difference between the security for rights and interests under the government of Turkey, or in the United States. The security of land estates depends upon a combination of various elementary parts, having mutual action and reaction. A government eager to impose, and unrelenting in the exaction of, penalties and forfeitures of private rights, is of less security than one slow to impose and indulgent in the exaction of them. The preservation of archives, records, documents and muniments of title, by appropriate laws to guard against loss and destruction of title papers, is another ingredient contributing to security. The wisdom and policy by which laws are directed in their enaction, and administered by the appropriate departments and channels, is of very great importance in producing security; the system of imposing and collecting the revenues, the powers given to the officers of the revenue to sell real estate for defalcations or alleged defalcations, is of great importance in consulting security or insecurity. The laws for organizing the courts of justice, and for carrying into execution their judgments and decrees, and prescribing the duties of the sheriffs or other appropriate officers, are of very great con
The limitation of actions is not peculiar to this or that nation, it is not confined to courts of common law, but is adopted by courts of equity, as an equitable principle. Presumptions are indulged by judges and .jurors, from length of time, where the statutes of limitations do not strictly apply.. The-reason is elegantly and forcibly expressed by Lord-Chancellor Erskine, in substance, thus: Not that judges and jurors are to believe individually in such-cases, that there has been, a surrender, acquittance, payment, release or other discharge; but the legal presumption holds the place of particular and individual belief. Mankind, from the infirmity of their nature, and the necessity of their situation, must have recourse to some general principle, for the preservation of their rights and their property, to take
Vattel derives the laws of limitations from the law of nature. The introduction of the rights of property, (he says,) is approved by nature, as being for the advantage anti happiness of the human race. But it would be absurd to say, that, domain and property once established, the proprietor can acquire thereby, any right to introduce disorder into human society. Such would be the right of entirely neglecting the thing that belongs to him, or leaving it during a long space of time, and coming at length to deprive an honest possessor of it, who has perhaps, acquired it by burthemsome conditions, received it as an inheritance from his father, or as a portion with his wife, and who might have made other acquisitions, had he been able to know that his title to this was neither solid nor lawful. Far from giving a right to such negligence and abandonment, and of after usucaption, the law of nature prescribes to the proprietor the care of what belongs to him, and lays him under obligations to make known his right, that others may not be led into an error; nature secures to him his property-on those conditions, if he neglects it long enough, to endanger the rights of others, in being permitted to reclaim it, the law of nature will not permit him to reclaim it. The right of property is not so extensive, that it can be absolutely neglected during a long time, notwithstanding, all the inconveniences that may happen to society by the proprietor resolving to use it according to his caprice. The law of nature orders all to respect this right of property in him who possesses it, because it is for the peace, safety and advantage of human society. For the same reason nature requires, that every proprietor, who, for a longtime, and without just reason,
By the concurrent testimony of the wisest men, in various nations, and in different ages, statutes of limitation, and the rules of prescription, are considered as founded in nature, and reason, and necessary to the repose and security of society. Hence an argument is drawn that the statute of limitations of Virginia, existing in 1789, is adopted by the compact, under the words, “shall remain valid and secure,” and “be determined by the laws now existing in this State;” that to alter the statutes of limitations of Virginia, is to alter the security agreed upon in the-compact; that it would be retrospective legislation, impairing the obligation of the compact, and therefore contrary to the constitution of the United States.
The precise determination of the time allowed for prescription anti limitation, cannot be determined by the law of nature, it is not the same in different nations; although it has some foundation in the law Of nature common to all men; yet the precise time is fixed in each State, according to its views of policy, and necessity; and it serves as a rule only within the nation which enacts it; the precise time in each country depends upon the legislative will.
That the security of private rights would be es" sentially impaired by a total repeal of the statute of limitations, or by fixing the period of limitation so long as to leave the facts done in one generation, to be tried by another, after the witnesses were mostly gone, or their memories impaired, cannot be denied. Insecurity may also lie produced by shortening the times to such speedy and instantaneous pursuit of remedies for causes of action, as to escape and baffle the ordinary vigilance of prudent men, watchful of their.interests, so as to encourage wrong doers. Security is promoted by taking a valuable mean between the two extremes, in this, as in all concerns in life. What that golden mean is, depends upon circumstances, upon opinion, and experiment, it is a question of policy. Different nations have adopted different periods of limitation, and the same nation, different periods on the same subjects at different stages of their existence. A limitation suited to an old, long settled country, whose government is founded on a landed aristocracy,'would not be adapted to a new country, where the lands were principally in forests, and covered with conflicting surveys. In the same country the period of limitation is varied by the subject matter from which the cause of action arises.
In England, the limitation to some actions is so long, as to produce hut little practical good. Sixty years is too long; it leaves the cause of action alive a^íer í*le witnesses io die facts are dead. The limitation to writs of error in England, is twenty years; the Congress of the United States have prescribed to their courts the limitation of live years, for writs of
_ Whether the statute varying the rule of limitation already prescribed, is or not an act of retrospective legislation, depends upon the manner and effect of the enactment. A statute to operate by time past before its enactment, and to apply a bar to actions not then barred, or to remove a bar from actions then barred, would undoubtedly be an act of retrospective legislation, only to be justified by extraordinary circumstances; an act of justifiable retrospective legislation is to be found in the statute excepting certain periods of time during the revo Jutionary war, out of the time for limitation.
But a statute operating, by time to run and be accounted after the enactment, and upon actions thereafter to be brought, is not an act of retrospective legislation, whether the time be shorter or longer than that before prescribed. The power to enact limitation laws, is an appendage to every sovereignty, incident necessai’ily to the power of legislation, and the exercise of it not less necessary to the repose and happiness of society. The denial of such power to the State, should not be drawn from implication and by construction.
That the security guaranteed in the compact, is to be under the laws of Kentucky; and not by carrying, with the private rights and interests derived from the State of Virginia, all the laws of that State contributing to their security against wrong doers; that the security intended, is not to be by fixing these laws of Virginia, as covenants annexed to the land and running with it, so as to exclude all the laws of Kentucky upon the same subjects, seems to be the necessary, result of the expressions “shall remain valid and secure under the lam of the proposed Slate.'''1 That penalty and forfeiture laws, and limitation laws, are not the laws included under the expressions, “now existing,” nor under any of the expressions in the compact is demonstrated, by tracing the absurd consequences to which the principle, by which those particular laws are to be embraced, would lead. Can the words “secure under the laws of the proposed State,” carry the laws of one State, (not involving the validity of right, but the security against individual wrong doers,) into the territory and government of another, to the exclusion of the authority of the government which the whole compact from beginning to end, proposed to erect and establish? Can the words “secure under the laws of the proposed State,” take away the power of the proposed State to make laws? Can they demand, as a fortification for security, that the system for courts of Virginia, then existing, shall be continued under the laws of the proposed State? That the laws of descent, devise, conveyance, limitation of actions, the act to remedy abuses in selling lands for payment of the public taxes
The result of this Construction of the compact will be, that ail private rights and interests will be valid, and tried by the laws existing in 1789, which are proper for determining whether the claim is good and valid, as legally derived from the government itself; every appropriate law for derivation of right between citizen and citizen, will be applied at its appropriate period of time, and to its appropriate use. There will be no conflicting of jurisdictions, no clashing of laws; all private rights and interests, derived from the government, according to the laws prescribed for disposing of the public domain, will be valid against the government; all sub-prdinate derivations, whether by this or that mode,
It is not sufficient to urge in favor of the extern sive interpretation of this article, that otherwise all private rights and interests will be unprotected from the legislative power of the proposed State, and that rights vested may be divested at the will of the legislature. It is not to be presumed, that a legislature will arbitrarily ¡gid capriciously pass laws not urged by the interests and benefit of the whole community, to deprive a citizen or citizens of vested rights and interests in private property. Some of the most necessary acts of legislation, are founded in the principle, that private rights must yield to public good. Roads are run through private property. The lands of individuals may be necessary for forts, arsenals, light houses and other public bindings. If the owners refuse to accomo-date the public voluntarily, they must be constrained. Justice consists in making compensation in such cases. The State cannot subsist, or constantly administer public affairs in the most advantageous
"That moral power which is called a State, necessarily demands three things: 1st, Consultation about public affairs: 2d, The establishment of the magistrates: 3d, Judgments. A State must be a body that has the power of enacting and repealing its own laws, making its own magistrates, and creating its own tribunals. It must have the legislative, the executive and the judicial powers of government. The power of consultation, or the legislative power of consulting, the public good, by enacting and repealing laws, necessarily comprehends that eminent domain which a State has for public purposes over the citizens and their property for public use. Without the possession of this power, called by political writers the eminent domain, the operations of government in the just pursuit of public good and happiness, the great ends of society, the powerful springs which put all in motion, would often be obstructed, and society itself endangered. Those who argue against the existence of such a power in the State, argue against the existence of the State as a government having its just and equal station in the great family of States.
It is no argument against the existence of thd power, to say it may be abused; that if the State of Kentucky may pass a limitation law different from that which existed in 1789, it may limit the time to a day or an hour. The same argument may be used against the power of taxation, because the legislature may impose a lax of twenty shillings in the pound; and so of various other powers equally necessary. To argue from the possibility of abuse, to the non existence of the power, is to argue against all the powers of government; for they are all liaable to be abused. We must confide power, and repose a salutary confidence that it will not be abused. The safety against abuse, consists in so laying the foundation of the government, and so organizing its parts as to watch and guard against the abuse of the powers confided, “it is our consolation,” (as Judge Iredell truly said, in the case of Bull and wife vs. Calder in the Supreme court of United States, 3 Dall. 400,) “that there never existed a government, in ancient or modern times, more free, from danger in this respect, than the governments of America.”
Under a sense of the momentous consequences involved in a just construction of the, compact between the two Slates; I have considered the question proposed by the defence founded on the compact. in doing this, I have been necessarily led to the consideration of consequences resulting from die principle, or general proposition, from which the particular consequence was claimed by the defence. The truth or falsehood of a proposition is to be demonstrated by the truth or falsehood of its consequences. I have alluded to the political rights as declared and acknowledged, and to the legislative facts, under which the compact was proposed and adopted. Various claims had originated under royal proclamations, orders of council, and entries in the council books before the revolution; the Indian title had been made pretence of purchase from them, which, together with vague and undefined claims under the colonial government, were likely to produce tedious and infinite litigation; these considerations, and others recited in the act of Virgin-
Virginia could not have intended to divest posterity of rights declared by her, so solemnly to be indubitable and unalienable, by fixing penalty and forfeiture laws on them, howsoever inadequate or contrary to their protection, security and happiness. The construction which I have given to the compact, is consistent with this declai’ation of rights; the other impugns it. To stipulate for the permanency of laws defining private rights and interests of lands, and the validity of those vested rights, consists with the natural right and desire of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing happiness. If Virginia herself, had repealed such laws, the private rights and interests, vested and acquired, previous to the repeal, would have rc-
I can comprehend a private right and interest in a thing, a subject of property, which right has originated and vested under a public law; but I deny that a citizen can have a private right in the very law itself, so as to prevent its repeal, alteration or reform; a public law enacted by one legislature, may be altered, reformed or abolished by any succeeding legislature.
I conclude, therefore, that the entry of Campbell has not become forfeited and void; but that it is the superior ecpitable claim for all the land which shall ,be found common to the survey thereon, as actually made and carried into grant, and the survey whgn made, as herein before expressed.
A complainant must recover upon the validity and equity of his own claim, derived to the land from the Commonwealth, to enable him to have a decree against an adversary conflicting claim, also deduced from the Commonwealth.
This is the general doctrine. I recollect but a solitarv exception, and that is under the statute of 1796, (1 Litt. laws 521, sect. 29; 1 Dig. 221,) au_ thorizing any person having the legal title and possession to institute suit against any other person setting up a claim thereto; “and it the complainant shall be able to establish his title to such land, the defendant shall be decreed to release his claim thereto.” The construction given to this statutory jurisdiction by the case of Sterling and Davis, (2 Bibb, 521-2,) was, that a complainant so situated, might have a decree without a valid entry and corresponding survey, and that in such case, a patent not fraudulently obtained, was sufficient to obtain a decree, in a contest with those having no title, either at law or in equity, originating anterior to" the patent of the complainant.
In all cases where the complainant seeks relief against an elder grant, he must show an existing, valid entry, not illegal, forfeited or destroyed, Whatever invalidates the claim of the complainant jn equity, is a good and available defencp. I have said this much on the subject of the defence allowable generally to defendants, to prevent misconception of what I have said, in a former part of this opinion, in allusion to certain questions’ which might have arisen between the Commonwealth and proprietors of entries, respecting forfeitures claimed for not attending the surveyor upon notice, or for failing to appoint an agent within the period ulti? mately prescribed and limited.
Opinion of
This is a contest between conflicting land titles, each party holding by adverse entries, surveys and patents, originating under the laws of Virginia. The defendant in error brought his ejectment on his elder grant, and obtained judgment; the plaintiffs in error exhibited their bill in equity,
The entry set up by them was made in the name of Arthur Campbell, for 600 acres, on a Treasury warrant, dated June 2d, 1780. The survey on the 8th of February, 1796, and the patent issued on the 8th of November, 1796.
The entry of the defendant in error is for 1,000 acres, on a Treasury warrant, dated January 22d, 1787, in the name of William MTlwee. The survey was made on the 21st March, 1787, and the grant issued on 23d of June, 1795.
It is insisted in the answer of the defendant in error, and also in the argument, that the entry of the plaintiffs was forfeited or had become void, because it was not surveyed in the time allowed by law, or if it was so surveyed, that it was made after the first day of January, 1796, and that the holder thereof had not saved it by appointing an agent in the county, and giving notice of such appointment to the surveyor, before the 1st of January, 1796, he not residing within the county where the land lay.
It is further insisted, that as the entry was made in the time allowed by the legislature of Kentucky, granting an extension of time for making surveys, still under those laws the holder thereof could acquire no title, against a previously vested right under the law of Virginia, because that, by the compact between Virginia and Kentucky, such claims as the defendant in error holds, must be decided by the laws in force in Virginia at the date of the separation and not those made afterwards by Kentucky.
These questions will he attended to in order. The act of Virginia of 1785, which last regulated the tune of making surveys, did not fix any time in.
The time fixed by the act was prolonged by subsequent acts of Yirginia, till the separation of the two States took place, and it was then extended by Kentucky, in two successive acts, till the first day of January, 1796, and there is no express extension of it afterwards.
But the legislature of Kentucky, by an act of 1795, simply provided that there should be allowed till the last day of November, 1797, to the owners of entries to survey the same, and by a subsequent act, that the further time of ten months after the last day of November, 1797, should be allowed to the owners of entries to survey the same, without saying in either of these acts, any thing about extending the time for appointing agents and giving notice thereof; 2 Dig. L. K. 717.
It might be a question of some doubt, if it was one of first impression, whether these two last acts did or did not, by implication, continue the time for appointing agents till the last of September, 1798. But this court seems to have considered the ques-
There is, however, a material difference between this case and the case of Brown vs. Starke. Starke’s survey was made after all the extended time of surveying was out, to-wit: in 1805, and he was not within the savings of the act. Between the cases, where surveys were made within the extended time, and those made since, this court has made different requisitions in the pleadings of the parties. In the former, the complainant is allowed to set out his entry, survey and patent with proper averments of their validity, and no more, and the objection to the making of the survey, at the time it was made, must come from the answer of the defendants, so that he must, in some measure, take the burden of opposition on himself. In the latter, the complainant in his bill, must show that he, or the holder of the entry, was within the exceptions, and excuse his delay in not surveying at an earlier period.
There is another distinction that may be taken, which will operate in favor of the complainants here. At the time this survey was made, the surveyor had unquestionable authority to make surveys generally; the only enquiry could be, had the owner complied with the requisites of the law, in appointing an agent and giving notice. If he had not, then the surveyor ought not to have made it. Something is due to the acts of the surveyor under such circumstances of general authority. We ought to presume that the owner had, in proper time, appointed his agent, and that the surveyor, by giving proper notice, had, brought on the survey. The
' Without, therefore, impeaching the case of Brown vs. Starke, or deciding upon the question whether the acts which extended the time of surveying since the first day of January, 1796, extended also the time for appointing agencies and giving notice thereof, I conceive that the entry of the plaintiff in error cannot be affected by the want of the appointment of an agent, unless it had been shown negatively that no such appointment was made.
The next inquiry is, was the entry of the plaintiffs in error lost, because fit was not surveyed under the extension of time given by Virginia, but after-wards, under the extension granted by Kentucky? That question may be thus stated: The compact between Virginia and Kentucky, which took efiect en the first clay of June, 1792, when it also became part of the constitution of Kentucky, has the following clause: “All private rights and interests of lands within the said district, [Kentucky,] derived from the laws of Virginia prior to such separation, shall remain valicl and secure under the laws of the proposed State, and shall he determined by the laws
Nor do I apprehend that a case is now presented, requiring a decision of the question. For the party who insists upon the question must show a subsisting right or interest in him, derived from the laws of Virginia, either at the time the compact was executed by Virginia, or when the separation of the States took place, to make the question operate in. his favor.
This leads to the inquiry whether M’llwce, under whom the defendant in error claims, had such an interest in the land in controversy. He had an entry made in 1187, and a survey in the same year. He has not shewn that his survey covers the same land embraced by his entry, and from the proof in the cause it evidently does not do so. He, therefore, had a naked survey on the land, without an entry, when the separation of the two States took place, and it is expressly decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Wilson vs. Mason, 1 Cranch. 45, and by this court in M’Minn vs. Stafford, 2 Bibb, 487, that such a survey is no appropriation of land, that it is a void act,
If then, it be conceded that the legislature of Kentucky, by extending the act of 1785, down to the first day of January, 1796, or even till the last day of September, 1798, could not let in entries, which would otherwise have become void, to take away lands from those who held “rights” or “interests,” in the same land previously acquired from the State of Virginia, (a question not intended to be decided,) still the defendant in error cannot avail himself of such defect of power, for the want of such “right or interest.”
I have been thus particular in showing that this patent cannot claim the protection of the compact, and that it is not within the principles touched in the case of Hoy’s heirs' vs. M’Murry &c, and, therefore, it does not become absolutely necessary to reconsider the doctrine there expressed. For when a question does not arise, judges should not travel out of the way to discover and decide them by anticipation. But as the Chief Justice has thought the question made, and presented for decision, and has expressed his opinion tfully upon the point, I deem it right, in a summary manner, to say something further upon it, to exclude the supposition that I acquiesce in the view of the case which
I have met with no case, not even the case of Hoy’s heirs vs. M’Murry, that declares the acts of Kentucky, which extended the time of surveying Virginia entries, to be void. Such a proposition has never been advanced. These acts always have had, and still will have an important and extensive operation, however this question may be decided. They did permit all claimants of the vacant lands in the Commonwealth to complete their claims. Their power to do this is unquestionable, and if the legislature were now by law, to permit all the dormant and forfeited Virginia entries to be surveyed and carried into grant on the vacant lands below the Tennessee, none could dispute the power to pass the law, or deny the validity of the grant, whatever might be the policy of the measure,
But .this is not the effect or operation of these acts of Kentucky extending surveys of which the defence in this case complains; nor is this the operation refused to these acts in the case of Hoy’s heirs vs. M’Murry &c. At the time these acts passed in Kentucky, extending the right to survey a large portion of the State, was covered already by one, two, three or more grants. On many or most of them, grants completed under the laws of Virginia, many settlers had located their domicils and fixed, as they believed, tbeir permanent homes. On many of these grants and settlements, there still existed numerous surveyed entries, and their right to be surveyed at all did not, and caukknot, longer exist. If Kentucky did not extend the time, and it was left to expire, as Virginia said it should, then
If every legislator who passed or voted for the extension laws, had been asked if he intended such disastrous consequences, it is presumed he would have answered in the negative, and that his object was to permit his fellow-citizens to complete their claims on the vacant lands and not pn those already appropriated.
The question is not, ’whether the State can release a forfeiture, (if forfeiture it can be called,) on lands belonging to itself, but whether she can release it on lands belonging to others by the grant of the State of Virginia, so as to take from those others the land baclt again, and that, after their title from the State was complete, and grant it to those to whom the release of the forfeiture was given. This is a consequence of a serious nature, at which the court stopped shpr.t in the case of Hoy’s heirs vs. M’Mur-ry &c. and if by thus stopping the judges erred, their error would certainly be venial, and I trust I will be pardoned if I consider fhe question a serious one, and worthy of more deliberation.
I do not feel alarmed at courts, and even courts of equity noticing forfeitures; for though equity may not enforce a forfeiture in behalf of a complainant, who asks her aid, it is nevertheless one of her rules, not to enforce a forfeited claim against a legal estate not forfeited. Norami disposed, at this day, to stir the question whether entries were' ever sub
i Entry after entry, set up by bills in equity, have been defeated by this court, when in conflict with elder grants and settlers on the land, because they were not surveyed in time, without any higher proof than the plats and certificates of survey and depositions. Indeed these decisions have been one of the efficient means of disburdening our dockets of landed controversies between adverse conflicting titles derived from Virginia. This rule of decision combined with the efficient operation, which this court has given to our statutes of limitation, has nearly settled the struggle between claimants, and left the residents of the soil in quiet and repose.
The question now proposed objects to the right of another class of claimants to survey over the head of ancient patents from Virginia, and then to take such grants away along with the soil. It is insisted, if the laws of Virginia, in force at the separation, had been permitted to operate, without any new rule adopted by Kentucky, this class of claimants, and a numerous class it is, could never have disquieted elder grants and taken away prior-vested rights, and, therefore, all this class ought to be checked as they pass through the ordeal. If such additional check can be imposed, it will end more litigation, and add still more to the increasing repose of the country., I do not see why the question cannot be made, as it is attempted, here, by answer and proof, as it has been done in other cases, and if it be in favor of the elder grants and vested rights, and shall conduce to the repose of the country, why it may not be decided against modern surveys under'Kentucky statutes, directed by experienced counsel, and framedto suit the previous decisions of
I shall not detain long to fix the precise time to the word “now,” existing in the clause of the compact in question, and shall barely remark, that it would seem as Virginia wrote the compact and proposed it to the people of Kentucky for their adoption, that the hour of its adoption and the completion of the agreement, was the moment of the word “now,” and the time that it designates. If this be correct, it will follow, that the laws of Virginia originating land titles, as taken by Kentucky at the separation, were the laws intended to be preserved; for it would be difficult to account for Virginia binding Kentucky not to alter the laws before that time, when Kentucky was not then in existence as a State, and of course could not before that time legislate at all on the subject. On this view of the matter I am disposed to throw out of the question all the legislation of Virginia in extending the time of surveying between 1787, when the compact was proposed, and 1792, when Kentucky came into existence, as having no weight in construing the compact. The force of the precedent extracted from such legislation, in construing the compact, is not perceived for another reason still more palpable.
Virginia, when site proposed the compact in llOT, did not intend, or propose to bind herself not to legislate farther on her land titles, while her power remained over the subject. ' It was the “proposed State,” she thus offered to bind, and not herself; she was able to trust herself, without such a voluntary obligation on her hands. Kentucky, the proposed State, could not legislate about the titles till she became a State, and then Virginia could not; for her po\v,er was withdrawn' from the territory, of course it seems to follow, that any act passed by Virginia before the separation cannot be looked upon as a precedent for construing the compact, and furnishing any ground for an inference that Kentucky is not bound not to. extend the time of surveying to tíre prejudice of vested rights, because Virginia extended it when she was under no obligation to abstain from it. Andas to the legislation of Kentucky, since its propriety forms the very question to be proved, it cannot be competent to allege the existence of the fact, as a proof of its propriety.
But I may be met with á serious train of consel qüences, and told that such a construction of the compact will throw our code into confusion, and nearly unhinge society by bringing estates back to ancient Virginia laws. I may be fold that the following laws were in force, in Virginia, at the date of separation, or before, in 1787, and that each have undergone important changes in Kentucky, and if this construction prevails, estates must revolutionize, the laws of forfeiture for non improvements: the revenue laws; subjecting lands to tile payment of debts; descents; wills; regulating conveyances; tresspasses; the statutes of frauds; joint tenancy and survivorship; docking entails, and even acts of limitation, and granting innocent accupants pay for their improvements. I have viewed those, supposed consequences without alarm, and am satisfied other arguments are necessary to throw light on the question, and that these consequences can never flow from enforcing the opinion of Hoy’s heirs vs. M’Murry &c. andthfit these laws, as modified or changed by Kentucky, cannot be thereby shaken, but must receive confirmation and
The question then is, what laws were: included in the compact? The class must, and may be pointed out so distinctly as to know them from all others. The answer is, the statutes of Virginia, which originated and regulated the completion of land titles, from the State, as grantor, and individuals or bodies corporate, as grantees. These and no others, were to be preserved, and held inviolate, and it is because the statutes regulating surveys, are a part of these laws, that the difficulty arises, and here is the stress of the question. How then can there be any danger of reviving other laws by giving force to the compact? If the laws regulating land titles between the State and her grantees are alone included, and all others are not included, a conclusion follows precisely contrary to the supposed revival of the "ancient laws, modified, repealed or recently moulded by Kentucky. Kentucky, consequently has a full and unrestrained power to alter or change these latter laws, provided she leaves one class of another kind inviolate. I cannot, therefore, for a moment suppose, that the defence now contended for, if allowed, would afibet the laws directing sales of land by fieri facias, or regulating descents, wills, conveyances or such like, long adopted and practiced in Kentucky. I cannot admit that it would spring a docked entail, impaira conveyance, oust an heir, overturn a will, or quash an execution. They would all be safe and secure; nor could it affect our favorite-systems of
It may be said that the compact only preserves private rights, and not those of a public nature, and that, as a forfeiture is a public right, first belonging to the State of Virginia, and transferred by her to Kentucky, the latter State could easily release it without infringing the compact. The general proposition is granted; but can she release to one individual, so as to destroy the vested right of another, or does the right of the other remain unaffected by the release? Tills is the unsettled question. Can the State, by disposing of public rights, withdraw private ones granted by the very laws held sacred by the compact? I shall only add, that we are apt to treat the destruction of an entry by the ladies of the owner, as a forfeiture, and I have hitherto used that language in its popular acceptation. It may well he doubted, whether it be a forfeiture at all, in the teuchnical sense of the
Applying the compact exclusively to the Virginia statutes regulating rights and interests, from herself, as grantor, and individuals, as grantees, and doubting the right of Kentucky under it to perpetuate the system, I cannot be shocked at the idea of one generation binding another, without their consent, or perceive the absurdity of our being bound by an ordinance adopted by our ancestors. Rather would I glory in being heir of the security of a government of correct principles and rational liberty, in which private rights are respected, than suppose it was the destiny of the present race, to witness and struggle with the streams of annual revolutions, produced by legislative enactments, not because such vicisitudes, are essential to happiness, but because we have the right to produce
But as I conceive, that the claim of the defendant below, is not one entitled to make the question, * nee<f not progress further, and shall leave the question open for a future hour and a full court.
I come then to the entry of Campbell. I agree it is valid. The mistaken name given to the creek Creek, instead of Yellow Creek, cannot destroy it, because it did not mislead. There is no other creek to rival the one claimed, and none who travelled the road from the Gap to the creek, and seaching thereon could have doubted, that Yellow Creek was the one intended.
I also concur that the upper trace is the one intended. R passes the forks of the Creek, the other strikes some distance below. Indeed they are both different fprks of the same trace which sepa,-
“On Flat Creek, about two miles northwest of the main Gap of Cumberland mountain, on the road passing to Kentucky, from Powell’s valey, to begin at the said road, and to extend up in the forks of the Creek, including the right hand fork for quantity."
Going from the Gap two miles on the lower trace, would have brought the traveller near the main Creek, and the same distance on the other, would have placed him in the forks of the Creek. The call for the creek, the road and the distance are the general calls of this entry, designed to bring the enquirer to the neighborhood.
The mode of surveying is next. Nothing; in this entry conforms it to the road, and nothing Fea ves it room to depart from the squaring principle in which shape it must be run, by settled law, unless its calls require a departure.
The call “including the right hand fork” does not necessarily fequire tire line to conform to that fork, and run with its meanders. It must, therefore, lie in a square, the main body of the land must lie in the forks, and the right hand fork be included. This is to he done by commencing on the margin of the right hand fork, where the road crosses it, and on the northwe^tardly side, and extending a straight line up the right hand fork on the same side thereof, at so great a distance from the stream as will barely include it at every point, where the stream may approach it. This line must be the
'•DECREE AND MANDATE OP THE COÜRT.
This cause being -heard upon the transcript of the record, and the arguments of counsel, it seems to-this court, that the entry of Campbell in the bill relied on, is special and precise, as to part of the land surveyed thereunder; that said entry has not become void for want of a survey in lawful time; but that the survey and grant thereon are within lawful time. But the judges differ in opinion as to the manner in which the survey of said entry should be executed. Judge Mills is of opinion, that the the survey should be made by commencing on the margin-of the right hand fork of Yellow Creek, where the road crosses it, and on the northwestwardly side of the said fork, extending a straight line up the said right hand fork on the same side thereof, at so great a distance from the stream as will barely include it at every point where the stream may approach it; this line to be the length of the square root of six hundred acres, and then the survey must be run at right angles to this base, into the forks of the Creek, and crossing the right hand fork, till the quantity is included by aparallel to the first line. The Chief Justice is of opinion, that the base of a square area for six hundred acres, should he taken along the road from the right hand fork, to the left hand fork of Yellow Creek, and up the left
The complainants to have their costs in this be« half expended.