BEALS v WALKER
Docket No. 78-4454
98 Mich App 214
June 16, 1980
Submitted February 13, 1980, at Lansing. Leave to appeal applied for.
REFERENCES FOR POINTS IN HEADNOTES
[1] 5 Am Jur 2d, Appeal and Error § 545. 20 Am Jur 2d, Courts § 233.
[2] 5 Am Jur 2d, Appeal and Error § 810 et seq. Modern development of comparative negligence doctrine having applicability to negligence actions generally. 78 ALR3d 339.
[3, 5-7] 57 Am Jur 2d, Negligence §§ 5-7, 9.
[4] 57 Am Jur 2d, Negligence § 33.
[8, 9] 62 Am Jur 2d, Premises Liability § 121.
[9] 62 Am Jur 2d, Premises Liability § 69.
[10, 11, 12] 57 Am Jur 2d, Negligence § 273. Admissibility in evidence, on issue of negligence, of codes or standards of safety issued or sponsored by governmental body or by voluntary association. 58 ALR3d 148.
[11, 12] 29 Am Jur 2d, Evidence § 249.
[13, 14] 57 Am Jur 2d, Negligence § 79.
[15] 29 Am Jur 2d, Evidence § 687.
[16] 30 Am Jur 2d, Evidence § 693.
[17] 75 Am Jur 2d, Trial §§ 590, 592.
[18] 5 Am Jur 2d, Appeal and Error § 816.
[19] 5 Am Jur 2d, Appeal and Error § 886.
Defendant Walker cross-appeals, alleging error in the denial of his motion for a directed verdict and the introduction of evidence by plaintiffs concerning state safety regulations. Held:
1. The trial judge erred in failing to grant defendant Walker‘s motion for a directed verdict, as plaintiffs did not make out a prima facie case of negligence. Thus, there is no need to remand for a new trial on the issue of comparative negligence.
2. Plaintiffs’ evidence that defendant Walker failed to comply with certain administrative safety code provisions was irrelevant and should not have been introduced as evidence of negligence.
3. The allegations against Dr. Williamson in plaintiffs’ second amended complaint and the lack thereof in the former pleading were relevant, and their admission into evidence was not error.
4. A refusal by the trial court to give plaintiffs’ proffered instruction to the jury in its entirety was not reversible error, since the instruction submitted contained an improper charge to the jury and the instruction actually read fully and properly apprised the jury of the applicable law, along with the correct portion of the requested instruction.
5. A refusal to give requested instructions listing the type of injury to plaintiff Renold L. Beals, Jr., for which defendant Williamson could be held liable was harmless error since the jury never reached the question.
Reversed in part; affirmed in part.
M. J. KELLY, J., concurred with the majority opinion with respect to defendant Williamson, but dissented with respect to defendant Walker. He would affirm the trial court‘s denial of defendant Walker‘s motion for a directed verdict but would reverse for a new trial as to defendant Walker on the issue of comparative negligence.
OPINION OF THE COURT
1. APPEAL — PRESERVATION OF ISSUE — COURTS — COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE.
A request during trial for the application of the doctrine of comparative negligence preserves the issue for appeal, requiring a reversal for a new trial, provided the case was pending on
2. APPEAL — COURTS — COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE — DIRECTED VERDICT — MOTIONS.
A refusal by a trial judge to apply the doctrine of comparative negligence, when requested, does not require a remand for a new trial on appeal where the opposite party was entitled to a directed verdict.
3. NEGLIGENCE — DIRECTED VERDICT — PROOFS.
A party must make out a prima facie case of negligence, which includes proofs of the four elements of negligence, in order to avoid a directed verdict for an adversary.
4. NEGLIGENCE — PROOFS — PARTIES — LEGAL DUTY — BREACH — PROXIMATE CAUSE — DAMAGES.
A prima facie case of negligence is made out where a party proves a legal duty was owed him by an adversary and that the duty was breached or violated by the adversary, proximately causing damages actually suffered.
5. TRIAL — DIRECTED VERDICT — QUESTION OF FACT — COURTS.
Directed verdicts are not permitted whenever a question of fact exists upon which reasonable persons may differ.
6. TRIAL — DIRECTED VERDICT — EVIDENCE — JURY VERDICT.
A directed verdict is improper where there is any competent and sufficient evidence to support a jury verdict for the nonmoving party.
7. MOTIONS AND ORDERS — DIRECTED VERDICT — TRIAL — EVIDENCE — COURTS.
A trial court is bound to view the evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmovant in considering a motion for a directed verdict.
8. NEGLIGENCE — MASTER AND SERVANT — INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR — EMPLOYEE — BUSINESS INVITEE.
An independent contractor or an employee of an independent contractor doing repair work on the private premises of an owner is properly considered a business invitee.
9. NEGLIGENCE — PROPERTY OWNERS — BUSINESS INVITEES — DUTY TO WARN — LATENT DEFECTS — PATENT DEFECTS.
An owner-invitor has a duty to maintain his premises in a reasonably safe condition for a business invitee or to warn of dangerous conditions or latent or hidden defects on the prem-
10. EVIDENCE — ADMINISTRATIVE RULES — SAFETY CODES — LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY — DUTY — VIOLATION — NEGLIGENCE.
A violation of a duty imposed by administrative rules and regulations or safety codes and standards, where such code is adopted by an administrative agency pursuant to legislative authority, is evidence of negligence.
11. EVIDENCE — SAFETY CODES — LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY — ADMISSIBILITY.
A safety code which has been properly promulgated must still meet all the general rules of evidence relating to competency, materiality, and relevance to be admissible in evidence.
12. EVIDENCE — ADMINISTRATIVE CODES — NONCOMPLIANCE — NEGLIGENCE — RELEVANCY.
Evidence that a party failed to comply with an administrative safety code should not be admitted where such noncompliance has no reasonable or logical connection with the negligence alleged.
13. EVIDENCE — INDUSTRY CUSTOMS — PROPER CONDUCT — RELEVANCE — KNOWLEDGE — NEGLIGENCE.
Evidence of an industry custom is generally admissible as bearing on what is proper conduct under given circumstances; but, to be relevant, it must be reasonably brought home to the actor‘s locality, and be so general or well known that the actor may be charged with knowledge or negligent ignorance thereof.
14. NEGLIGENCE — INDUSTRY CUSTOMS — STANDARDS OF CONDUCT — KNOWLEDGE — EVIDENCE.
A party cannot be held to a specific standard of conduct as indicated by an industry custom of which he has no knowledge and for which awareness cannot be reasonably charged.
15. EVIDENCE — PLEADINGS — AVERMENT OR ADMISSION — TRIAL — RELEVANCE — MATERIALITY.
An averment or admission in an adversary‘s final pleading is competent evidence and can be introduced at trial if relevant and material.
16. EVIDENCE — PLEADINGS — AMENDMENT — JUDICIAL ADMISSIONS — ADMISSIBILITY.
A pleading or allegation which is amended, withdrawn, or superseded ceases to be usable as a conclusive judicial admission but
17. TRIAL — INSTRUCTIONS TO JURY — IMPROPER CHARGE — APPLICABLE LAW — COURTS.
A refusal by the trial court to give a party‘s proffered instruction to the jury in its entirety was not error where the instruction submitted contained an improper charge to the jury and the instruction actually given fully and properly apprised the jury of the applicable law, along with the correct portion of the requested instruction.
18. TRIAL — INSTRUCTIONS TO JURY — HARMLESS ERROR.
A refusal to give requested instructions listing the types of injury to a plaintiff for which a defendant could be held liable was harmless error where the jury never reached the question.
PARTIAL CONCURRENCE AND PARTIAL DISSENT BY M. J. KELLY, J.
19. NEGLIGENCE — APPEAL — REVIEW OF RECORD.
A review of the entire record is necessary to determine the propriety of a trial court‘s denial of a defendant‘s motion for a directed verdict when plaintiff‘s proofs, however slight, create at least a permissible inference of the defendant‘s negligence.
Cicinelli, Mossner, Majoros & Alexander (by Eugene D. Mossner and Kay F. Pearson), for plaintiff.
Isackson & Neering (by Frank M. Quinn), for defendant Walker.
Smith and Brooker (by Richard G. Smith and Thomas A. Connolly), for defendant Williamson.
Before: J. H. GILLIS, P.J., and ALLEN and M. J. KELLY, JJ.
ALLEN, J. On January 18, 1974, plaintiff Renold L. Beals, Jr. suffered personal injuries when he fell from a roof of the Kingston Farm Service building in Kingston, Michigan, owned and operated by
Since plaintiff‘s claims1 arose out of two distinct wrongs, albeit deriving from his fall from Walker‘s roof, and allege two distinct causes of action against the defendants, we consider separately the appeal and cross-appeal of the parties.
I. CLAIMS BETWEEN PLAINTIFF AND DEFENDANT WALKER: PREMISES LIABILITY
At the time of his injury, plaintiff had been a millwright for about ten years and had been working for the same employer for about four years. All of his work as a millwright had involved grain elevators, silos and other farm structures. Plaintiff had worked at defendant‘s Kingston Farm Service elevator previously. Normally, plaintiff worked with his own tools and tools provided by his employer. The employer also provided scaffolding, where needed, and rope, safety harnesses and chains were standard equipment. The millwrights would generally decide what needed to be done on
On January 17, 1974, Walker telephoned plaintiff‘s employer to arrange for repair of a broken “leg” on his grain elevator. Walker explained that he thought the problem was with the “reducer gear“. The employer contacted plaintiff and another millwright, John Wilson, and told them to make the repairs the next day. Ordinarily, when millwrights were called in to make repairs on a grain elevator, they brought their own equipment and were not supervised or directed by the elevator operator, who would attempt to define the problem and would be billed for the job.
On the morning of January 18, 1974, plaintiff and Mr. Wilson picked up the needed parts in Saginaw and drove to defendant‘s place of business. The temperature was near freezing, and there was a hazy sky and a fine misty rain. When they arrived at Kingston Farm Service, Mr. Wilson went to the office to speak with defendant about the kind of repair needed. Defendant explained that he thought that the problem was with the reducer, which was in the headhouse at the top of the grain elevator.
At trial, neither plaintiff nor defendant recalled any discussion with Mr. Wilson concerning means of access to the headhouse. However, defendant‘s deposition testimony and written statement indicated that he told Mr. Wilson that there were two ways of getting to the headhouse, a man-lift and an outside ladder.
The man-lift was a manually operated one-man lift inside the grain elevator, which was the only inside access to the headhouse. Defendant testified that routine maintenance and repair in the headhouse area did not require more than one person
After the initial contact with the millwrights, defendant gave no further instructions and left the premises to keep an appointment. Plaintiff and Mr. Wilson decided that the repair required two men and, since the lift only carried one, looked for a second means of access to the headhouse. Plaintiff initially looked for an inside ladder adjacent to the lift. He testified that such ladders existed in all other grain elevators that he had worked on. This elevator did not have one, and plaintiff asked one of defendant‘s employees how a second person could reach the headhouse. The employee pointed out an outside ladder leading from a lower roof to the headhouse and a portable ladder that could be used to get from the ground to the lower roof.
Mr. Wilson went up in the interior lift, and plaintiff decided to use the outside route. Plaintiff leaned the portable ladder against the building to reach the lower roof. He climbed the ladder and felt the roof for ice and wetness before climbing onto it and found none. He got on the roof and started toward the second ladder. The roof peaked a few feet before the ladder to the headhouse, and plaintiff did not feel the roof on the other side of the peak but testified that it looked like the rest of the roof. Without stopping, he stepped over the peak and slipped on a “glare of ice” and slid down the roof and over the edge, landing on railroad tracks below. During the climb, he had not used a safety line or belt or roof cleats.
Plaintiff struck the railroad tracks with his left elbow and face, causing a cut lip, broken tooth and broken glasses. He also felt pain in his right foot, later determined to be a comminuted fracture. The alleged mistreatment of the fracture by defendant
At trial, plaintiff offered evidence establishing that defendant failed to comply with various state safety regulations relating to the use of guardrails and barriers on stairways and runways. Defense counsel objected to the admissibility of this evidence, claiming that it was irrelevant to the matter on trial. The objection was overruled. In addition, plaintiff introduced evidence tending to show that it was the custom and practice of the industry to provide ladders inside grain elevators. At the close of plaintiff‘s proofs, defendant Walker moved for a directed verdict on the basis that plaintiff failed to establish, as a matter of law, that defendant breached his duty to provide reasonably safe premises for the plaintiff. This motion was taken under advisement by the trial judge and subsequently denied. Defendant cross-appeals on the denial of his motion for directed verdict and the introduction of plaintiff‘s evidence concerning state safety regulations.
Defendant Walker‘s position at trial was that (1) he was not negligent, since he did not breach his duty of care to plaintiff, and (2) plaintiff was contributorially negligent and, therefore, barred from any recovery, even if defendant was negligent.
The issue of defendant‘s negligence and the plaintiff‘s contributory negligence was submitted to the jury with appropriate instructions. However, plaintiff objected to the instruction on contributory negligence, claiming that the case should be decided on the doctrine of comparative negligence. The trial judge rejected this claim, and the jury returned a verdict of no cause of action in favor of the defendant.
In Placek, the Supreme Court held that the doctrine of contributory negligence was henceforth replaced by the doctrine of comparative negligence. The decision was given limited retroactive effect to “any case presently pending on appeal in which application of the doctrine was requested at the trial court, and the issue preserved for appeal“. Placek, supra, 667. Since, in the case at bar, plaintiff properly raised the issue and preserved it for appeal, we would, under normal circumstances, be required to reverse for a new trial. Rivers v Ford Motor Co, 90 Mich App 94, 97; 280 NW2d 875 (1979).
It is not clear from the jury verdict whether it concluded that defendant Walker was not negligent or that the plaintiff was contributorially negligent. Faced with this ambiguity, we would ordinarily reverse the judgment, since it is just as likely that the jury based its verdict on the finding that plaintiff was contributorially negligent, which conclusion would now be impermissible in light of Placek. However, since, for the reasons hereinafter set forth, we conclude that the trial judge erred in failing to grant defendant‘s motion for directed verdict on the issue of defendant‘s negligence, there is no need to remand for a new trial.
In order to avoid a directed verdict for the defendant, plaintiff must make out a prima facie
“1) that the defendant owed a legal duty to the plaintiff;
“2) that the defendant breached or violated the legal duty it owed to the plaintiff;
“3) that the defendant‘s breach of duty was a proximate cause of the damages suffered by the plaintiff; and
“4) that the plaintiff suffered damages.” Crews v General Motors Corp, 400 Mich 208, 224; 253 NW2d 617 (1977), (opinion by WILLIAMS, J.).
See also, Roulo v Automobile Club of Michigan, 386 Mich 324, 328; 192 NW2d 237 (1971), Clark v Dalman, 379 Mich 251, 260; 150 NW2d 755 (1967). The absence of proof on any one of these elements prevents plaintiff from submitting the case to the jury.
We are well aware that directed verdicts, particularly in negligence actions, are not permitted whenever a fact question exists, upon which reasonable persons may differ. Caldwell v Fox, 394 Mich 401, 407; 231 NW2d 46 (1975). Where there is any competent and sufficient evidence to support a jury verdict for the nonmoving party, a directed verdict is improper. McKinch v Dixon, 391 Mich 282; 215 NW2d 689 (1974), Kujawski v Cohen, 56 Mich App 533, 535; 224 NW2d 908 (1974), lv den 394 Mich 772 (1975). In considering the motion, the trial court is bound to view the evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmovant, Beasley v Grand Trunk WR Co, 90 Mich App 576, 583-584; 282 NW2d 401 (1979).
Bearing these points in mind, we proceed to consider whether plaintiff provided any evidence at trial on the element of defendant‘s purported breach of the legal duty he owed to plaintiff. In
Plaintiff testified at trial that he specifically tested the roof for ice when he first climbed up there. Although he stated that no ice could be seen on the far side of the roof, certainly he, more than the defendant, was in a position to discover the existence of the icy condition. If the roof appeared safe to the plaintiff under the circumstances, it must have so appeared to the defendant. Since defendant was without actual knowledge of the
Therefore, the issue here is concerned with the second element of negligence: whether plaintiff introduced sufficient evidence to establish that defendant breached the general legal duty to maintain his premises in a reasonably safe condition. Defendant contends that the two basic types of evidence offered by plaintiff at trial were insufficient, as a matter of law, to take the case to the jury on the question of negligence. We agree.
First, plaintiff introduced evidence of various safety regulations issued by the Michigan Department of Labor. These regulations require the use of guardrails and barriers “in all places of employment where there is danger of persons * * * falling * * * from stairways and runways“. 1976 AACS R 408.10201. Defendant objected to the introduction of this evidence on the grounds that it was immaterial and irrelevant. Although the trial court overruled the objection, in its later
“I question now whether such mention should even have been presented to the jury considering the area was a seldom used exterior roof of a warehouse.”
Violations of a duty imposed by administrative rules and regulations are evidence of negligence. Douglas v Edgewater Park Co, 369 Mich 320, 328; 119 NW2d 567 (1963), Zeni v Anderson, 397 Mich 117, 142; 243 NW2d 270 (1976). The same rule applies to safety codes and standards, where such code is adopted by an administrative agency pursuant to legislative authority. Cheney v Olender, 303 Mich 129; 5 NW2d 692 (1942), 57 Am Jur 2d, Negligence, § 273, 30 Am Jur 2d, Evidence, § 1003, Anno: Admissibility of safety codes or standards, 58 ALR3d 148. Assuming that the safety code has been properly promulgated, 30 Am Jur 2d, Evidence, § 1003, fn 20, it is still necessary that the code meet all of the general rules of evidence relating to competency, materiality and relevance. See Whinnen v 231 Corp, 49 Mich App 371, 374; 212 NW2d 297 (1973), Webster v WXYZ, 59 Mich App 375, 383; 229 NW2d 460 (1975), Warren v Michigan Gas Utilities Co, 91 Mich App 231, 236; 283 NW2d 703 (1979).
In the case at bar, plaintiff‘s evidence that defendant failed to comply with the administrative safety code was clearly irrelevant and should not have been introduced as evidence of defendant‘s negligence. Review of the statutory scheme by which the safety code is authorized raises serious doubts as to whether defendant should be subject
One regulation read to the jury involves the use of certain safety devices on ladders ascending over 20 feet. This regulation has no application in this case, since the plaintiff fell from the rooftop before he was able to reach the outside ladder. Accordingly, any alleged inadequacy of the ladder did not, as a matter of law, contribute to his fall. 1970-71 AACS R 408.10355.
The other regulations submitted to the jury involve the use of guardrails and barriers,
“* * * in all places of employment where there is danger of persons, materials, or equipment falling through or into floor and wall holes or openings, or from stairways or runways.” 1976 AACS R 408.10201.
Related regulations requiring barriers for “an open sided floor or platform” or for a “ramp” were
It is obvious that the warehouse roof upon which plaintiff climbed was not a stairway, runway, ramp, platform or open-sided floor. Cf. Wilhelm v The Detroit Edison Co, 56 Mich App 116, 141-142; 224 NW2d 289 (1974). The Occupational Safety Standards Commission could have very easily included rooftops as another type of area in a “place of employment” where the danger of persons falling was sufficient to require the use of barriers or guardrails.
The only other evidence offered by plaintiff at trial on defendant‘s alleged breach of duty was that defendant failed to conform to the industry custom of providing access ladders inside the grain elevator. Evidence of an industry custom is generally admissible as bearing on what is proper conduct under the circumstances. 2 Harper & James, Law of Torts, § 17.3, Prosser, Law of Torts (4th ed), § 33, p 166, 57 Am Jur 2d, Negligence, §§ 77-81, pp 428-432, Fries v Merkley, 8 Mich App 177; 154 NW2d 50 (1967). However,
“A custom to be relevant, must be reasonably brought home to the actor‘s locality, and must be so general, or so well known, that the actor may be charged with knowledge of it or with negligent ignorance.” Prosser, supra, 168.
Michigan courts have followed this rule. Fogarty v Michigan Central R Co, 180 Mich 422, 432-433; 147 NW 507 (1914), Hoyt v Jeffers, 30 Mich 181, 192 (1874). In the case at bar, plaintiff‘s evidence did not indicate that the defendant knew of the alleged industry custom of installing interior ladders, nor did it establish that defendant had any reason to anticipate the need for two-man access to the headhouse. Absent proof that the defendant knew or reasonably should have known of the industry custom and the need for two-man access to the headhouse, evidence of the use of interior ladders in other grain elevators was irrelevant. This is because defendant should not be held to a specific standard of conduct, as indicated by an industry custom, of which he has no knowledge and for which awareness cannot be reasonably charged. Accordingly, this evidence should not have been considered by the trial judge in ruling on defendant‘s motion for directed verdict.
Other than the two types of proof discussed above, which we have concluded should not have been considered by the trial judge in ruling on the motion for directed verdict, plaintiff failed to offer any other evidence on the issue of defendant‘s breach of duty to provide reasonably safe premises.3 As a result of plaintiff‘s lack of any proof in
Because our conclusion disposes of the claim against Walker on legal grounds, it is unnecessary to remand the claim to the trial court for further proceedings. Shaw v Macomb Community College, 37 Mich App 96; 194 NW2d 558 (1971), aff‘d 389 Mich 69; 204 NW2d 129 (1973). Accordingly, the trial court‘s denial of defendant Walker‘s motion for directed verdict is reversed, and the motion is hereby granted pursuant to GCR 1963, 820.1(7).
II. CLAIMS BETWEEN PLAINTIFF AND DEFENDANT WILLIAMSON: MEDICAL MALPRACTICE
Following plaintiff‘s fall from defendant Walker‘s warehouse roof, and the resultant injury to his foot, he was taken to the emergency room at a local hospital where emergency treatment was performed on his foot, including x-rays, examination by a doctor and the application of a plaster splint and bandages. Upon plaintiff‘s request, he was transferred to a hospital nearer his home. It was there that defendant Dr. Williamson first saw the plaintiff. Based upon the x-rays of the transferring hospital and the symptoms presented, defendant diagnosed the injury as a severely comminuted fracture of the os calcis (heel bone broken into multiple pieces). Treatment based upon the diagnosis was ordered by defendant.
At the close of trial, the jury returned a verdict of no cause of action in favor of defendant Williamson. Plaintiff appeals of right, raising three issues for our consideration.
First, plaintiff claims that the trial court erred in permitting defense counsel to introduce into evidence plaintiff‘s original complaint and two amended complaints and to comment on the differences therein. Briefly, plaintiff argues that contents of former pleadings are irrelevant unless inconsistent with plaintiff‘s position at trial and, since there was nothing in the former pleadings that was inconsistent with plaintiff‘s position at trial, the former pleadings were not admissions
Although generally viewed as judicial and not evidential admissions, an averment or admission in an adversary‘s final pleading is competent evidence and can be introduced at trial if relevant and material. Grand Trunk R Co v Lovejoy, 304 Mich 35; 7 NW2d 212 (1942), McCormick, Evidence (2d ed) § 265, p 633. Furthermore,
“If a pleading or allegation therein, is amended, withdrawn, or superseded by a substitute pleading, it ceases to be usable as a conclusive judicial admission, but is admissible in evidence in the case in which it is filed at the instance of the adversary as an evidentiary admission.” McCormick, supra, 634.
Accord, 31A CJS, Evidence, § 304, 29 Am Jur 2d, Evidence, § 693, p 748, 4 Wigmore, Evidence (3d ed), § 1067, p 88, Anno, 52 ALR2d 516.
Michigan authority is in accord with this latter
Since the allegations against Dr. Williamson contained in plaintiff‘s second amended complaint and the lack thereof in the former pleading was relevant to refute the assertion of plaintiff‘s counsel in his opening statement (see generally People v Moncure, 94 Mich App 252; 288 NW2d 675 [1979], 5 Callaghan‘s Michigan Pleading & Practice, § 36.498, p 58), we conclude that the trial judge did not err by admitting these pleadings into evidence.
Second, plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in refusing to give a requested instruction that any negligence of plaintiff in contributing to his fall from the roof was not a defense to the medical malpractice action. In essence, plaintiff asserts that, absent his proffered instruction, the jury was led to believe that the plaintiff‘s possible contributory negligence was a defense to the medical malpractice action against defendant Williamson. We disagree.
The instruction submitted by the plaintiff was at the time of trial, properly rejected by the trial judge, since it would have charged the jury to completely disregard the issue of contributory negligence as to both defendants. In contrast, the instruction actually read to the jury on the defense of contributory negligence properly confined the issue to defendant Walker:
“As to the Defendant Walker only however, unless
the Plaintiff himself was negligent, and such negligence proximately contributed to his injuries or damages, your verdict will be for the Defendants if the Plaintiff was not injured or damaged, or if the Defendants were not negligent, or if negligent, their negligence was not a proximate cause of the injuries or damages. Or as to the Defendant Walker only, if the Plaintiff himself was negligent, and such negligence was a proximate cause of the injuries or damages.”
Since the jury was fully and properly apprised of the applicable law, and the correct portion of plaintiff‘s requested instruction was submitted to the jury, there was no reversible error. Berlin v Snyder, 89 Mich App 38, 41; 279 NW2d 322 (1979), lv den 407 Mich 867 (1979).
Plaintiff‘s reliance on Podvin v Eickhorst, 373 Mich 175; 128 NW2d 523 (1964) is misplaced. That case was a medical malpractice action in which defense counsel repeatedly referred to plaintiff‘s negligence in causing the automobile accident which led to his injuries. The Supreme Court found that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury that plaintiff‘s negligence should not be considered. In the present case, counsel for defendant Williamson did not raise the issue of contributory negligence or refer to plaintiff‘s possible negligence in his arguments. Abbe v Woman‘s Hospital Ass‘n, 35 Mich App 429, 434-435; 192 NW2d 691 (1971).
Finally, plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in refusing to give requested instructions listing the types of injury to plaintiff for which defendant Williamson could be held liable. Assuming plaintiff‘s contention is true, the error was harmless, since the jury, by finding no cause of action in favor of the defendant, never reached this question. Heck v Henne, 238 Mich 198, 205;
No reversible error was committed below with regard to plaintiff‘s claim against defendant Williamson. The jury verdict of no cause of action in favor of the defendant should be sustained.
Affirmed. Costs to defendants.
J. H. GILLIS, P.J., concurred.
M. J. KELLY, J. (concurring in part, dissenting in part). I concur with the majority opinion with respect to defendant Williamson.
The majority concludes that reversal is not mandated for failure to submit this case to the jury under the doctrine of comparative negligence with respect to the cause of action against defendant Walker, on the ground that the trial court should have granted defendant‘s motion for directed verdict. I find that the trial court properly refused to grant defendant‘s motion, since plaintiffs presented sufficient evidence on the element of defendant‘s alleged breach of the legal duty to maintain his premises in a reasonably safe condition to go to a jury.
Evidence of the industry custom of installing an interior ladder was included in plaintiffs’ case in chief. The majority concludes that such evidence was inadmissible, absent any proof that defendant knew or should have been aware of such a practice. However, examination of the record indicates that the practice was so widely followed that defendant may be charged with knowledge of it or with negligent ignorance. Prosser, Law of Torts (4th ed), § 33, p 168. Plaintiff Renold L. Beals, Jr.,
In determining the propriety of the trial court‘s denial of defendant‘s motion, we review the entire record when plaintiffs’ proofs, however slight, create at least a permissible inference of defendant‘s negligence. Mitcham v Detroit, 355 Mich 182; 94 NW2d 388 (1959), Whitmore v Sears, Roebuck & Co, 89 Mich App 3, 8-9; 279 NW2d 318 (1979), lv den 406 Mich 985 (1979). Defendant‘s testimony provides additional proof of his own awareness of the need for additional access to the headhouse. Mr. Walker testified that the outside ladder used by plaintiff Renold was an emergency ladder, to be used as a means of fire escape, but that he had, on occasion, used it as an access ladder, and that his employees probably did as well. He further stated that he had personally observed workmen use the ladder as a means of access to the headhouse for cleaning and repair purposes when one man had already used the one-man lift for elevation from the inside. Defendant‘s proofs, properly considered here, included evidence which served to bolster the inference of negligence in failing to provide safe conditions for business invitees.
I would affirm the trial court‘s denial of defendant Walker‘s motion for a directed verdict but reverse for a new trial as to defendant Walker, consistent with Placek v Sterling Heights, 405 Mich 638; 275 NW2d 511 (1979), and Rivers v Ford Motor Co, 90 Mich App 94, 97; 280 NW2d 875 (1979).