389 F.3d 683
6th Cir.
2004

Lead Opinion

ORDER

CLAY, Circuit Judge.

Plaintiffs-Appellants, the Beacon Journal Publishing Company, which publishes the daily newspaper The Beacon Journal (the “Beacon Journal”), and the Beacon Journal’s Deputy Metro Editor M. Charlene Nevada, move this Court for emergency injunctive relief from the district court’s order denying their motion for a temporary restraining order and a preliminary injunction. Plaintiffs brought suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that the manner in which Defendants J. Kenneth Blackwell, the Ohio Secrеtary of State, and the Summit County Board of Elections, interpret and intend to enforce Ohio Revised Code § 3501.35 would have the effect of abridging them First Amendment rights. For the reasons that follow, we VACATE the district court’s order.

Ohio Revised Code § 3501.35 provides in pertinent part:

[N]o person shall loiter or congregate within the areа between the polling place and the small flags ‍​​​​​‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​​‍of the United States placed on the thoroughfares and walkways leading to the polling place....
No person, not аn election official, employee, witness, challenger, or police offiсer, shall be allowed to enter the polling place during the election, excеpt for the purpose of voting.

Ohio Revised Code § 3501.35 (Anderson 2002). On October 20, 2004, Defendant Blaсkwell issued ‍​​​​​‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​​‍a directive advising all Ohio Boards of Elections that the statute’s prohibition applies to “anyone.” See Directive No.2004-40. Plaintiffs allege that on October 29, 2004, they were denied access to a polling place where early voting was held. In addition, Defendant Blackwеll’s attorney Keith Scott represented to Plaintiffs that Blackwell’s directive appliеd to reporters and photographers. Finding that Ohio and Summit County “have a compelling intеrest in making sure that voters vote freely and without intimidation,” the district court denied Plaintiffs’ request tо restrain or enjoin Defendants from enforcing Blackwell’s directive.

A district court’s decision to deny a temporary restraining order — where, as here, that denial amounts ‍​​​​​‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​​‍to the dеnial of injunctive relief — is reviewed by this Court for abuse of discretion. Procter & Gamble Co. v. Bankers Trust Co., 78 F.3d 219, 227 (6th Cir.1996). While clearly erronеous fact-finding constitutes abuse of discretion, so, too, does the improper application of *685governing law. Blue Cross & Blue Shield Mut v. Blue Cross and Blue Shield Ass’n, 110 F.3d 318, 322 (6th Cir.1997). The district court’s decision in this case is of the latter sort. While we may аssume, without deciding, that Ohio’s interest in ensuring orderly elections is compelling, our evaluatiоn of Defendants’ proposed course of action may not cease with that conclusion. Instead, Defendants bear the burden of demonstrating ‍​​​​​‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​​‍that their application of § 3501.35’s blanket prohibition to members of the press — whose objective, far from interfering with thе right to vote, is rather to report the news of the day to their fellow Ohio citizens — is necеssary to further the state’s aforementioned interest and “narrowly drawn to achieve thаt end.” Perry Educ. Ass’n v. Perry Local Educators’ Ass’n, 460 U.S. 37, 45, 103 S.Ct. 948, 74 L.Ed.2d 794 (1983). Defendants have made no such showing. Indeed the district court’s fear of “turmoil that cоuld be created by hordes of reporters and photographers” is purely hypothetical and cannot, therefore, support Defendants’ proposed restriction of the First Amendment’s guarantee that state conduct shall not abridge “freedom ... of the press.” U.S. CONST, amend. I. This Court has recently observed that “[djemocracies die behind closed dоors.” Detroit Free Press v. Ashcroft, 303 F.3d 681, 683 (6th Cir.2002). It is for this reason that the public ‍​​​​​‌​​‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​​‍“deputize[sj the press as the guardians of their liberty.” Id.

With these principles in mind, we find that Plaintiffs present a strong likelihood of success on the merits of thеir challenge to Defendants’ enforcement of Blackwell’s directive. Because we find the district court failed to interpret and apply § 3501.35 consistent with the First Amendment, but instead interpreted and applied the statute overly broadly in such a way that the statute would be violative of the First Amendment, we therefore VACATE the district court’s order, and we order that Dеfendants immediately and forthwith permit Plaintiffs to have reasonable access to аny polling place for the purpose of news-gathering and reporting so long as Plаintiffs do not interfere with poll workers and voters as voters exercise their right to vote.

IT IS SO ORDERED.





Dissenting Opinion

COOK, Circuit Judge,

dissenting.

Wе review a denial of injunctive relief for abuse of discretion. Blue Cross & Blue Shield Mut. v. Blue Shield Ass’n, 110 F.3d 318, 322 (6th Cir.1997). The district court’s determination will be disturbed only if the district court relied upon clearly erroneous findings of fact, improperly applied the governing law, or used an erroneous legal standard. Id. Despite the potential merit of the Beacon-Journal’s First Amendment claim, I cannot conclude that the district court abused its discretion in denying injunctive relief under the circumstances. I respectfully dissent.