585 N.W.2d 758 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1998
Michelle BAZZETTA, Stacy Barker, Toni Bunton, Debra King, Shante Allen, Adrienne Branaugh, Alesia Butler, Tamara Prude, Susan Fair, Valerie Bunton, and Arturo Zavala, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS DIRECTOR and Department of Corrections, Defendants-Appellees.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Deborah LaBelle, Detroit, and Gail Grieger, Livonia, for plaintiffs-appellants.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and George N. Stevenson, Assistant Attorney General, for defendants-appellees.
Stark and Gordon (by Carol A. Laughbaum and Sheldon J. Stark), Royal Oak, for amicus curiae American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan.
Before GAGE, P.J., and REILLY and JANSEN, JJ.
*759 PER CURIAM.
Plaintiffs filed this action for injunctive and declaratory relief alleging that certain regulations restricting contact visits with prisoners incarcerated under the jurisdiction of the Department of Corrections (DOC) violated their state and federal constitutional rights and the Civil Rights Act (CRA), M.C.L. § 37.2101 et seq.; M.S.A. § 3.548(101) et seq. The plaintiff class consists of (1) individuals who are or will be incarcerated under the jurisdiction of the DOC and (2) members of the public whose visitation of incarcerated individuals is prohibited or restricted by the challenged rules. Plaintiffs appeal as of right the circuit court order granting defendants' motion for summary disposition. We affirm.
The DOC promulgated the challenged restrictions as part of a new visitation policy that became effective in August 1995. 1995 AACS, R. 791.6609 requires that a prisoner's visitors, with certain exceptions,[1] must be on an approved visitor list. The list is limited to the prisoner's immediate family members and ten other people. "Immediate family member" is defined as grandparent, parent, stepparent, spouse, mother-in-law and father-in-law, child, stepchild, grandchild, sibling, stepbrother or stepsister, aunt or uncle if verification is provided that they served as surrogate parents. 1995 AACS, R. 791.6609(9). Except for an emancipated minor, a person under the age of eighteen may not be on an approved visitor list unless the person is the child, stepchild, or grandchild of the prisoner, 1995 AACS, R. 791.6609(2)(a), and then may visit only if accompanied by an adult member of the immediate family or a legal guardian, 1995 AACS, R. 791.6609(5).[2] A person may be on the approved visitor list of only one prisoner to whom the visitor is not related as an immediate family member. A former prisoner may not be on a prisoner's approved visitor list unless the former prisoner is an immediate family member. 1995 AACS, R. 791.6609(7)(a). The director may permanently ban all visitation privileges, except with an attorney or clergy member, for specified types of misconduct. 1995 AACS, R. 791.6609(11).
Plaintiffs' claims based on alleged violations of the United States Constitution were resolved in federal court. Although the action was filed in the circuit court, defendants removed the action to the United States District Court. The federal district court remanded the state law claims to the circuit court. The district court denied plaintiffs' motion for a preliminary injunction on the basis that plaintiffs could not show a likelihood of success on the merits. Bazzetta v. McGinnis, 902 F. Supp. 765 (E.D.Mich., 1995). The court later granted defendants' motion to dismiss and for summary judgment. The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed. Bazzetta v. McGinnis, 124 F.3d 774 (C.A.6,1997), supplemented 133 F.3d 382 (C.A.6,1998).
After the district court remanded the state law claims, plaintiffs filed their second amended complaint. Defendants moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10). The circuit court granted the motion, relying in part on the district court's analysis of plaintiffs' federal constitutional claims, which the circuit court found "persuasive." The circuit court also rejected plaintiffs' civil rights claim.
I
Plaintiffs contend that the circuit court improperly dismissed their constitutional claims. We disagree.
Plaintiffs alleged that the DOC's rules that "prohibit visits from former prisoners, prohibit all but certain members of the public from visiting more than one prisoner and *760 prohibition [sic] against certain family members and denial of visits from friends and family under the age of eighteen" violates their right to equal protection. They further alleged violations of their fundamental right to integrity in family relationships, to freedom of speech and association, to due process, and to be free from cruel or unusual punishment.
This Court has previously rejected constitutional challenges to the DOC's visitation policy. In Blank v. Dep't of Corrections, 222 Mich.App. 385, 564 N.W.2d 130 (1997), this Court considered and rejected the petitioners' challenges to 1995 AACS, R. 791.6607, 791.6609, 791.6611, 791.6614, and 791.5505. The petitioners argued that the rules violated the prisoners' rights to due process, freedom of association, free exercise of religion, and effective assistance of counsel. This Court held that visitation with a prisoner by family and friends was not protected by a constitutional right to associate. Concluding that the rules "are reasonably related to the control and management of the state's penal institutions," the Court found them constitutionally valid. Blank, supra at 409, 564 N.W.2d 130.
The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals has rejected these plaintiffs' challenges to the regulations under the United States Constitution. Relying on the decisions of the United States Supreme Court, the court explained that "the problems of prison administration are peculiarly for resolution by prison authorities and their resolution should be accorded deference by the courts." Bazzetta, 124 F.3d at 779. In evaluating regulations that allegedly implicate prisoners' constitutional rights, the appropriate inquiry is whether the regulations are reasonably related to and supportive of legitimate penological interests. Id. The fact that the regulations allegedly impinged on the constitutional rights of noninmates did not change the standard used to evaluate the regulations. "Viewed from a constitutional standpoint, if, as we now hold, the prison officials properly limited the visitation rights of the prisoners because the limitations were reasonably related to legitimate penological interests, the effect of these regulations upon persons outside the prison was largely irrelevant." Id. at 780. The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the district court's ruling that the regulations were constitutional.
We find the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals' analysis of plaintiffs' constitutional claims is persuasive in resolving plaintiffs' claims under the state constitution. This Court also evaluates prison regulations that allegedly impinge on prisoners' constitutional rights to determine if the regulations are reasonably related to legitimate penological interests. Blank, supra at 408, 564 N.W.2d 130. We agree with the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals that this standard should be used even where the regulations also allegedly impinge on noninmates' rights. Although we are not bound by the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals' application of this standard in Bazzetta, plaintiffs have offered no compelling reason to depart from it. Therefore, because these regulations reasonably relate to prison administration and management concerns, they do not violate either the prisoner-plaintiffs' or the noninmate-plaintiffs' rights under the Michigan Constitution.
Plaintiffs argue that the trial court improperly relied on the federal district court's analysis of plaintiffs' federal constitutional claims and effectively applied res judicata or collateral estoppel principles. We find no error. The circuit court's opinion indicates that the court viewed the federal district court's opinion as "persuasive authority." The court's analysis refutes any claim that the court believed it was legally bound by the district court's holding.
Plaintiffs suggest that the trial court erred in granting defendants' motion for summary disposition because there had not been an adequate opportunity for discovery. We disagree. As recognized by the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, "[t]he issue in the instant case was basically one of law, viz., were the amendments of the prison regulations reasonably related to and supportive of legitimate penological interests." Bazzetta, 124 F.3d at 779. In these circumstances, no fair chance exists that further discovery will result in factual support for the nonmoving party. Mackey v. Dep't of Corrections, 205 Mich.App. 330, 333-334, 517 N.W.2d 303 (1994). Accordingly, we affirm the trial *761 court's order granting defendants summary disposition with regard to plaintiffs' constitutional claims.
II
Plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred in granting defendants' motion for summary disposition of their civil rights claim. We affirm the result of the circuit court, but for a different reason.
Plaintiffs alleged that the facilities operated by the DOC are "public services and/or public accommodations" under § 301[3] of the CRA, M.C.L. § 37.2301; M.S.A. § 3.548(301), and that the rules prohibiting visitation by minor siblings denies them the full and equal utilization of a public service because of age, in violation of § 302(a),[4] M.C.L. § 37.2302(a); M.S.A. § 3.548(302)(a). The trial court concluded that plaintiffs failed to state a claim for relief because defendants were exempt from article three of the CRA under § 303,[5] M.C.L. § 37.2303; M.S.A. § 3.548(303).
When a civil rights claim is brought against a state actor, courts should evaluate the claim using constitutional equal protection standards. In Dep't of Civil Rights ex rel. Forton v. Waterford Twp. Dep't of Parks & Recreation, 425 Mich. 173, 387 N.W.2d 821 (1986), the Supreme Court considered "whether the defendant township can operate a basketball program for elementary students that requires separate gender-based leagues playing at different times of the year, without violating [§ 302 of the CRA, M.C.L.§ 37.2302; M.S.A. § 3.548(302)]." Forton, supra at 175, 387 N.W.2d 821. To answer that question, the Court determined that it had to first ascertain whether the CRA "prescribes a standard prohibiting any rulemaking by the state based on gender per se, or whether it incorporates a two-part test coterminous with constitutional equal protection standards." Id. After comparing § 302(a) with article 1, § 2 of the Michigan Constitution and examining legislative history, the Court concluded that the Legislature's goal in adopting § 302(a) was to broaden the scope of the coverage of the act to private action, not to change the standard of equal protection. Forton, supra at 188-189, 387 N.W.2d 821. Therefore, the Court evaluated the basketball program using the "middle tier end-means analysis" applicable to equal protection challenges involving a gender-based classification. Id. at 200, 387 N.W.2d 821.
In this case, we need not separately evaluate plaintiffs' civil rights claim because we have already rejected their equal protection claim. It is unnecessary to determine whether the DOC is exempt from the CRA under § 303. The standard for evaluating plaintiffs' civil rights claim is "coterminous with constitutional equal protection standards." Forton, supra at 175, 387 N.W.2d 821. We recognize that the Supreme Court left open the possibility that in a different factual setting the CRA "may provide greater rights than past or future decisions interpreting the Equal Protection Clause of either *762 the United States or the Michigan Constitution." Id. at 189-190, 387 N.W.2d 821. However, we do not believe the present case warrants recognition of rights greater than those provided under traditional equal protection analysis. The dismissal of plaintiffs' civil rights claim, like plaintiffs' equal protection claim, is affirmed.
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1] 1995 AACS, R. 791.6607 provides that clergy, outreach program volunteers, attorneys, legal paraprofessionals, law clerks, and official representatives of the government may visit without being on a prisoner's approved visitor list. The warden may allow a single visit between a prisoner and a person not on the list. 1995 AACS, R. 791.6609(3).
[2] Children under eighteen are not permitted to visit if the parental rights of the prisoner to the child have been terminated, a court order prohibits visits, or the prisoner has been convicted of child abuse, criminal sexual conduct, or assaultive behavior against the child or the child's sibling unless the director approved the visit.
[3] Section 301(a) defines "place of public accommodation" as "a business, or an educational, refreshment, entertainment, recreation, health, or transportation facility, or institution of any kind, whether licensed or not, whose goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations are extended, offered, sold, or otherwise made available to the public." M.C.L. § 27.2301(a); M.S.A. § 3.548(301)(a). "Public service" is defined by § 301(b) as "a public facility, department, state agency, board, or commission, owned, operated, or managed by or on behalf of the state, a political subdivision, or an agency thereof, or a tax exempt private agency established to provide service to the public." M.C.L. § 27.2301(b); M.S.A. § 3.548(301)(b).
[4] "Except where permitted by law, a person shall not: (a) Deny an individual the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of a place of public accommodation or public service because of religion, race, color, national origin, age, sex, or marital status." M.C.L. § 27.2302(a); M.S.A. § 3.548(302)(a).
[5] This article shall not apply to a private club, or other establishment not in fact open to the public, except to the extent that the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of the private club or establishment are made available to the customers or patrons of another establishment that is a place of public accommodation or is licensed by the state under [the Michigan liquor control act, M.C.L. §§ 436.1 through 436.58; M.S.A. §§ 18.971 through 18.1029.] This section shall not apply to a private club that is otherwise defined as a place of public accommodation in this article. M.C.L. § 27.2303; M.S.A. § 3.548(303).
