Baugh v. TaylorBaugh v. Taylor
Robert Baugh, a Texas prisoner, appeals the dismissal of his
Baugh and several other Texas state prisoners were inmates in the Galveston County Jail when they sued local jail officials for alleged unconstitutional failure to protect them from attacks by fellow inmates; deliberate indifference to serious medical needs; unanswered grievances; and other alleged unconstitutional conditions of confinement. The district court granted Baugh leave to proceed in forma pauperis (IFP).1
Thereafter, the district court referred the case to a magistrate judge who directed Baugh to respond to interrogatories designed to elicit detailed information about his claims. After receiving Baugh‘s answers, the magistrate judge recommended dismissal of his claims as frivolous. The district court agreed and dismissed Baugh‘s case with prejudice. Baugh filed a timely notice of appeal and a motion for leave to proceed on appeal IFP. The district court denied the motion
In response to Baugh‘s motion to proceed IFP in this court we ordered that his appeal be held in abeyance either pending payment of the filing fee or the filing of an affidavit to proceed IFP that complied with the PLRA. Baugh has complied with that order. We must now determine whether he is entitled to proceed IFP on appeal, and more specifically, the proper application of
Analysis
Baugh maintains that under Rule 24 the district court was required to give written reasons for certifying that his appeal was not taken in good faith. Two recent decisions, Jackson v. Stinnett2 and Strickland v. Rankin County Correctional Facility,3 have held that
Our colleagues in the Sixth Circuit addressed the specific question now
A close read of Floyd reflects that it reaches two conclusions: (1) conditional phrases in section 1915(a) and (b) create a prisoner/nonprisoner dichotomy between the various parts of subsection (a); and (2) subsection (a)(3), which it concludes applies only to nonprisoners, poses an absolute bar to IFP appeals and hence impliedly repeals part of Rule 24(a). We cannot accept either conclusion.
A. A Prisoner/Nonprisoner Dichotomy in 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)
The linchpin of the first of the foregoing conclusions is that the phrases “Notwithstanding subsection (a)” and “Subject to subsection (b)” found in section 1915 make subsections (a)(3) and (b)(1) mutually exclusive. We are not so persuaded for several reasons.
First, section 1915(a)(1) provides that “any court . . . may authorize the commencement, prosecution or defense of any suit, . . . or appeal therein, without the prepayment of fees or security therefor.” We hold that the phrase “Subject to
Second, we find no mandated conflict between (a)(3) and (b)(1). Subsection (a)(3) states that an appeal may not be taken IFP if the district court certifies in writing that the appeal is not taken in good faith. That a prisoner in such a setting is required to pay the full filing fee, regardless of his IFP status, does not mean that (a)(3)‘s sanction has no application to prisoner litigation. Once the district court certifies that an IFP appeal is not taken in good faith, prisoners, like nonprisoners, cannot appeal9 unless prepared to pay the full filing fee, deposits, and other costs. The assessment procedures in the reconstituted section 1915(b) are not applicable
Finally, we cannot accept our sister circuit colleague‘s analysis on the interplay between subsections (a) and (b) of section 1915, convinced that such frustrates the goals of the PLRA, namely the curbing of frivolous prisoner litigation and the preservation of our limited appellate resources. Under the Floyd model, district courts may end a nonprisoner IFP appeal in the traditional manner, by certifying that the appeal is not taken in good faith, but may no longer do the same for prisoner appeals. We conclude otherwise and hold that the district courts retain the discretion to certify under section 1915(a)(3) that IFP appeals, from prisoners and nonprisoners alike, are not taken in good faith.
B. Whether § 1915(a)(3) Repeals Rule 24(a)
Finally, we must determine whether section 1915(a)(3) implicitly repealed portions of Rule 24(a). Nothing in the PLRA expressly repeals Rule 24 and the legislative history is silent; we therefore are constrained to proceed cautiously,
Two of our recent decisions have held that section 1915 impliedly repealed portions of Rule 24. Neither case, however, controls the issue before us today. In Jackson v. Stinnett, an IFP prisoner‘s section 1983 suit, filed before the effective date of the PLRA, was dismissed as frivolous after its effective date. The trial court did not certify that the appeal was not taken in bad faith, so the prisoner, following the letter of Rule 24, did not reapply with the court of appeals for permission to proceed IFP. Under Rule 24(a), the prisoner, who had been permitted to proceed IFP at trial, was allowed to “proceed without further application to the court of appeals and without prepayment of fees or costs in either court or the giving of security therefor,”12 the “carryover” provision. The Jackson court, noting that the appeal was filed after the effective date of the PLRA, held that the PLRA overruled Rule 24 to the extent that it allowed the prisoner to rely on a pre-PLRA certification of IFP status. Rule 24‘s carryover provision could not apply because the pre-PLRA IFP requirements did not meet the heightened PLRA standards. Jackson also held that the PLRA expressly required the payment of filing fees by
In Strickland v. Rankin County Correctional Facility, decided a month later, a prisoner‘s IFP appeal was pending before the effective date of the PLRA. Like the prisoner in Jackson, Strickland arguably had carryover IFP status under Rule 24. Expanding on Jackson, the Strickland court held that IFP appeals docketed before the effective date of the PLRA were subject to the PLRA‘s heightened IFP standards, as well as the mandatory filing fees of section 1915(b).14 Strickland was therefore required to reapply for IFP status and pay the appellate filing fees and could not rely on Rule 24.15
Unlike the Jackson and Strickland cases, the instant appeal does not involve provisions of section 1915 that conflict with Rule 24. The perceived conflict noted in Floyd is that section 1915(a)(3) does not permit an appeal to proceed IFP if the appeal is not taken in good faith, whereas Rule 24(a) allows an IFP appellant to apply to the courts of appeals for IFP status within 30 days of such a certification.
More than half a century before the PLRA,
Despite this longevity, we find no dispositive ruling identifying the procedural mechanism by which IFP appellants, whose appeals have been certified as not taken in good faith, could challenge such a certification. As early as 1957, the Supreme Court held that in the criminal context, “[s]uch certification is not final in the sense that the convicted defendant is barred from showing that it was unwarranted and that an appeal should be allowed.”17 Subsequent cases reviewed
We must now focus on the implementing procedure. Ostensibly in response to the Supreme Court‘s mandate that certification decisions under section 1915 were appealable,
The final paragraph establishes a subsequent motion in the court of appeals, rather than an appeal from the order of denial or from the certification of lack of good faith, as the proper procedure for calling in question the correctness of the action of the district court. The simple and expeditious motion procedure seems clearly preferable to an appeal. This paragraph applies only to applications for leave to appeal in forma pauperis. The order of a district court refusing leave to initiate an action in the district court in forma pauperis is reviewable on appeal. See Roberts v. United States District Court, 339 U.S. 844,
We are mindful that occasionally we have blurred the distinction between motions to proceed IFP and appeals on the merits.20 In defense of those rulings we observe that the posture of those cases warranted such treatment. Usually, a district court certified that an appeal was not taken in good faith when the underlying claims of the IFP plaintiff were entirely frivolous and had no possibility of success. The merits of the suit were thus inextricably intertwined with the certification decision. Legitimate values, such as concerns for judicial economy and prudence, justified the melding of the decisions.
In other situations, a motion for leave to proceed IFP on appeal would be more efficient than combining it with an appeal on the merits. Examples would include attempted appeals of interlocutory discovery orders, summary judgments, and various other unappealable orders or rulings that are not unusual in pro se settings.
From this vantage point we now hold that (1) a district court may certify that an IFP appeal is not taken in good faith under section 1915(a)(3) and Rule 24(a); (2) if the trial court does so, it is required under Rule 24(a) to set forth in writing
If we find error in the trial court‘s certification that the appeal was not taken in good faith, we shall order briefing on the merits of the appeal.23 Having so ruled we remind that if in reversing the trial court in cases where the merits are so
In instances in which we uphold the trial court‘s determination that the appeal is not taken in good faith and the prisoner persists in taking an appeal on the merits, payment of the full appellate filing fees and costs, less what has already been collected, must be made within 30 days or the appeal will be dismissed for want of prosecution.24
Applying the foregoing to Baugh‘s appeal, and viewing the magistrate judge‘s report and recommendations adopted by the district court as the reasons for the certification, we cannot fully resolve the matter before us. The record is devoid of findings on two issues: (1) Baugh‘s claim that due to severe overcrowding conditions and ignored grievances pertaining thereto, he contracted tuberculosis; and (2) Baugh‘s potential due process complaint regarding entitlement to procedures provided in the Galveston County Jail handbook. We must, therefore, remand to the district court for findings on these issues and, in accordance with Morgan, to conduct any applicable financial screening and assessment procedures
REMANDED for further proceedings consistent herewith.
POLITZ
CHIEF JUDGE