Battis v. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Co.

124 Iowa 623 | Iowa | 1904

Lead Opinion

Bishop, J.

1. Evidence: ofCpain!‘ons While upon the witness stand, plaintiff testified that he reached his home, in Allerton, about five o’clock the next morning after the occurrence in question. Thereafter his wife was called as a witness on his behalf, and was asked what, if anything, heihusband said when he first came home with reference to suffering pain,on account of his injuries. This was objected to,, and the objection overruled. The witness answered that he requested to be helped to bed as quickly as possible; that “ he complained of pain in his head, in the back of his neck, and in his arms. He said he was suffering lots of pain.” The admission of such testimony is assigned as error. We think.it was competent, under the rule announced in Keyes v. City of Cedar Falls, 107 Iowa, 509. In that case it is said (Deemer,. J., speaking for the court): “ The weight of reason and authority supports the rule admitting such evidence. * * *' Whenever the physical or mental condition of a person is in issue, expressions or declarations of present, existing pain,, whether made at .the time the injury was received, or subsequently, are admissible in evidence. Such expressions and." statements as to the location of the malady or pain are exceptions to the general.rule which excludes hearsay evidence, and they are admitted on the ground of necessity, as being the only means of determining whether pain or suffering is endured by another; and whether they are simulated or. not is a question*for the jury.” With this statement of the rule now' in force in this State we are content, and accordingly adhere thereto. But counsel for appellant further argues that, conceding such to be the present rule, it should be limited in its operation to exclamations of pain — to such expressions as are the result of pain — and should not be extended to include mere statements or declarations of the fact that pain exists. Such position is not in harmony with the language quoted from the opinion, nor the spirit of the rule. If the evidence offered be in the nature of a statement made by the person claiming to have been injured, declaratory merely of the fact that at the time of making such statement he is suffering pain or distress, we think the evidence is admissible under the rule. On the other hand, statements or declarations having reference to conditions in time past, and such as are purely recitative or descriptive in character, are not admissible, within the meaning of the rule.

*. privileged COMMUNICAtions. II. As a witness, plaintiff testified that a fight occurred on the train, in which fight he was one of the participants; that during- the same he was knocked down by some one, the blow being sufficiently severe to produce imme- . díate insensibility. He says he does not know how or from what cause he fell from the train; that, after being knocked down in the car, he did not regain his senses until about four o’clock the next morning, when he found himself in the depot at Seymour. Dr. Banning was called as a witness by defendant, and testified that, about eleven-o’clock on the night of the occurrence in question, plaintiff was brought to his office for medical attention. The doctor was then interrogated with reference to the condition in which he found plaintiff, as to being conscious or unconscious; also whether or not plaintiff talked to persons who were in the room in a general and intelligent way. To this plaintiff interposed an objection, based on section 4608 of the Code, and such objection was sustained. The Code provision invoked is as follows: “ No practicing * * * physician * * * who obtains such information by reason of his employment -x- * * shall be allowed, in giving testimony, to disclose any confidential communication properly entrusted to him in his professional capacity, and necessary and proper to enable him to discharge the functions of his office according to the usual course of practice.” All will agree that the manifest purpose of this statute is to make it possible for every person to fully and freely consult with a physician, or submit himself to the examination of such physician, without anticipation or fear that the confidence reposed may be broken in upon by a subsequent examination of the physician as a witness in some form of legal proceeding. This being true, the statute should have a liberal construction by the courts. Accordingly we have held that the expression “ confidential communications,” as used in the statute; is not to be restricted to the mere verbal statments made by the patient, but must be construed to include all knowledge or information acquired by the physician through his own observation or examination. Prader v. Accident Ass’n, 95 Iowa, 149; Baxter v. Cedar Rapids, 103 Iowa, 599; Finnegan v. Sioux City, 112 Iowa, 232. In the case at bar the interrogatories' propounded to the physician were intended to elicit from him certain facta respecting the condition of plaintiff, and it is manifest that whatever knowledge the witness possessed was acquired from the statments made to him by plaintiff, and from his own examination and observation. Clearly in such a case the statute applies, and the privilege may be insisted upon.

Nor is the privilege taken away, as contended for, by the fact that while upon the witness stand, and elsewhere, plaintiff had stated that he was unconscious when taken to, and •while he remained in, the office of the physician, and that the testimony sought to be elicited had relation solely to the condition of plaintiff as to consciousness; the purpose thereof being the impeachment of plaintiff as a witness. In McConnell v. Osage, 80 Iowa, 293, we said: “ It is not enough to say that in some eases it [the testimony of the physician] may operate to defeat 'the designs of falsehood. Such a rule would practically annul the provisions of the statute. It cannot be questioned that greater freedom as to such testimony would in some cases work good results, and in others bad. It is a proper matter for legislative regulation, and, after considering the reasons for and against the rule, it has placed the obligation of secrecy on the lips of the physician unless it is removed by the party in whose interest it was so placed.” We are not to be regarded as overlooking the further contention of counsel for appellant in the case at bar to the effect that the testimony here sought to be elicited did not relate to any communication “ necessary and proper to enable him to discharge the functions of his office,” etc. It may be true, possibly, that the knowledge acquired by the physician was not, in point of fact, and strictly speaking, necessary and proper to enable him to perform the functions of his office. But of this we are not in position to judge, nor are we called upon to determine what the fact might be when reduced to a last analysis. It was the condition of plaintiff that was the subject of the inquiry, and it was the professional judgment of the physician that was called for. The privilege cannot be subject to measurement by metes and bounds, and we may well assume that all that was told to the physician, and all that was developed by his examination or came under his observation, was necessary and proper for his understanding of the condition of his patient. The relation of physician and patient being established, if by any fair intendment communications made have relation to the physicial or mental condition of the patient, we are bound to hold them privileged. As bearing upon the subject, see Raymond v. Railway, 65 Iowa, 152; Finnegan v. Sioux City, 112 Iowa, 232; Nelson v. Oneida, 156 N. Y. 219; Cartside v. Ins. Co., 76 Mo. 446 (43 Am. Rep. 765); Association v. Beek, 77 Ind. 203 (40 Am. Rep. 295.) It follows from what we have said that there was no error in rejecting the testimony offered.

3. same III. Dr. Earnest, living at Seymour, was called as a witness by the defendant. lie testified that he was the local surgeon of the defendant company; that about midnight of the day of the accident he was called by the station agent, and went to the depot, where he saw plaintiff. Thereupon the following: “ Q. Did you ask him as to Ms injuries ? A. Yes, sir. Q. Were you called there to do something for him? A. Yes, sir; I was called there to see him. Q. You were called there to see what, if anything, was the matter with him? A. Yes, sir. Q. Did you treat him at all ? A. I dressed one small wound. Q. You were not called there for any other purpose than to see what his injuries were? A. I was called to the depot to see a man that was hurt. Q. Now, in asking him questions, did he answer them, and did he do so intelligently and rationally? Q. What, if anything, did plaintiff say in that conversation as to how he received the injuries of which he was then complaining? ” The two latter questions were objected to as within the statute (Code, section 4608) and privileged, and the objections were sustained. These rulings are assigned as error, and the argument of counsel for appellant in respect thereto is confined to the single proposition that the witness was in no sense the physician of plaintiff, or employed as such; that he was the physician of the company, and called to see plaintiff solely on its account and in its interests. It may be conceded that the sole purpose of the agent in calling the physician was that the latter might ascertain the condition of plaintiff, and thus be prepared to advise the company, should occasion therefor arise, or be a witness on its behalf, if necessary. Certainly, if the visit of the physician had been confined to the limits incident to such purpose alone, his eligibility as a witness on behalf of the company might not he open to question. Without doubt, a railway company, with the utmost propriety, may thus advise itself of the fact of injury, and the character and extent thereof, in anticipation of a possible claim against it for damages. And with that end in view, it may send a physician to inspect and take notes, or otherwise inform himself of existing conditions. But this can avail the company nothing unless the physician shall strictly retain his character as an employe of the company. If, upon request or upon his own motion he assumes to advise or administer treatment to the patient, and the latter in any manner acquiesces therein, the physician thereby casts aside his relation as an employe of the company, and transfers his allegiance to the patient. In such instances a case is presented where one cannot serve two masters at one and the same time. The allegiance of the physician must be wholly upon one side or the other. It matters not, in this connection, who calls him in the first instance, or who pays him. He may present himself at the side of the patient bn his own motion, and he may not expect, or in fact receive, pay. The reason for this is apparent upon a moment’s reflection. If the physician assumes to advise or treat, he should be put in possession of all facts necessary or material to enable him to do so properly. If the patient acquiesce, he should have the right to and should' communicate freely and fully without fear of exposure or of having his confidence made common property. It was to this end that the statute was enacted, and manifestly the purpose thereof may hot be frustrated by proof that, at the time of rendering professional service, the physician was under contract of employment to serve the interest of the person or company subsequently charged with responsibility for the identical injury he is called upon or assumes to treat. Accordingly we hold that the trial court did not err in refusing to permit answers to the questions asked of the witness. The views above expressed find support, in principle,. at least, in the following cases: Raymond v. Railway, 65 Iowa, 152; Kiest v. Railway, 110 Iowa, 32; Griffith v. Railway (Sup.) 66 N. Y. Supp. 1801; Railway v. Mushrush, 37 N. E. Rep. 954; Pennsylvania Co. v. Marion, 123 Ind. 415 (23 N. E. Rep. 973); Grossman v. Knights of Honor (Sup.) 6 N. Y. Supp. 821; State v. Houseworth, 91 Iowa, 740; State v. Swafford, 98 Iowa, 362.

IV. Plaintiff, in company with a large number of other persons, had been attending a' fair at Centerville. While on the train going home, several of the party, including plaintiff, indulged more or less freely in intoxicants. Plaintiff testifies that after he got on the train he drank several swallows, or about half a teacupful, of whisky. It appears that he went back into the rear car of the train, and .there stopped and engaged in conversation with a party of young men and women. In the course thereof, he was accused of some impropriety of speech and conduct, whereupon an angry altercation arose. Others of the party interfered, and, for the time being, prevented blows being struck. At this juncture the brakeman, Eiehart, came in, and, upon being apprised of the situation, conducted plaintiff to the rear end of the car, and ordered him to sit there and keep quiet. In the meantime two of the young men of the party had taken the young women into a forward car, and, returning, at once started for the rear end of the car, armed with beer bottles. Plaintiff says that, as they came up, Eiehart, who was standing near, told them that “ this man [plaintiff] is attending to his own business, and you leave him alone.” The demand of the brakeman was not heeded, however, and a general fight began, during which plaintiff knocked Loughman down, and then was struck himself by a beer bottle in the hands of some one of the assaulting party, and felled to the floor. Plaintiff says that he was rendered insensible by one of the blows struck with the beer bottle, and that he did not recover consciousness until the next morning. Thus far there is practically no conflict in the testimony. Now, in respect of what was done by the brakeman to quell the disturbance, plaintiff says that when the attack was made upon him the brakeman did not attempt to prevent the assault. The other witnesses unite in saying that he made efforts'to get between tbe fighting men and to restore order, but was unable to do so. How plaintiff got out of tbe car door upon tbe platform is also the subject of much conflict in tbe evidence. It is said by witnesses for plaintiff that, after tbe fight bad been in progress for some time, tbe brakeman seized bold of plaintiff with one band, opened tbe car door with tbe other, and pushed him out on tbe platform, following him out and closing tbe door; that in a few moments tbe brakeman re-entered, and, as be came in, tbe crowd was still at tbe rear of tbe car, insisting upon going out to get plaintiff and bring on a renewal of tbe affray. Some of tbe ■witnesses say that tbe brakeman thereupon ordered them to keep quiet, and said, “ He is off now; I tbrowed him off; ” others say tbe expression used was, “ I put him off; ” while others insist that nothing more was said than, “ He is off; now keep quiet.” For defendant, tbe brakeman testifies that be did not go out of tbe car at all; that, upon its being said that some one of tbe party bad drawn a knife, be pulled the door open, and assisted or allowed plaintiff to make bis exit to tbe platform, whereupon be closed tbe door, and stood with bis back to it, refusing to allow any one to go out. Tbe brakeman is- corroborated by several witnesses, and they agree that what be said was, “ He is out; now keep quiet,” and that this was said while be was standing with bis back to the-door. There can be no doubt of tbe fact that there was much confusion in tbe car at the time of the affray, and all were more or less excited. There is no evidence to tbe effect that, at tbe time of or during tbe affray, Fiebart said anything to plaintiff, and there is no direct evidence of any force used by him toward plaintiff, save that it is said by some of tbe witnesses that after plaintiff bad been bit several times, and after some one bad called out, “ Look out, Sherm; be has got a knife! ” be (Fiebart) got tbe door open and pushed plaintiff out upon tbe platform. It is not material to tbe point we have in mind to inquire bow plaintiff reached tbe ground from tbe platform. Suffice it to say that there is tbe statement attributed to Fie-hart as he is said to have re-entered the ear. Two of the witnesses say they saw plaintiff fall off, while two others say they saw him go down the steps and jump off; and four other witnesses say that, after the accident, plaintiff told them that he had jumped off to escape the fury of his assailants.

i. Instructions: plssengcr°from moving tram. In the fifth instruction, the court told the jury that “ if you find that said brakeman helped, pushed, or even forced the plaintiff through the door of the car,, and upon the platform> an(i ¿id SO for the purpose of protecting the plaintiff from the violence inside the car, an(j n0 p^rpogg eject or force him from the train, then the plaintiff cannot recover.” In the sixth’ instruction the jury was told that “ the plaintiff is not not required to show that the said brakeman actually threw the plaintiff from said train. If the evidence shows that the said brakeman wrongfully and forcibly put said plaintiff out of said car, and upon the platform thereof, and that for that reason, and without the affirmative act or the negligence of the plaintiff, he fell from said platform, that would be an ejectment from the train. In order to show that the act complained of was wrongful, it is not necessary that it be shown that it was done with malice or ill will against the plaintiff. It would be sufficient to show that the act was wrongful, if it appear that the said brakeman was endeavoring to remove said plaintiff from said train under the circumstances claimed. To put any person off a train under such circumstances is a wrongful act.” We think this instruction is misleading and open to criticism, for that the jury is given no adequate guide to enable it to correctly determine whether the act of the brakeman in pushing plaintiff out of the car upon the platform, if such was found to be the fact, was or was not wrongful. In the fifth instruction it will be observed that the jury was told that, if the ejection was to protect plaintiff from the violence in the car, there can be no recovery. This is equivalent to saying that an ejection under such circumstances would be rightful. In the later instruction the jury was told that the ejection, to be actionable, must be shown to have been wrongful, and that it was wrongful if done under the circumstances claimed. What is meant by “ the circumstances claimed ” and by “ such circumstances ” is wholly left open to conjecture. The expressions may be supposed to have reference to the fact conditions presented in the evidence for plaintiff, and this we are warranted in saying inasmuch as the circumstances are not detailed in the petition. Plaintiff, as we have seen, does not pretend to have any personal knowledge upon the subject of his ejectment from the train. Looking into the testimony of the witnesses, we find the fact conditions presented to be such that each individual juror might readily arrive at conclusions differing in many material respects from those arrived at by his fellows. Now, we may readily concede that to forcibly put a passenger out on the platform of a moving car, from which, as a natural and proximate result, he falls, would amount to an ejection from the train. And if the act was wrongful, there can be no doubt but that it would give rise to a cause of action. The question, then, is,- was it wrongful, and why ? This question cannot be answered as matter of law, or by a vague reference to “ the circumstances claimed.” The brakeman was certainly in authority upon the train, and, it may well be presumed, was charged with the duty of preserving order, and of preventing one passenger from interfering with or molesting another. Indeed, this is admitted in argument. He was called upon to act in the premises, therefore; and it is not even suggested- that in the first instance he interfered in the affray for any reason other than to restore order, and to prevent one passenger from doing injury to another. So far, at least, his conduct must be held to have been warranted, and therefore not wrongful. If thereafter he acted wrongfully, it must be because h# carried his interference to an unreasonable and unnecessary extent, in view of the conditions found to exist, or because he ceased to confine his efforts to an attempt to suppress the disorder and prevent injury being done to plaintiff or to other passengers in the car, and by himself actively and aggressively made an assault upon plaintiff, culminating in an ejectment from the train as alleged. By the instruction under consideration the jury was not advised in respect of any of these mattersy or the rules of law applicable thereto. The charge being the serious one of wantonly putting plaintiff off a swiftly moving train, we think the defendant may be said to have been fairly entitled to have the jury told not only what was the duty of the brakeman, but by what rule they were to determine when, if at all, he ceased to act in the performance of his duty, and himself became a wrongdoer.

We think, also, that the instruction is open to criticism for that the jury may well have inferred therefrom that, if it was found that plaintiff had been wrongfully pushed out upon the platform by the brakeman, then defendant would be liable,, whatever the cause from which his subsequent fall from the team immediately proceeded, provided the same was not the result of his own affirmative act or negligence. It is to be borne in mind that a recovery is sought in this action because plaintiff was wrongfully ejected from the train, and not simply because he was wrongfully pushed out upon the platform. Accordingly, to support a recovery, the jury was required to find not only that the pushing of plaintiff out upon the platform was wrongful, but that, as a natural and proximate result thereof, he fell from the train and sustained the injury of which he complains. The manner of his leaving the platform was therefore a matter of primary importance, and the defendant could be made liable only upon its being shown that the result was brought about by the positive act of the brakeman. This phase of the case should have been made more clear, and especially in view of the fact that there was-much evidence tending to show that plaintiff voluntarily jumped from the train after he was put out or went out upon the platform.

We have examined the other assignments of .error presented by appellant. Some of them are without merit, and others present questions which are not likely to arise upon a new trial.

The judgment of the trial court is reversed, and the cause is remanded for a new trial.- — Reversed.

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Dissenting Opinion

Deemer, C. J.

(dissenting). The ease is reversed because of an error in the instructions in failing to define the terms “ circumstances claimed ” and “ such circumstances,” used in the sixth instruction. I think they are defined in the instructions given, when applied to the pleadings and concessions of counsel made during the trial, and that when all of the instructions are taken together, as they should be, no such error as the majority have found really exists. To show that I am not mistaken in this, I here quote in full the fourth, fifth, and sixth instructions given by the court, which relate to the matter covered by the fourth division of the opinion. They read as follows, to wit:

(4) It is claimed by plaintiff that he was ejected by one Fiehart, and it is admitted in evidence and argument that said- Fiehart was a brakeman upon said defendant’s train. Under such showing, it may be considered established that said Fiehart- was an agent and employe of defendant. It is claimed by the plaintiff that while the said train was in passage between the stations of Seymour and Harvard, in Wayne county, Iowa, that said Fiehart forcibly ejected said plaintiff .from said train, in the nighttime, and while said train was running at a high rate of speed. Upon this contention the defendant takes direct issue. It denies that said Fiehart forcibly ejected plaintiff from said train. Unless the plaintiff sustains his contention regarding this material and vital essential, he cannot recover. If you find from the evidence that the plaintiff got off said train voluntarily or under compulsion of others, or ran from said train through fear of the assaults of others, or if you find that plaintiff got off or was put off said train for any other reason or in any other way than that asserted by said plaintiff, as stated above, the plaintiff cannot recover.

(5) If you find tha-t the plaintiff while upon said train got into an altercation with others, which culminated in an affray, in which the plaintiff was assaulted and injured, the defendant cannot be held liable therefor in the case at bar. If such affray and the assaults of others directly or indirectly caused the plaintiff to get off said train, the plaintiff cannot recover. If in such affray the plaintiff, in an endeavor to escape from said assaults, ran out of the car, upon the platform, and from such platform got off or fell from said train, the plaintiff cannot recover. If, under the circumstances shown in evidence, you find that, with the consent or even with the aid of the said brakeman, the plaintiff went out of said car, and thence upon said platform, and that, without the wrongful and forcible act of said brakeman, the plaintiff got off or fell from said platform, the plaintiff cannot recover. If you should find that said brakeman, in an endeavor to protect the plaintiff from the assaults of others, allowed, advised, or even assisted the plaintiff out of the door of the ear, and upon its platform, the plaintiff cannot recover. If you find that said brakeman helped, pushed, or even forced the plaintiff through the door of the car, and upon the platform, and did so for-the purpose of protecting the plaintiff from the violence inside of the car, and with no purpose to. eject or force him from the train, then the plaintiff cannot recover. Before the plaintiff can recover, it must appear that the wrongful act of said brakeman was the cause of the injury complained of.

(6) But the plaintiff is not required to show that the' said brakeman actually threw the plaintiff from said train. .If the evidence shows that the said brakeman wrongfully and forcibly put said plaintiff out of said car, and upon, the platform thereof, and that for that reason, and without the affirmative act or the negligence of the plaintiff, he fell from said platform, that would be an ejectment from the train. In order to show that the act complained of was wrongful,'it,is not necessary that it be shown that it was done with malice or ill will against the plaintiff. It would be sufficient to show that the act was wrongful, if it appear that the said brakeman was endeavoring to remove said plaintiff from said train under the circumstances claimed. To put any person off a train under such circumstances is a wrongful act; and if the evidence justify a finding by you that the said brakeman put, or assisted in putting, plaintiff off said train, and that he did so forcibly and willfully, and with malice, such act would also be ivrongful. The defendant denies the allegation that the said brakeman put plaintiff off said train, or that lie in any way contributed to such result, and does not seek to excuse or justify said act. If you find said brakeman did put said plaintiff off as claimed, it may therefore be concluded it was without reason or justification.

Here we have the exact claims made by the plaintiff regarding his forcible ejection from the train stated in plain and concise language. The jury is specially instructed that unless it he shown that Eiehart forcibly ejected plaintiff from the train in the nighttime, and while it was running at a high rate of speed, plaintiff could not recover. .It is also stated in express terms that, if plaintiff got off or was put off the train in any other way than as above stated, he could not recover. This thought is amplified in every conceivable way in the fifth instruction. In the sixth the court refers to the “ circumstances claimed ” and “ such circumstances,” and in-the fourth the jury is told just what plaintiff’s claim was, and as to what he must show in order to recover. This is the only statement anywhere in the instructions as to what these claims were. Manifestly the jury could not have found for the plaintiff, under these instructions, without finding that defendant’s brakeman forcibly ejected plaintiff from the train in the nighttime, and while the train was running at a high rate of speed. These instructions were really more favorable to the defendant than it was entitled to. Every conceivable feature of the case was covered by the instructions which we have quoted. The sixth has reference to what would amount to a forcible ejection, and is clearly correct. The instructions, as a whole, show that the only issue in the case was whether or not the brakeman forcibly ejected plaintiff from the train. Defendant did not plead any excuse or justification for the act. Its answer was a general denial of the allegations of the petition, and, as stated in the instructions, the only question was whether plaintiff was forcibly ejected in the nighttime, and while the train was running at a high rate of speed. If plaintiff failed to establish this claim, the court instructed, in so many words, that he could not recover. Had excuse or justification been pleaded or relied upon, a different question might have been presented, but, as we have seen, no such issue was tendered. Moreover, after plaintiff had introduced his evidence and rested, the parties, through their counsel, agreed in open court, and in the presence of the jury, that the only cause of action was based upon the alleged tort of the defendant and its agents in assaulting and forcibly ejecting plaintiff from the train, without cause, while it was in motion • and the plaintiff dismissed all other issues presented by him, and withdrew the same from the consideration of the jury. This was entered of record by the court. The court instructed the jury that this was the only issue, set forth tht exact claim made by the plaintiff in its fourth instruction, and said that, if this was not established, then plaintiff could not recover. In view of this record, which I think the majority have overlooked, there was no room for any confusion in the use of the words “ circumstances claimed,” or “ such circumstances,” as found in the sixth instruction. Defendant simply denied that it ejected plaintiff from the train while it was in motion. So that, if we take either the charge of negligence as agreed upon by the parties and entered of record, or the statement made by the court in its fourth instruction, there can be no doubt as to what was meant by the words “ circumstances claimed.” The meaning of these words settled, there is no trouble with “ such circumstances ” or “ as claimed.” Taking the instructions as a whole, there is no doubt, I think, of their correctness, and as to what the court meant by the use of the words which the majority condemn as not sufficiently specific. In the fourth instruction the court, told the jury just what was claimed, and in so doing he followed the agreement and concession made by counsel. The claims of parties are usually set forth in their pleadings, and' these claims are generally distinct from the evidence offered to sustain them. Ordinarily, when the court refers to the claims of the parties, it has reference to the pleadings, unless it indicates some other source. But we need not rest upon this, for in this case the court specifically told the jury, in its fourth instruction, just what plaintiff was claiming. In the sixth instruction the court did not say “ under the circumstances of the case,” or “ under the circumstances disclosed by the evidence,” as defendant contends, but guardedly said “ under the circumstances claimed.” Having stated these circumstances in the fourth instruction in dear - and unambiguous language, I do not see where- there is any room for confusion or doubt as to what was intended. I would affirm the judgment.

Mr. Justice Weaver concurs with me in this dissent.